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书山有路勤为径,学海无涯苦作舟!住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-山西大同大学考试押题卷含答案详解(图片大小可自由调整)全文为Word可编辑,若为PDF皆为盗版,请谨慎购买!第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共100题)1.翻译题

TranslatethefollowingsentencesintogoodEnglish.

明末清初之际,中国与欧美国家之间开始了具有近代意义的文化交流,这就是西方近代科学知识的东渐和以儒学为中心的中国传统文化的西传。对中国来说,这是继印度佛教文化传入中国之后,中国文化又一次大规模地对外来文化的吸收时期。在明末清初的100多年间,伴随着西方传教士的到来,中西文化的相互传播与交流进入了一个新的历史时期。

西藏的发展进步符合人类社会的发展规律。由传统的农牧业经济到现代市场经济,由政教合一至政教分离,由专制到民主,由迷信到科学,由封闭到开放,是人类社会普遍的发展规律。西藏60多年的发展正是遵循了这个规律和总趋势。

当今世界正在发生广泛而深刻的变化。由于经济全球化与信息化的发展,科学技术迅猛进步,世界变成了“地球村”。各国相互联系,相互依存,利益交融达到了前所未有的程度,需要携手应对的问题越来越多,互利合作的愿望越来越强,从某种意义上讲,世界已是一种“利益共同体”。

【答案】1.ChinabegantohaverealculturalexchangeswithEuropeanandAmericancountriesinthelateMingDynastyandtheearlyQingDynasty,whichiswhatisoftencalledXiXueDongJianinChinese—theintroductionofmodernWesternscience,technologyandculturetoChina—andDongXueXiJianinChinese—theintroductionoftraditionalChineseculturecenteredonConfucianismtotheWest.ThisturnedouttobethesecondperiodforChinatoabsorbandassimilateforeignculturesonalargescalefollowingtheintroductionofIndia’sBuddhistculturetoChina.Inaspanof100yearsbetweenthelateMingDynastyandtheearlyQingDynasty,withthearrivalofWesternmissionaries,thespreadanddiffusionofChineseandWesternculturesbothentereduponanewphaseofhistory.

2.ThedevelopmentandprogressofTibetisinaccordwiththerulesforthedevelopmentofhumansociety.Fromtraditionalagricultureandanimalhusbandrytoamodernmarketeconomy,fromtheintegrationofpoliticalandreligiouspowerstotheirseparation,fromautocracytodemocracy,superstitiontoscience,andisolationtoopenness—thesearethegenericlawsforthedevelopmentofhumansociety.Overthepast60yearsofitsdevelopment,Tibethasunfailinglyfollowedtheserulesandthegeneraltrend.

3.Theworldtodayisundergoingextensiveandprofoundchanges.Ithasbecome“aglobalvillage”duetotheeconomicglobalization,developmentofinformation,andtherapidadvanceofscienceandtechnology.Countriesaremorecloselylinkedandinterdependentwiththeirinterestsmorecloselyintertwinedthaneverbefore.Therearemoreandmoreissuesthatneedjointresponse,andthereisagrowingdesireformutuallybeneficialcooperation.Tosomeextent,theworldhasbecomeacommunityofinterest.

2.单选题

Thelittlegirlthoughtfailinginexaminationas(

),soshewasunwillingtotellherparents.

问题1选项

A.humidity

B.humiliation

C.humility

D.humanity

【答案】B

【解析】【试题解析】考查名词辨析。A选项humidity“湿度”;B选项humiliation“丢脸,耻辱”;C选项humility“谦卑,谦虚”;D选项humanity“人类,人道”。根据关键词“failinginexamination考试不及格”和动词“thought认为”可知空格部分为“可耻,耻辱”,句意为:这个小女孩认为考试不及格很可耻,所以没有告诉她的父母。故正确答案选B。

3.单选题

)theway,wesetoffonfootintothedarknight.

问题1选项

A.Theguideled

B.Withtheguideleading

C.Withtheguidetolead

D.Withtheguidelead

【答案】B

【解析】考查非谓语动词。非谓语动词的不定式表示将来或目的,过去分词表示被动,现在分词表示主动。句中的guide(导游)与lead(带领)之间表示主动关系,因此选B。句意:在导游的带领下,我们在黑夜里步行出发了。

4.翻译题

Understandingthistransitionrequiresalookatthetwo-sidedconnectionbetweenenergyandhumanwell-being.Energycontributespositivelytowell-beingbyprovidingsuchconsumerservicesasheatingandlightingaswellasservingasanecessaryinputtoeconomicproduction.Butthecostsofenergy—includingnotonlythemoneyandotherresourcesdevotedtoobtainingandexploitingit,butalsoenvironmentalandsociopoliticalimpacts—detractfromwell-being.

