考研考博-英语-云南外事外语职业学院考试押题卷含答案详解2

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-云南外事外语职业学院考试押题卷含答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共100题)1.单选题

Inatheoreticalmodelofdecisionmaking,adecisionisdefinedastheprocessofselectingoneoptionfromamongagroupofoptionsforimplementation.Decisionsareformedbyadecisionmaker,theonewhoactuallychoosesthefinaloption,inconjunctionwithadecisionunit,allofthoseintheorganizationaroundthedecisionmakerwhotakepartintheprocess.Inthistheoreticalmodel,themembersofthedecisionunitreacttoanunidentifiedproblembystudyingtheproblem,determiningtheobjectivesoftheorganization,formulatingoptions,evaluatingthestrengthsandweaknessesofeachofthedecision,includingthenatureoftheproblemitself,externalforcesexertinganinfluenceontheorganization,theinternaldynamicsofthedecisionunit,andthepersonalityofthedecisionmaker.Additionally,whenadecisionmustbemadeinacrisissituation,bothstressandthespeedatwhicheventsareprogressingcanhaveaneffect,oftenanegativeone,onthedecisionprocess.

Duringrecentyears,decisionmakinghasbeenstudiedsystematicallybydrawingfromsuchdiverseareasofstudyaspsychology,sociology,business,government,history,mathematics,andstatistics.Analysesofdecisionsoftenemphasizeoneofthreeprincipalconceptualperspectives(thoughoftentheapproachthatisactuallyemployedissomewhateclectic).

Intheoldestofthethreeapproaches,decisionsaremadebyarationalactor,whomakesaparticulardecisiondirectlyandpurposefully,inresponsetoaspecificthreatfromtheexternalenvironment.Itisassumedthatthisrationalactorhasclearobjectivesinmind,developsnumerousreasonableoptions,considerstheadvantagesanddisadvantagesofeachoptioncarefully,choosesthebestoptionaftercarefulanalysis,andthenproceedstoimplementitfully.Avariationoftherationalactormodelisdecisionmakerwhoissatisfier,onewhoselectsthefirstsatisfactoryoptionratherthancontinuingthedecisionmakingprocessuntiltheoptimaldecisionhasbeenreached.

1.Itcanbeinferredfromtheinformationinparagraph1thatthetheoreticaldecisionmakingprocess（

）.

2.Thephrase“inconjunctionwith”inparagraph1couldbestbereplacedby

（

）.

3.Allofthefollowingarelistedinparagraph1ashavinganeffectondecisionsEXCEPT

（

）.

4.Itcanbeinferredfromparagraph3thatrationalactorwouldbeleastlikelyto

（

）.

5.Theword“it”inline5,Paragraph3refersto（

）.

问题1选项

A.involvesonlythedecisionmaker

B.requiresthecontemplationofnumerousoptions

C.ismadewithoutthedecisionunit

D.doesnotworkinreal-lifesituations

问题2选项

A.alongwith

B.tiedto

C.apartfrom

D.connectedto

问题3选项

A.evaluationoftheproblem

B.focusonobjectives

C.generationofoptions

D.open-endeddiscussions

问题4选项

A.dealwithaspecificthreat

B.workinarandomfashion

C.pondervariousoptions

D.considerdisadvantagesofoptions

问题5选项

A.eachoption

B.carefulanalysis

C.thebestoption

D.variation

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:D

第3题:C

第4题:B

第5题:C

【解析】1.事实细节题。根据首段第一句“Inatheoreticalmodelofdecisionmaking,adecisionisdefinedastheprocessofselectingoneoptionfromamongagroupofoptionsforimplementation.”在决策的理论模型中，决策被定义为从一组执行选项中选择一个选项的过程。也就是说，需要考虑多种选择，选项B符合原文。

2.推理判断题。根据下文“…allofthoseintheorganizationaroundthedecisionmakerwhotakepartintheprocess.”……组织中所有参与了这个过程的人都围绕着决策者。由此可推测，决策者和组织是紧密相连的，所以选项D更恰当。

3.推理判断题。根据第一段倒数第二句，决策单元的成员对一个身份不明的问题做出反应，需要通过研究问题，确定组织的目标，制定方案，评估每一个决策的优点和缺点，包括问题本身的性质，对组织施加影响的外部力量，决策单元的内部动态以及决策者的个性。选项A属于评估每一个决策的优点和缺点；选项B属于确定组织的目标；选项D属于决策单元内部的动态；所以，只有选项C没有涉及。