Formostofhumanhistory,thedominantconcernsaboutenergyhavecenteredonthebenefitsideoftheenergy-well-beingequation.Inadequacyofenergyresourcesormoreoftenofthetechnologiesandorganizationsforharvesting,converting,anddistributingthoseresourceshasmeantinsufficientenergybenefitsandhenceinconvenience,deprivationandconstraintsongrowth.The1970’s,then,representedaturningpoint.Afterdecadesofconstancyordeclineinmonetarycosts—andofrelegationofenvironmentalandsociopoliticalcoststosecondarystatus—energywasseentobegettingcostlierinallrespects.Itbegantobeprobablethatexcessiveenergycostscouldposethreatsoninsufficientsupply.Italsobecamepossibletothinkthatexpandingsomeformsofenergysupplycouldcreatecostsexceedingthebenefits.

【答案】参考译文:要理解这种转变,需要考察一下能源和人类幸福之间的双重关系。从积极的方面来看,能源促进了人类幸福,不但服务了经济生产,而且为人类提供了消费服务,如供热和照明等。但另一方面,能源的成本却破坏了人类的幸福,它不但包括投入开采和应用能源的资金和其他资源,而且包括能源对环境和社会政治所造成的影响。

在人类历史的大部分时间里,其主要关注的是能源和幸福关系的积极方面,能源短缺或者是更为常见的是在开采、转化和分配能源的技术和组织上的不足减少了能源的积极作用,从而产生能源使用的不便,能源使用权利被剥夺,其发展也受到限制。20世纪70年代是一个转折点。此前的几十年中能源的资金成本一直保持稳定甚至有所下降,环境和社会政治成本在屈居几十年的次要地位之后,能源在各个方面的成本都在增加。能源使用代价过高的危害可以同能源短缺的危害相提并论。也有可能出现提供某些能源供应所付出的代价要大于获得的利益这种情况。

5.翻译题

Wemustcontinuewiththereformintaxandfeeinruralareastolightentheburdensoffarmersandprotecttheirinterests.

Chinadoesnotseekhegemonyorpredominanceinworldaffairs.Itadvocatesanewinternationalpoliticalandeconomicorder.

Ifwedonotcrackdownoncorruption,theflesh-and-bloodtiesbetweenthePartyandthepeoplewillsufferalotandthePartywillbeindangeroflosingitsrulingposition,orpossiblyheadingforself-destruction.

Nobodyinanysector,publicorprivate,shouldofferbenefitsunlessforagoodreason.

Damsareadramaticexampleofahumanactivitythatdegradesfreshwaterecosystems.

【答案】为了减轻农民的负担和保护他们的利益,我们一定要继续进行农村税费改革。

中国在世界事务中不谋求霸权或主导地位。它主张一个新的国际政治和经济秩序。

如果我们不打击腐败,那么党和人们之间的血肉联系将会深受其害,并且党将会处于失去其执政地位的危险之中或可能走向自我毁灭。

除非有正当的理由,否则任何部门(公共的或私人的)没有人应该提供福利。

水坝是人类活动使淡水生态系统退化的一个引人注目的例子。

6.单选题

Ⅵ.Internationalenvironmentallawseemstohavereachedanimpasse.Thisishardlysurprising:thecomplexityofenvironmentalproblems,evenwhenconsideredapartfromunderlyingsocial,political,andeconomicfactors,isstaggering.Scientificunderstandingsofenvironmentaldegradationanditscausesevolverapidly.Theunderlyingcausesofsuchdegradationareveryoftenactivitiesthatbringsignificantsocialandeconomicbenefits,withtheresultthatpoliticalauthoritieshavenowishtoprohibitorstrictlyregulatethem;incentivestructuresmayoftenconstituteamorepromisingavenue.Thecomplexityofquestionsabouthumanimpactsontheenvironmentandhowtodecreaseormitigatethemcallsforahighdegreeofspecialization,whileatthesametimerequiringcoordinatedactiononanumberoffronts.Inlightofthesechallenges,internationalenvironmentallawhasfollowedatrajectorythatseemsinevitable:fromgeneralruleswhosevaguenessoftenimpededtheirusefulnesstohighlyspecialized,technicalregimesfocusedonnarrowly-definedphenomenaandinteractingwitheachotherinaratherhesitantandclumsyfashion,andmorerecentlytotheaccelerationoftransnational,includingnon-state,regimebuilding.Itbecomesincreasinglydifficulttodiscerntheparticularcontributionthatlawcanmaketoenvironmentalprotectionasittakesontheroleofhandmaidentoscience,economics,politics,ethics,andothersocialsystems.

Inhisdiscussionsofthemanagerialmindsetandthedemoralizationoflaw,Koskenniemifrequentlymakesreferencetoenvironmentallaw,notablytothecarvingoutofimplementationandcomplianceproceduresfromthegenerallawofstateresponsibility,totheincreasedresorttosoftlaw,andtotheheavyrelianceonequitablebalancing.Abriefsketchofthearchitectureofinternationalenvironmentallawrevealsvague,generalprinciplesatoneend;highlydetailedandtechnicalrulesandstandardsarticulatedatthelevelofspecializedregimesattheotherend;andaseriesofpotentiallyusefulbutunderspecified—and,unfortunately,largelyuninfluential—proceduralrulesbetweenthetwo.Furthermore,alargenumberofgeneralprinciplesandregime-specificstandardstaketheformofsoftlaw.Attemptstofleshoutaseriesofgeneralrightsandobligationsforstates(andpotentiallyforotheractors,aswell)havebeenongoing,butthoseeffortsseemtohavefalteredwiththepublicationbytheInternationalLawCommission(ILC)ofthe2001DraftArticlesonPreventionofTransboundaryHarmfromHazardousActivitiesandthe2006DraftPrinciplesontheAllocationofLossinthecaseofTransboundaryHarmarisingoutofHazardousActivities.

1.InternationalenvironmentallawseemstohavereachedanimpasseNOTbecause___.

2.Internationalenvironmentallawhasfollowedapathfrom___to___.

3.Koskenniemiusesenvironmentallawtoillustrate___.

4.Betweenthetwoendsofinternationalenvironmentallaware___.

问题1选项

A.thecomplexityofenvironmentalproblems

B.theunderlyingcausesofthedegradationareveryoftenactivitiesthatbringsignificantsocialandeconomicbenefits

C.scientificunderstandingsofenvironmentaldegradationanditscausesevolverapidly

D.politicalauthoritieshavenowishtostrictlyregulateenvironment

问题2选项

A.generalrules,clumsyfashion

B.generalrules,interactingwitheachother

C.generalrules,highlyspecializedregimes

D.generalrules,science,economics,politics,ethics,andothersocialsystems

问题3选项

A.generallawofstateresponsibility

B.thedemoralizationoflaw

C.theincreasedresorttosoftlaw

D.theheavyrelianceonequitablebalancing

问题4选项

A.seriesofproceduralrules

B.generalprinciples

C.highlydetailedandtechnicalrulesandstandards

D.largelyuninfluentialrules

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:C

第3题:B

第4题:A

【解析】1.事实细节题。根据题干定位到第一段Scientificunderstandingsofenvironmentaldegradationanditscausesevolverapidly.Theunderlyingcausesofsuchdegradationareveryoftenactivitiesthatbringsignificantsocialandeconomicbenefits,withtheresultthatpoliticalauthoritieshavenowishtoprohibitorstrictlyregulatethem;incentivestructuresmayoftenconstituteamorepromisingavenue.(对环境退化及其原因的科学认识迅速演变。这种退化的根本原因往往是带来重大社会和经济利益的活动,其结果是政治当局无意禁止或严格管制这些活动;激励结构往往构成一种更有前途的途径)可知D选项“政治当局不希望严格管理环境”是国际环境法似乎陷入了僵局的结果,B选项“退化的根本原因往往是那些带来重大社会和经济利益的活动”和C选项“对环境退化及其原因的科学认识迅速演变”是国际环境法似乎陷入了僵局的原因;第一段Thisishardlysurprising:thecomplexityofenvironmentalproblems,evenwhenconsideredapartfromunderlyingsocial,political,andeconomicfactors,isstaggering.(这不足为奇:环境问题的复杂性,即使撇开潜在的社会、政治和经济因素考虑,也是惊人的)可知A选项“环境问题的复杂性”是国际环境法似乎陷入了僵局的原因。因此D选项符合题意。