4.事实细节题。根据第三段第一句“decisionsaremadebyarationalactor,whomakesaparticulardecisiondirectlyandpurposefully,inresponsetoaspecificthreatfromtheexternalenvironment.”决策由理性的人做出，他针对来自外部环境的特定威胁，直接而有目的地做出特定的决策。由此可知，他们做事是带有目的性的，而不是随机应变的，所以他们最不可能做的是选项B。

5.推理判断题。根据原文句意可知，这里的“it”指的是上文提到的“thebestoptionaftercarefulanalysis”经过仔细分析而选择出的最佳选项。选项C正确。

2.单选题

Eyecontactisanonverbaltechniquethathelpsthespeaker“sell”hisorherideastoanaudience.Besidesitspersuasivepowers,eyecontacthelpsholdlistenerinterest.

Asuccessfulspeakermustmaintaineyecontactwithanaudience.Tohavegoodrapport(关系)withlisteners,aspeakershouldmaintaindirecteyecontactforatleast75percentofthetime.Somespeakersfocusexclusivelyontheirnotes.Othersgazeovertheheadsoftheirlisteners.Botharelikelytoloseaudienceinterestandesteem.Peoplewhomaintaineyecontactwhilespeaking,whetherfromapodium(演讲台)orfromacrossthetable,are“regardednotonlyasexceptionallywell-disposedbytheirtargetbutalsoasmorebelievableandearnest.”

Toshowthepotencyofeyecontactindailylife,wehaveonlytoconsiderhowpassers-bybehavewhentheirglanceshappentomeetonthestreet.Atoneextremearethosepeoplewhofeelobligedtosmilewhentheymakeeyecontact.Attheotherextremearethosewhofeelawkwardandimmediatelylookaway.Tomakeeyecontact,itseems,istomakeacertainlinkwithsomeone.

Eyecontactwithanaudiencealsoletsaspeakerknowandmonitorthelisteners.Itis,infact,essentialforanalyzinganaudienceduringaspeech.Visualcues(暗示)fromaudiencememberscanindicatethataspeechisdragging,thatthespeakerisdwellingonaparticularpointfortoolong,orthataparticularpointrequiresfurtherexplanation.Aswehavepointedout,visualfeedbackfromlistenersshouldplayanimportantroleinshapingaspeechasitisdelivered.

1.Thispassageismainlyconcernedwith______.

2.Accordingtothepassage,agoodspeakermust______.

3.Theword“target”inthelastsentenceofthesecondparagraphcanbestbereplacedby______.

4.Indailylife,whentheglancesoftwopassers-byhappentomeet,thesetwopersonswillinevitably______.

5.Eyecontactwithanaudience,accordingtotheauthor,hasallthefollowingbenefitsforthespeakerEXCEPTthatitdoesn’t______.

问题1选项

A.theimportanceofeyecontact

B.thepotencyofnonverbaltechniques

C.successfulspeechdelivery

D.aneffectivewaytogainvisualfeedbacks

问题2选项

A.“sell”hisorherideastoanaudience

B.maintaindirecteyecontactwithlisteners

C.beverypersuasiveandbelievable

D.beexceptionallywell-disposed

问题3选项

A.“destination”

B.“goal”

C.“audience”

D.“followers”

问题4选项

A.smiletoeachother

B.feelawkwardandlookawayimmediately

C.trytomakeaconversationwitheachother

D.noneoftheabove

问题5选项

A.helpthespeakertocontroltheaudience

B.helpthespeakertogainaudienceinterestandesteem

C.helpthespeakertoknowwhetherheistalkingtoomuchaboutacertainpoint

D.helpthespeakertoanalyzehisaudiencewhenheisbeginninghisspeech

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:B

第3题:C

第4题:D

第5题:D

【解析】1.主旨大意题。结合全文可知，文章首先提出了目光接触这个技巧，接着介绍了具体的做法以及它发挥的重要作用。因此A选项“目光接触的重要性”最符合文章主旨。B选项“非语言技巧的效力”，文章只介绍了目光接触这一种非语言技巧，而不是对非语言技巧效力的概述，所以B错误。C选项“成功的演讲”，良好的目光接触只是成功演讲的因素之一，C选项过于宽泛，所以C错误。D选项“获得视觉反馈的一种有效方法”只是目光接触的作用之一，不能全面地概括文章主旨，所以D错误。