2.事实细节题。根据题干定位到原文第一段Inlightofthesechallenges,internationalenvironmentallawhasfollowedatrajectorythatseemsinevitable:fromgeneralruleswhosevaguenessoftenimpededtheirusefulnesstohighlyspecialized,technicalregimesfocusedonnarrowly-definedphenomenaandinteractingwitheachotherinaratherhesitantandclumsyfashion,andmorerecentlytotheaccelerationoftransnational,includingnon-state,regimebuilding.(鉴于这些挑战,国际环境法遵循了一条似乎无可避免的轨迹:从模糊性往往妨碍其有用性的一般规则,到高度专门化的技术制度,侧重于界定较窄的现象,并以相当迟疑和呆滞的方式相互作用,以及最近加速跨国,包括非国家,体制建设)可知一般规则是和高度专门化的技术制度相对应,选C选项“一般规则,高度专业化的制度”;A选项“一般规则,呆滞的方式”,B选项“一般规则,相互作用”所提到的内容不是互为对应项,D选项“一般规则、科学、经济、政治、伦理和其他社会制度”内有内容未提及。因此C选项符合题意。

3.推理判断题。根据题干关键词“Koskenniemi”定位到原文第二段开头Inhisdiscussionsofthemanagerialmindsetandthedemoralizationoflaw,Koskenniemifrequentlymakesreferencetoenvironmentallaw,notablytothecarvingoutofimplementationandcomplianceproceduresfromthegenerallawofstateresponsibility,totheincreasedresorttosoftlaw,andtotheheavyrelianceonequitablebalancing.(在他讨论的管理思维和法律的道德败坏,Koskenniemi经常借鉴环境法律,尤其是雕刻的实现和国家责任的一般法律合规程序,采取软法的增加,严重依赖公平的平衡)可知选B选项“法律的道德败坏”;A选项“国家责任的一般法律”,C选项“增加对软法律的求助”以及D选项“严重依赖公平平衡”都是借鉴所举的例子。因此B选项正确。

4.事实细节题。根据题干关键词定位到原文第二段andaseriesofpotentiallyusefulbutunderspecified—and,unfortunately,largelyuninfluential—proceduralrulesbetweenthetwo.(以及在这两端之间一系列可能有用但不明确(不幸的是,基本上没有影响力)的程序规则)可知选A选项“一系列程序规则”,根据原文可知两端之间是一系列程序规则,可能有用但不明确以及不幸的是,基本上没有影响力都是用于修饰程序规则,而D选项“基本上没有影响的规则”错误,该选项只提到了修饰成分,但是核心部分从程序规则变成了规则,和原文的范围不符合;根据原文Abriefsketchofthearchitectureofinternationalenvironmentallawrevealsvague,generalprinciplesatoneend;highlydetailedandtechnicalrulesandstandardsarticulatedatthelevelofspecializedregimesattheotherend(对国际环境法架构的简要概述显示,在一端是模糊的、一般的原则;在另一端的专门制度一级阐明了非常详细和技术性的规则和标准)可知B选项“一般原则”以及C选项“非常详细和技术性的规则和标准”分别是两端的内容,不符合题意。因此A选项正确。

7.单选题

Mydaughterliaswalkedeightmilestoday.Weneverguessedthatshecouldwalk()far.

问题1选项

A./

B.such

C.that

D.as

【答案】C

【解析】句意:我女儿今天己经步行了8英里。我们从未想到她能步行那么远。

考查连词辨析。Such是代词或限定词表示“这样(的)”,一般不修饰形容词;that(与表数量或范围的形容词和副词连用)那样,那么;as同样地;和……一样的。因此C符合句意。

8.单选题

Anunidentifiedwitoncesaid,“laugh,andtheworldlaughswithyou.Snore,andyousleepalone.”Yetsnoringisfarfromalaughingmatter,asthoseunfortunateswithgoodhearing,whoarerightlysubjectedtothesoundsofthesnoringdisorder,willtestify.

IthasbeenestimatedthatoneofeightAmericanssnores:thismeansthatthereareapproximately21millionpeople—womenaswellasmen—whorenderanunpleasantsoundwhentheyareasleep.Andassumingthateachsnorerdisturbsthesleepofatleastoneotherperson,itnecessarilyfollowsthatthereare21millionunhappylisteners.Whileasleepingpersonbreathes,eitherinorout,severalstructuresinhisnoseandthroatgeneratethesnoring.Thesounds,comingfromthesoftpalateandothersoftstructuresofthethroat,arecausedbyvibratoryresponsestoinflowingandoutflowingair.Whenthesofttissuesofthemouthandthroatcomeclosetotheliningofthethroat,thevibrationsthatoccurarecausedbythepositionofthetongue.Inshort,thenoisemadebysnoringcanbecomparedtothenoisewhenbreezesflutteraflagonapole.Thefrequencyofthevibrationsdependsonthesize,density,andelasticityoftheaffectedtissuesandontheforceoftheairflow.Althoughitisusuallytheprocessofinhalingorexhalingthroughthemouththatcausesnoring,shortsnortscomefromthenoseofanopen-mouthedsleeper.Inallfairnesstosnorers,however,itshouldbeemphasizedthatsnoringisaninvoluntaryoutwhichstopsastheoffenderisawakened.

1.Thesnoringiscausedby().

2.Ifapersonproducesshortsnores,mostprobablyhehas().

3.Thesnorerscanhavecontrolovertheiract.

4.Theauthor’sattitudetowardsthesnorersis().

问题1选项

A.thesoftpalateandotherstructuresofthethroat

B.theinflowingandoutflowingairthroughthenose

C.theinflowingandoutflowingairthroughmouth

D.thevibrationsasaresultoftheinflowingandoutflowingair

问题2选项

A.asoftpalate

B.abignose

C.anopenmouth

D.asmallthroat

问题3选项

A.Thesnorerscanhavecontrolovertheiract.

B.boththelistenersandthesnorerswishtostoptheoffensivesoundofsnoring.

C.Thefrequencyofthevibrationsdependsonthepositionofthetongue.

D.Therearemorementhanwomenwhosnore.

问题4选项

A.objective

B.subjective

C.sympathetic

D.annoyed

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:C

第3题:B

第4题:A

【解析】1.事实细节题。根据第二段“Thesounds,comingfromthesoftpalateandothersoftstructuresofthethroat,arecausedbyvibratoryresponsestoinflowingandoutflowingair.”这些声音来自于软腭和喉咙的其他柔软结构,是由流入和流出的空气的振动反应引起的。选项D符合原文。

2.事实细节题。根据第二段倒数第二句“shortsnortscomefromthenoseofanopen-mouthedsleeper.”张开嘴睡觉的人鼾声短促。选项C正确。

3.信息推断题。根据原文可知,打鼾是一种无意识的行为,所以选项A错误;根据原文“Thefrequencyofthevibrationsdependsonthesize,density,andelasticityoftheaffectedtissuesandontheforceoftheairflow.”可知选项C错误;选项D在文中没有提及。所以只有选项B正确。

4.态度判断题。结合文章内容可知,作者全文都是在客观的描述人们打呼噜的这个问题以及产生的原因和影响,没有掺杂个人情绪,所以选项A正确。

9.翻译题

TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoChineseandwriteyouranswersontheAnswerSheet.

1.Andgivingshouldbestrategicphilanthropyshouldnotsimplyrespondtoneedsbutshouldlookforinvestmentopportunitiesthatyieldsignificancereturns.

2.Whatremainspertinentisthereport’svisionoftheroleofgovernmentinresearch,includinghisassertionthatthefederalgovernmenthadboththeauthorityandtheobligationtosupportbasicresearch.

3.Thisneedisenshrinedintheconceptofsustainabledevelopment,whichmeansthatwemust,forthebenefitofcominggenerations,leaveenoughenvironmentalspacesothatthesegenerationswillbeabletoaddresstheirneedsandfulfilltheiraspirations.

4.ThethreatoftheColdWarwasaprimedrivingforceleadingtotheexpansionofU.S.science,nationallabsandacademicinstitutions.

5.Itisworthnotingthatpreventivemeasuresinvolvingsmokinganddietareconvenientlysimilarforcancerandheartdisease;oneexceptionisalcoholariskfactorfortheformer,apreventiveforthelater.