2.客观细节题。由题干可以定位到文章第二段第一句Asuccessfulspeakermustmaintaineyecontactwithanaudience.（一个成功的演讲者必须与听众保持目光接触。），说明本文认为成功的演讲者必须与听众保持目光接触。因此B选项“与听众保持直接的目光接触”正确。A选项“向听众‘推销’他或她的想法”，C选项“具有很强的说服力和可信度”，D选项“非常友好”都是保持目光接触起到的作用和结果，所以A,C,D错误。

3.语义推测题。由题干关键词“target”可以定位到文章第二段最后一句Peoplewhomaintaineyecontactwhilespeaking,whetherfromapodiumorfromacrossthetable,are“regardednotonlyasexceptionallywell-disposedbytheirtargetbutalsoasmorebelievableandearnest.”（无论是在讲台上还是在桌子对面讲话时，保持目光接触的人“不仅会被他们的听众视为非常友好的人，而且会被视为更可信、更认真的人。”），说明“target”在文中是指“讲话的听众”的意思。因此C选项“听众”正确。A选项“目的地”，B选项“目标”，D选项“追随者”均不符合题意，所以A,B,D错误。

4.推理判断题。由题干可以定位到文章第三段Toshowthepotencyofeyecontactindailylife,wehaveonlytoconsiderhowpassers-bybehavewhentheirglanceshappentomeetonthestreet.Atoneextremearethosepeoplewhofeelobligedtosmilewhentheymakeeyecontact.Attheotherextremearethosewhofeelawkwardandimmediatelylookaway.Tomakeeyecontact,itseems,istomakeacertainlinkwithsomeone.（为了显示目光交流在日常生活中的作用，我们只需要考虑路人在街上偶然相遇时的目光是如何表现的。一个极端是那些在目光接触时觉得必须微笑的人。另一种极端是那些感到尴尬，会立刻把目光移开的人。进行目光交流，似乎是为了与某人建立某种联系。），说明在日常生活中在这种情况下，不同的人有不同的反应或表现，并不是非做出某种表现或反应不可。A选项“向对方微笑”，B选项“感到尴尬并立即移开目光”是两种极端的情况，不代表一定会发生，所以A,B错误。C选项“试图与对方进行交谈”，建立联系不一定意味着进行谈话，所以C错误。因此D选项“以上都不是”正确。

5.客观细节题。A选项“帮助演讲者控制听众”，由原文Eyecontactisanonverbaltechniquethathelpsthespeaker“sell”hisorherideastoanaudience.（目光接触是一种非语言技巧，有助于演讲者向听众“推销”他或她的想法。）可知，目光接触有助于让听众认同演讲者的想法，是对听众的一种控制，A选项属于目光接触的好处，排除A。B选项“帮助演讲者获得听众的兴趣和尊重”，由原文Somespeakersfocusexclusivelyontheirnotes.Othersgazeovertheheadsoftheirlisteners.Botharelikelytoloseaudienceinterestandesteem.（有些演讲者只专注于他们的笔记。有些人的目光越过听众的头顶。两种做法都有可能失去观众的兴趣和尊重。）可知，目光接触有助于演讲者获得听众的兴趣和尊重，B选项属于目光接触的好处，排除B。C选项“帮助演讲者了解他是否在某一点上说得太多了”，由原文Visualcuesfromaudiencememberscanindicatethataspeechisdragging,thatthespeakerisdwellingonaparticularpointfortoolong（听众的视觉线索可以表明演讲拖沓，演讲者在某一点上停留的时间过长）可知，目光接触有助于演讲者了解自己的演讲是否冗长，C选项属于目光接触的好处，排除C。D选项“帮助演讲者在开始演讲时分析他的听众”，由原文Eyecontactwithanaudiencealsoletsaspeakerknowandmonitorthelisteners.Itis,infact,essentialforanalyzinganaudienceduringaspeech.（与听众的目光接触也能让演讲者了解并观察听众。事实上，这对于在演讲中分析听众是必不可少的。）可知，目光接触有助于演讲者在演讲全程分析听众，而不只是演讲开始时，D选项表述不符合原文，所以本题选D。

3.单选题

Theremarkable（）oflifeontheGalopagosIslandsinspiredCharlesDarwintoestablishhistheoryofevolution.

问题1选项

A.classification

B.variety

C.density

D.diversion

【答案】B

【解析】词汇题。variety变种,

多样,

种种；classification分类,

类别,

级别；density

稠密,

密度；diversion转移,

消遣。根据句意，这里应该是生命的多样性。选项B正确。句意：加拉帕戈斯群岛上生命的显著多样性启发了查尔斯·达尔文建立了他的进化论。

4.单选题

Thefactthatthegoldeneagleusuallybuildsitsnestonsomehighcliffs（

）italmostimpossibletoobtaintheeggsortheyoungbirds.

问题1选项

A.renders

B.reckons

C.regards

D.relates

【答案】A

【解析】考查动词词义辨析。A选项render“致使”；B选项reckon“计算；认为，把……看作”；C选项regard“看待，认为”；D选项relate“有联系，连接”。句意：金雕通常将巢筑在高高的悬崖上，这一事实使得获取鸟蛋或小鸟几乎不可能。结合句意，可知A选项正确。

5.单选题

Whichofthefollowingsentencesexpresses"probability"?

问题1选项

A.Youmustleaveimmediately.

B.Youmustbefeelingrathertired.

C.Youmustbeherebyeighto’clock.

D.Youmustcompletereadingassignmentontime.

【答案】B

【解析】考查情态动词。题干：下面哪个句子表达“可能性”？

must作情态动词，可以表示命令或推测。B选项表示推测，其他选项表示命令。

6.单选题

WhenIamonvacation,Iliketoexplorenewcitiesbywalkingrandomlythroughthedowntownstreets.

问题1选项

A.lazily

B.reflectively

C.aimlessly

D.deliberately

【答案】C

【解析】考查副词词义辨析。A选项lazily“懒洋洋地；怠惰地，懒散地”；B选项reflectively“反映地；反照地”；C选项aimlessly“漫无目的地，无目标地”；D选项deliberately“故意地；缓慢而谨慎地”。句意：度假时，我喜欢在市中心的街道上随意走动，探索新的城市。结合此处关键词randomly“随便地，任意地；无目的地，胡乱地；未加计划地”，得知C为正确答案。

7.单选题

I’mafraidourfoodstockwillbe___beforelong.

问题1选项

A.putup

B.stayedup

C.savedup

D.usedup

【答案】D

【解析】考查词组辨析。A选项putup“提供；建造；举起；提高；推举，提名；供给……住宿；直接行动”；B选项stayedup“不睡觉，熬夜”；C选项savedup“储蓄；贮存”；D选项usedup“用完，耗尽”。句意：恐怕我们的食物储备不久就会___。本句表达“不久就会用完事物”。因此D选项正确。

8.单选题

MosteconomistsintheUnitedStatesseemcaptivatedbythespellofthefreemarket.Consequently,nothingseemsgoodornormalthatdoesnotaccordwiththerequirementsofthefreemarket.Apricethatisdeterminedbytheselleror,forthatmatter,establishedbyanyoneotherthantheaggregateofconsumersseemspernicious.Accordingly,itrequiresamajoractofwilltothinkofprice-fixing(thedeterminationofpricesbytheseller)asboth“normal”andhavingavaluableeconomicfunction.Infact,price-fixingisnormalinallindustrializedsocietiesbecausetheindustrialsystemitselfprovides,asaneffortlessconsequenceofitsowndevelopment,theprice-fixingthatitrequires.Modernindustrialplanningrequiresandrewardsgreatsize.Hence,acomparativelysmallnumberoflargefirmswillbecompetingforthesamegroupofconsumers.Thateachlargefirmwillactwithconsiderationofitsownneedsandthusavoidsellingitsproductsformorethanitscompetitorschargeiscommonlyrecognizedbyadvocatesoffree--marketeconomictheories.Buteachlargefirmwillalsoactwithfullconsiderationoftheneedsthatithasincommonwiththeotherlargefirmscompetingforthesamecustomers.Eachlargefirmwillthusavoidsignificantpricecutting,becausepricecuttingwouldbeprejudicialtocommoninterestinastabledemandforproducts.Mosteconomistsdonotseeprice-fixingwhenitoccursbecausetheyexpectittobebroughtaboutbyanumberofexplicitagreementsamonglargefirms;itisnot.

Moreoverthoseeconomistswhoarguethatallowingthefreemarkettooperatewithoutinterferenceisthemostefficientmethodofestablishingpriceshavenotconsideredtheeconomiesofnon-socialist-countriesotherthantheUnitedStates.Theseeconomiesemployintentionalpricefixing,usuallyinanovertfashion.Formalprice-fixingbycartelandinformalprice-fixingbyagreementscoveringthemembersofanindustryarecommonplace.Weretheresomethingpeculiarlyefficientaboutthefreemarketandinefficientaboutprice-fixing,thecountriesthathaveavoidedthefirstandusedthesecondwouldhavesuffereddrasticallyintheireconomicdevelopment.Thereisnoindicationthattheyhave.