【答案】1.捐赠也应讲策略——慈善事业应该不单是应人之需,而应该觅寻投资机会,以求产生可观的回报。

2.该报告对政府在研究中所扮演的角色的看法仍然中肯,包括他的主张,即联邦政府既有权力也有义务支持基础研究。

3.这种需要体现在可持续发展的概念中,这意味着为了后代的利益,我们必须留下足够的环境空间,以满足他们的需要,施展抱负。

4.冷战的威胁曾是一个主要的驱动力,它导致了美国科学、国家实验室以及学术机构团体的扩张。

5.值得注意的是,癌症和心脏病的预防措施与吸烟和饮食很相似;一个例外是酒精——癌症的危险因子,但却是心脏病的预防因子。

10.单选题

TheBushJuntaisusingthe_______ofHurricaneKatrinatocutthewagesofpeopledesperatelytryingtorebuildtheirlivesandtheircommunities.

问题1选项

A.dismantlement

B.devastation

C.scuttle

D.wreckage

【答案】B

【解析】dismemberment分割,肢解;devastation毁坏;scuttle逃避;wreckage失事。句意:布什政府正利用Katrina飓风带来的破坏,削减那些拼命试图重建生活和社区的人们的工资。选项B符合句意。

11.单选题

Hewasavery____electricianandcouldrepairallkindsofelectricappliance.

问题1选项

A.competent

B.elaborate

C.industrious

D.thrifty

【答案】A

【解析】【选项释义】

A.competent能干的B.elaborate详尽的

C.industrious勤劳的D.thrifty节俭的

【答案】A

【考查点】形容词辨析与语义衔接

【解题思路】空格处所填词用来形容“他”是一个怎样的电工,根据后文“能修理各种电器”可知,他是一个能干的电工,A选项competent“能干的”符合原句语义衔接。

【干扰项排除】B、C、D选项不符合原句语义衔接。

【句意】他是个非常能干的电工,能修理各种电器。

12.单选题

WeeatourfoodwithchopsticksandtheEuropeans()knivesandforks.

问题1选项

A.eatwith

B.dowith

C.using

D.with

【答案】D

【解析】考查省略用法。并列句中如果两个分句有重复处,后面重复部分常常省略。故D项正确。句意:我们用筷子吃东西,而欧洲人用刀和叉。

13.翻译题

Operaisexpensive:thatmuchisinevitable.Butexpensivethingsarenotinevitablytheprovinceoftherichunlessweabdicatesociety’spowerofchoice.Wecanchoosetomakeopera,andotherexpensiveformsofculture,accessibletothosewhocannotindividuallypayforit.Thequestionis:whyshouldwe?Nobodydeniestheimperativesoffood,shelter,defense,healthandeducation.Buteveninaprehistoriccave,mankindstretchedoutahandnotjusttoeat.drinkorfight,butalsotodraw.Theimpulsetowardsculture,thedesiretoexpressandexploretheworldthroughimaginationandrepresentationisfundamental.InEurope,thisdesirehasfoundfulfillmentinthemasterpiecesofourmusic,art,literatureandtheatre.Thesemasterpiecesarethetouchstonesforallourefforts;theyarethetouchstonesforthepossibilitiestowhichhumanthoughtandimaginationmayaspire;theycarrythemostprofoundmessagesthatcanbesentfromonehumantoanother.

【答案】听戏剧无疑是昂贵的消费。但除非我们放弃社会赋予的选择权,否则昂贵的东西也并非富人专属。我们可以选择让那些无支付能力的人享有戏剧及其他形式的昂贵文化。但问题是,我们为什么要那样做?谁都不会否认,食物、居住、安全、健康和教育是必不可少的。但即使是在史前的洞穴里,人类伸出手来也并不只是为了吃、喝或打斗,也可能是为了涂涂画画。文化冲动,即通过想象和表征来表达、探索世界的欲望,是人类的基本特点。在欧洲,这种渴望已经在音乐、绘画、文学和戏剧的杰作中得以实现。这些杰作是衡量我们一切努力的标准,也是人类思想和想象力可能达到的高度。它们包含着人与人之间能够传递的最深刻的信息。

14.单选题

Questions14-16arebasedonthefollowinginterviewwithShermanAlexie,anAmericanIndianpoet.Younowhave15secondstoreadQuestions14-16.

14.WhydidShermanAlexieonlytakedayjobs?

15.Whatwashisoriginalgoalatcollage?

16.Whydidhetakethepoetrywritingclass?

问题1选项

A.Hecouldbringunfinishiedworkhome.

B.Hemighthavetimetopersuehisinterests.

C.Hemightdosomeeveningteaching.

D.Hecouldinvestmoreemotioninhisfamily.

问题2选项

A.Toteachinhighschool.