Socialistindustryalsoworkswithinaframeworkofcontrolledprices.Intheearly1970’stheSovietUnionbegantogivefirmsandindustriessomeoftheflexibilityinadjustingpricesthatamoreinformalevolutionhasaccordedthecapitalistsystem.EconomistsintheUnitedStateshavehailedthechangeasareturntothefreemarket.ButSovietfirmsarenomoresubjecttopricesestablishedbyafreemarketoverwhichtheyexerciselittleinfluencethanarecapitalistfirms;rather,Sovietfirmshavebeengiventhepowertofixprices.

50.Theauthor’sattitudetoward“Mosteconomists”intheUnitedStates(para1)canbestbedescribedas____.

51.Itcanbeinferredfromtheauthor’sargumentthatapricefixedbytheseller“seemspernicious”(para1)because____.

52.Thesuggestioninthetextthatpricefixinginindustrializedsocietiesisnormalarisesfromtheauthor’sstatementthatprice-fixingis____.

53.Accordingtotheauthor,pricefixinginnon-socialistcountriesisoften____.

问题1选项

A.spitefulandenvious

B.scornfulanddenunciatory

C.criticalandcondescending

D.ambivalentbutdeferential

问题2选项

A.peopledonothaveconfidenceinlargefirms

B.peopledonotexpectthegovernmenttoregulateprices

C.mosteconomistsbelievethatconsumersasagroupshoulddetermineprices

D.mosteconomistsassociatefixedpriceswithcommunistandsocialisteconomies

问题3选项

A.aprofitableresultofeconomicdevelopment

B.aninevitableresultoftheindustrialsystem

C.theresultofanumberofcarefullyorganizeddecisions

D.aphenomenoncommontoindustrializedandnon-industrializedsocieties

问题4选项

A.accidentalbutproductive

B.illegalbutuseful

C.legalandinnovative

D.intentionalandwidespread

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:C

第3题:B

第4题:D

【解析】50.【试题答案】C

【试题解析】观点态度题。定位到文章第一段最后一句Mosteconomistsdonotseeprice-fixingwhenitoccursbecausetheyexpectittobebroughtaboutbyanumberofexplicitagreementsamonglargefirms;itisnot（大多数经济学家并不知道价格操纵会在何时发生，因为他们期望价格操纵由大公司之间的一系列明确协议带来；事实并非如此）和第二段第一句Moreoverthoseeconomistswhoarguethatallowingthefreemarkettooperatewithoutinterferenceisthemostefficientmethodofestablishingpriceshavenotconsideredtheeconomiesofnon-socialist-countriesotherthantheUnitedStates（此外，那些认为允许自由市场不受干扰地运行是建立价格的最有效方法的经济学家没有考虑美国以外的非社会主义国家的经济），可以看出作者对大部分经济学家的态度是批判的，所以C项“批判”符合。A项“怨恨和嫉妒”，B项“蔑视和谴责”和D项“矛盾但恭敬”，均未在文中体现。

51.【试题答案】C

【试题解析】判断推理题。题干：从作者的论点可以推断，卖方定价“似乎有害”，因为。定位到文章第一段第二句Apricethatisdeterminedbytheselleror,forthatmatter,establishedbyanyoneotherthantheaggregateofconsumersseemspernicious（就此而言，由卖方决定的价格，或由消费者群体以外的任何人确定的价格，似乎是有害的），所以C项“大多数经济学家认为，消费者作为一个群体应该决定价格”符合这句话所表达的意思。而A项“人们对大公司没有信心”，B项“人们不指望政府调控物价”，D项“大多数经济学家把固定价格与共产主义和社会主义经济联系起来”均属于无中生有。

52.【试题答案】B

【试题解析】细节事实题。题干：本文认为，工业社会的价格管制是正常的，这是因为作者认为价格管制是……？定位到文章第一段第四句Infact,price-fixingisnormalinallindustrializedsocietiesbecausetheindustrialsystemitselfprovides,asaneffortlessconsequenceofitsowndevelopment,theprice-fixingthatitrequires.（事实上，在所有工业化社会中，定价都是正常的，因为工业体系本身提供了它所需要的定价，这是它自身发展的一个不费吹灰之力的结果），可知B项“工业系统的必然结果”符合文意，当选。A项“经济发展的有益结果”，C项“一系列精心组织的决定的结果”，D项“工业化和非工业化社会的共同现象”，均在文中未提及。

53.【试题答案】D

【试题解析】细节事实题。从第二段第二句和第三句Theseeconomiesemployintentionalpricefixing,usuallyinanovertfashion.Formalprice-fixingbycartelandinformalprice-fixingbyagreementscoveringthemembersofanindustryarecommonplace（这些经济体通常以公开的方式有意操纵价格。卡特尔的正式定价和涵盖行业成员的协议的非正式定价是司空见惯的），特别是里面的关键词intentional和commonplace，可知D项“有意和普遍的”符合题意。A项“偶然但富有成效”，B项“非法但有用”，C项“合法且创新”，都不符合文意，排除。

9.单选题

Thepresidentappearstohavebeen（

）whenhepromisedtotrytobalancethenationalbudget.

问题1选项

A.inearnest

B.inperson

C.inprivate

D.inreality

【答案】A

【解析】inearnest认真地，诚挚地；inperson亲自地；inprivate秘密地，私下地；inreality实际上；事实上。句意：当总统承诺努力平衡国家预算时，他似乎是认真的。选项A符合句意。

10.翻译题

B：TranslatethefollowingpassageintoChineseandwriteyourtranslationontheAnswerSheet.

(10*1=10)

Theworldsoaksincolor.Nottheprimarycolorsofspring,brittleordelicate,thereds,yellowsandbluesofaudaciousorself-effacingflowers.Autumntakesallthecolorsofspringandblendsandsoftensthemrichlytointenseshadesofpurple,crimson,bronze,amberandmahogany,displayedeithertapestry-wisesidebyside,ormergedinrichnewtones.Thetreesareresplendentincopperandgold,whilecorn-stackscrouchingabovethestubblegleamdeepyellowinsunlight.Greenoblongsdefinedbyhedgesfleckedwithscarletberriescontrastwithneatly-furrowedploughlands.Andmoorlandisspreadwitharoyalmassedembroideryofpurpleheatherbankedamongradiantgorse.

【答案】世界沉浸在色彩之中。不是春天的原色，脆弱或娇嫩，也不是大胆或谦逊的花朵的红、黄、蓝。秋天吸收了春天的所有颜色，并将它们丰富地融合和软化为紫色、深红色、青铜色、琥珀色和桃花心木等强烈的色调，或以挂毯的方式并排展示，或以丰富的新色调融合。树木被铜色和金色染得金碧辉煌，而蜷伏在茬子上的玉米堆在阳光下闪着深黄的光。红色浆果点缀的树篱勾勒出的绿色长方形与整齐犁沟的农田形成了鲜明的对比。高沼地上散布着紫色石南的皇家刺绣，镶嵌在闪闪发光的金雀花中。

11.单选题

Paperclips,drawingpinsandsafetypins,were（

）alloverthefloor.

问题1选项

A.scattered

B.littered

C.sprayed

D.separated

【答案】A

【解析】句意:回形针，图钉和安金扣针全都散落在地板上。

考查动词辨析。四个选型都是对应动词的过去分词形式表被动。Scatter使分散;litter把……弄得乱七八糟;spray喷洒;separate使分离。因此A符合句意。

12.单选题

Thephrase“meltingpot”hasbecomeassociatedwiththeAmericansociety,implyingthatmanyracialandethnicgroupshavebeenintegratedintooneculture.Scholarsdisagreeastowhatextentthisassimilationorintegrationhasactuallytakenplace.ManyofthemseetheAmericansocietyasa“saladbowl”,wherevariousgroupshaveremaineddistinctandseparatefromeachother,eventhoughtheyworkandliveinthesamesociety.

Thereisnodoubtthatassimilationhastakenplace,especiallyamongthewhitesfromdifferentnationalitiesandreligiousbackgrounds;thedisagreementisonlyabouttowhatextentthisassimilationhasactuallytakenplace.Thescholarsarguethat“meltingplot”isaninaccuratedescriptionoftheAmericansociety.Letaloneothermoredistinctracesandethnicgroups,theypointtotheAmericanJewsasthegroupofwhiteswhohaveretainedtheirseparateness.