B.Towritehisownbooks.

C.Tobeamedicaldoctor.

D.Tobeamathematician.

问题3选项

A.Tofollowhisfather.

B.Foraneasygrade.

C.Tochangehisspecialty.

D.Forknowledgeofpoetry.

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:C

第3题:B

【解析】第1题:

第2题:

第3题:

15.单选题

Oh,whatanuisance!It()soeasyformetobringthosephotographsIwantedtoshowyou,andIhaveleftthemonthetableathome.

问题1选项

A.wouldhavebeen

B.hadbeen

C.wouldbe

D.was

【答案】A

【解析】考查虚拟语气。句意:真讨厌,

我本来很容易就能把那些我想给你看的照片帯过来,

我却把它们落在家里的桌子上了。wouldhavedone为虚拟语气,

表示本应该做的事但却没有做。

16.问答题

LessonsfromthePandemicThatWasn’tTheswineflupandemicdidn’tturn(1)tobethescourgeinternationalhealthagenciespredicted.OnJan.29theWorldHealthOrganizationdeclaredthateventhoughtheH1N1virusisstillspreadinginpartsofEurope,Africa,andAsia,thenumberofconfirmedcasesworldwideisdeclining.About14,000deathsfromswinefluhavebeenreported.That’satragicloss,butit'sasmallnumberconsideringthattherun-of-the-millseasonalflukillsupto500,000peopleeachyear,accordingtotheWHO.

Sowhathavehealthauthorities,scientists,andvaccinemakerslearnedfromtheglobalcatastrophethatwasn’t?Thatviraloutbreaksofthissortareevenlesspredictablethanscientiststhoughtandthatthedefenses(2)

placetodaywouldhavebeenutterlyinadequateagainstamorevirulentstrain.“TheoverwhelmingexpressionofHINIwasmild,”saysGregoryHartl,aspokesmanfortheWHOinGeneva,“Nowaprocesshasbeenestablishedtohelpuslearn.”

Thefirstpriority,manyexpertssay,isoverhaulingtheantiquatedvaccineproductionsystem.Thecurrenttechnology,whichinvolvesgrowingfluvaccinesineggs,issocumbersomethatdrugmakershavetostartinFebruarytoensurethey'llhaveenoughforthefollowingfall.H1N1didn’temergeuntilApril2009,forcingtheCentersforDiseaseControl(CDC)anddrugcompaniestoscramble.Therewastoolittleofthevaccinewhentheviruswaspeaking,andtoomuchwhenitstartedtowane.“We’reverylimited

(3)

thiseggtechnology,andwehavebeenworkingontheissuesince2006,”saysDr.StephenC.Redd,directoroftheCDC’sinfluenzacoordinationunit.

Companiesanduniversitiesareracingtoupgradetheapproach.BaxterInternationalforexample,testedanewcell-culturetechniqueandwasabletobeginproducingvaccineinjust12weeks,onceithadthevirusspecificationsfromtheCDC.BaxtersoldsomeofthevaccineinEuropeandisworkingtogetitstechnologyapprovedforuseintheU.S.similarly,TexasA&MUniversitySystemisbreakinggroundonamanufacturingresearchplantthatwillhouseseveraldifferentvaccine-makingtechnologies—anyofwhichcouldbestartedupontheflyandadapted(4)

whateverpathogencomesalong.

Manufacturingisjustonebottleneck.Whentheswinefluvaccinefinallybecameavailablelastfall,somedoctorshadnocluehowmuchtheywouldgetorwhenitwouldarrive—ifever.Manystatesopted

5)mass-vaccinationclinics,thenfailedtomovehigh-riskgroupssuchaspregnantwomenandhealthworkerstotheheadoftheline.JeanneS.Ringel,asenioreconomistfortheRANDCorporationwhostudiespandemics,wassurprisedbythepoorpreparationatthevaccinationclinicnearherLosAngeleshome.Eventhoughclinicsweresupposedtofocus

(6)

prioritypatients,“theydidn’tturnanyoneaway,”shesays.

McKesson,whichworkedwiththeCDCtogettheH1N1vaccinetoclinics,hadjusteightweekstobuildanewdistributionnetwork,saysJeffReinke,avicepresidentatthecompany.OrderscamefromstatesthroughtheCDCandthentoMcKessen—aprocessthecompanyrealizedwastooslow.McKessentighteneditspackagingandshippingtimelines.Inanemail,ReinkesaidhewelcomestheCDC’sinputoncontinuingtoimprovetheprocess.