ManyscholarsfeelthattheunwillingnessbytheJewishAmericanstoassimilatewiththeAmericansocietycomesmainlyfromcenturiesofpersecutioninEuropeancountries,someofwhichsurvivedandcamealongwithEuropeanChristianstoAmerica.Weakerformsofdiscriminationandanti-JewishfeelingsstillexistamongEuropeandescendents,makingitmoredifficultfortheJewstoassimilateintothemainstreamAmericanculture.Theirownculturalandreligiouspridealsoplaysimportantrolesinmaintainingtheirseparateness.

Whatisinteresting,however,isthatJewishgroups,alongwiththeirseparateness,haveastrongsenseofbelongingtothelargerAmericancultureinwhichtheyhaveachievedsuccessinnearlyeveryfield.Infact,amongthegroupsthathaveretainedtheirnationalorethnicidentities,theJewishgroupsarethemostsuccessful,accordingtoanation-widesurvey.ManyJewsattributethissuccesstotheirseparateness,whichhaspreventedthemfromlosingvaluesthatcontributetotheirsuccess.

1.Whatsentencewouldbestsummarizethispassage?

2.TheEuropeandescendentswhomostlikelydiscriminateagainsttheAmericanJewsare（）

3.ManyscholarsprefertodescribeAmericansocietyasa“saladbowl”becauseit（）

4.TheauthorclaimsthatJewishgroupsretainmostoftheirculturalidentityand（）

5.Accordingtothepassage,oneofthereasonswhytheJewshaveremainedmostlyseparateis（）

问题1选项

A.Americansocietyiseithera“meltingpot”ora“saladbowl”,dependingonwhoistalkingaboutit.

B.JewishgroupshaveastrongsenseofidentityandrefusetoassimilatewithotherAmericans.

C.ScholarsdisagreeabouttheextenttowhichassimilationofdifferentracesandethnicgroupshastakenplaceinAmericansociety.

D.ThereisstillsomediscriminationandpersecutionofJewsinAmerica.

问题2选项

A.Christians

B.scholars

C.capitalists

D.Catholics

问题3选项

A.showsculturalandreligiousdifferencesofvariousculturalgroups

B.showsthetogethernessandseparatenessofdifferentethnic,national,andracialgroups

C.ismorecolorfulandimaginative

D.ismoreprogressive

问题4选项

A.theirseparatenesspreventsthemfromachievingsuccess

B.othergroupsdislikethemfortheirseparatenessfromthemainstreamAmericanculture

C.alsothinkofthemselvesasbelongingtotheAmericanculture

D.refusetocooperatewithotherculturalgroups

问题5选项

A.seeingnoadvantageinassimilating

B.lackofopportunitytoassimilate

C.thefearoflosingtheiridentity

D.theirprideintheirownculture

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:A

第3题:B

第4题:C

第5题:D

【解析】1.主旨大意题。结合全文内容可知，本文主要是讲学者们在美国社会中不同种族和民族的融合问题上存在分歧。所以选项C最能概括全文。

2.判断推理题。根据第三段的第一句“Manyscholarsfeelthat...withEuropeanChristianstoAmerica.”许多学者认为，美国犹太人不愿意融入美国社会，主要是由于几个世纪以来欧洲国家的迫害，其中一些国家幸存下来，与欧洲的基督徒一起来到了美国。由此可以推断，欧洲后代中最有可能歧视美国犹太人的是基督教徒，所以选项A正确。

3.细节事实题。根据关键词“saladbowl”定位到第一段的最后一句“variousgroupshaveremaineddistinctandseparatefromeachother,eventhoughtheyworkandliveinthesamesociety.”不同的群体虽然在同一社会中工作和生活，但仍然彼此独立。选项B符合原文。

4.细节事实题。根据最后一段的第一句“Jewishgroups,alongwiththeirseparateness,haveastrongsenseofbelongingtothelargerAmericanculture...”可知选项C符合原文。

5.细节事实题。根据第三段的最后一句“Theirownculturalandreligiouspridealsoplaysimportantrolesinmaintainingtheirseparateness.”选项D符合原文。

13.翻译题

Directions:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)

Anotherfieldinwhichtechnologicaladvanceshavespurredglobalsocialchangeisbiotechnology.Sexselectionoffetuses,geneticallyengineeredorganisms,cloningofsheepandcows—thesehavebeenamongthesignificantyetcontroversialscientificadvancesinthefieldofbiotechnologyinrecentyears.GeorgeRitzer’sconceptofMcDonaldizationappliestotheentireareaofbiotechnology.(46)Justasthefast-foodconcepthaspermeatedsociety,nophaseoflifenowseemsexemptfromtherapeuticormedicalintervention.Infact,sociologistsviewmanyaspectsofbiotechnologyasanextensionoftherecenttrendtowardthemedicalizationofsociety.Throughgeneticmanipulation,themedicalprofessionisexpandingitsturfstillfurther(Clarkeetal.2003).

Today’sbiotechnologyholdsitselfoutastotallybeneficialtohumanbeings,butitisinconstantneedofmonitoring.(47)Aswewillsee,biotechnologicaladvanceshaveraisedmanydifficultethicalandpoliticalquestions,amongthemthedesirabilityoftinkeringwiththegenepool,whichcouldalterourenvironmentinunexpectedandunwantedways(D.WeinsteinandWeinstein1999).

Onestartlingbiotechnologicaladvanceisthepossibilityofalteringhumanbehaviorthroughgeneticengineering.Fishandplantgeneshavealreadybeenmixedtocreatefrost-resistantpotatoandtomatocrops.Morerecently,humangeneshavebeenimplantedinpigstoprovidehumanlikekidneysfororgantransplants.

Oneofthelatestdevelopmentsingeneticengineeringisgenetherapy.(48)Geneticistsworkingwithmousefetuseshavemanagedtodisablegenesthatcarryanundesirabletraitandreplacethemwithgenescarryingadesirabletrait.Suchadvancesraisestaggeringpossibilitiesforalteringanimalandhumanforms.Still,genetherapyremainshighlyexperimental,andmustbeconsideredalong,longshot(Kolata1999).

Thedebateongeneticengineeringescalatedin1997whenscientistsinScotlandannouncedthattheyhadclonedasheep.(49)Aftermanyunsuccessfulattempts,theyhadfinallybeenabletoreplacethegeneticmaterialofasheep’seggwithDNAfromanadultsheep,creatingalambthatwasacloneoftheadult.Theverynextyear,Japaneseresearcherssuccessfullyclonedcows.Thesedevelopmentsraisedthepossibilitythatinthenearfuture,scientistsmaybeabletoclonehumanbeings.WilliamF.Ogburnprobablycouldnothaveanticipatedsuchscientificdevelopmentswhenhewroteofculturelag70yearsearlier.(50)However,thesuccessfulcloningofsheepillustratesagainhowquicklymaterialculturecanchange,andhownon-materialculturemovesmoreslowlyinabsorbingsuchchanges.

【答案】【参考译文】

46.就像快餐的概念已经渗透到社会中一样，生活中似乎没有哪个阶段可以免于治疗或医疗干预。

47.正如我们将看到的，生物技术的进步已经引发了许多棘手的伦理和政治问题，其中包括修补基因库的愿望，这可能会以意想不到的方式改变我们的环境。

48.研究老鼠胎儿的遗传学家已经成功地使带有不良性状的基因失效，并用带有良好性状的基因取而代之。

49.经过多次失败的尝试之后，他们终于能够用一只成年绵羊的DNA替代绵羊卵子的遗传物质，创造出一只成年克隆羊。

50.然而，成功克隆绵羊再次说明了物质文化的变化是多么迅速，而非物质文化在吸收这种变化方面的进展是多么缓慢。

14.单选题

Arecentofhomebuyingpatterns（）showsthatmanypeopleunder30inAmericaarestillrenting.

问题1选项

A.status

B.bonus

C.chorus

D.census

【答案】D

【解析】考查名词词义辨析。A选项status“地位；状态”；B选项bonus“奖金；红利；额外津贴”；C选项chorus“合唱队；齐声”；D选项census“人口普查；普查”。句意：针对住宅购买模式的一项最近普查显示，在美国很多30岁以下的人仍然在租房。由句意可知D选项正确。

15.单选题

Theatmosphereisamixtureofseveralgases.Thereareabouttenchemicalelementswhichremainpermanentlyingaseousformintheatmosphereunderallnaturalconditions.Ofthesepermanentgases,oxygenmakesupabout21percentandnitrogenabout78percent.Severalothergases,suchasargon,carbondioxide:hydrogen,neon,kiyptonandxenon,comprisetheremainingonepercentofthevolumeofdryair.Theamountofwatervaporanditsvariationsinamountanddistributionisofextraordinaryimportanceinweatherchanges.Atmosphericgasesholdinsuspensiongreatquantitiesofdust,pollen,smoke,andotherimpuritieswhicharealwayspresentinconsiderable,