Flawedcommunicationsalsostymiedvaccinationefforts.Manypeople(7)

highriskwereafraidtogettheH1N1vaccinebecausetheythoughtitwasunproven.Inreality,itwasmanufacturedjustliketheseasonalfluvaccineandtestedenoughtoreassuretheFoodandDrugAdministrationthatitwassafe.Respondingtomisconceptions,theAmericanMedicalAssn,launchedaneducationalWebsiteandAMAmembershoppedonYouTube,Facebook,andTwittertoreassurethepublic.Nexttime,consumeroutreachneedstostartearlierandbemoreaggressive,perhapsincludingTVads,saysMaryAnneMcCaflree,anOklahomaCitypediatricianandAMAboardmembers.“Thebottomlineis,wecame,wesaw,butI’mnotsureweconquered,”McCafifreesays.

SomemisusecamefromtheWHO.Itinitiallyassumedeachpatientwouldneedtwoshotstogetprotection.Onedoseprovedadequateforadults,whichmeantthatmostEuropeancountrieshadenoughvaccine(8)

handtoimmunizealltheirresidents.Butbecauseofconfusionandpublicapathy,thosecountriesendedupprotectingnomorethan10%oftheirpopulations.

Asforvaccinemakers,MorganStanleyanalystsinitiallypredictedthethreelargest—Novartis.Sanofi-Aventis,andGlaxoSmithKline—wouldsellacombined$5.3billionofvaccineduringthesixmonthsendingMarch31.InaDecemberreport,theysaidactualsalesmaybeasmuchas15%lower.FrancehascutbackitsorderstoNovartisandSanofi.AndonJan.26,Novartis'vaccinechief,AndrinOswald,said2010salesofH1N1vaccinewouldbelessthanhalfofthe$1billiontheshotgeneratedin2009.

Evenwithinfectionratedropping,manyfluexpertsareconcernedaboutsomefacetsofswineflu.Whilemortalityislow,childrenmake

(9)manyofthevictims.Andeventhoughnextyear’sseasonalfluvaccinewilllikelyincludeprotectionagainstswineflu,virulentnewstrainscouldemerge.

Asscientistspuzzleoverepidemiologicalquestions,theWHOhasbeenaccusedofunnecessarilyfanningpublicfears.OnecriticisWolfgangWodarg,adoctorandformerGermanparliamentarianwhoisontheCouncilofEurope,anorganizationinStrasbourg,France,thatpromoteshumanrights.DuringaJan.26councilmeeting,WodargaccusedtheWHOoffabricatingapandemicthatled

(10)

littlemorethanrevenuesforthepharmaceuticalindustry.Itwas,hesaidthroughatranslator,“dangerousnonsense.”

TheWHO’sDr.KeijiFukuda,whoalsospokeatthehearing,defendedtheagency'sresponse.FlupoliciesandresponsesrecommendedbyWHO“werenotimproperlyinfluencedbythepharmaceuticalindustry,”hesaidinastatement.But,headded,“thereismuchtolearnabouthowtheworldcanimproveitshandlingofsuchevents.”

Fillineachblankinthearticlewithanappropriatepreposition(介词).

Readthearticlecarefullyandexplainthemeaningofthewords/phrasesaccordingtothecontext.

run-of-the-mill(inparagraph1)

overhauling(inparagraph3)breakingground(inparagraph4)

pediatrician(inparagraph7)

fabricating(inparagraph11)

WhyistheWorldHealthOrganizationblamedinthearticle?Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardstheblame?

【答案】1.考查介词搭配。本句意为:猪流感瘟疫没有变成国际卫生机构所预测的灾难。turnout意为“结果是,证明是”

试题答案:out

2.考查介词搭配。inplace意为“准备就绪,就位”。

试题答案:in

3.考查介词搭配。belimitedin意为“受限制”,指在某方面能力有限,根据空格后面的technology,可知此处是表示受技术的限制。

试题答案:in

4.考查介词搭配。adaptfor意为“使适应,使适合(新用途,新情况)”。此处破折号后表示其中任何一种都可以立即启动,并适应于任何病原体的出现。

试题答案:for

5.考查介词搭配。optfor意为“选择”。此句意为:许多州选择了大规模疫苗接种诊所,但未能将孕妇和卫生工作者等高危群体转移到一线。

试题

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