北外2008年基础英语考研试题

北外2008年基础英语考研试题第一篇（经济学家2007年01月25日）选择题ClimatechangeThegreeningofAmerica气候变化:绿化美国Jan25th2007FromTheEconomistprinteditionHowAmericaislikelytotakeoverleadershipofthefightagainstclimatechange;andhowitcangetitright美国领导各国共同应对气候变化的可能性有多大?该如何正确应对呢?ACOUNTRYwithapresidentialsystemtendstogetidentifiedwithitsleader.So,fortherestoftheworld,AmericaisGeorgeBush'sAmericarightnow.ItisthecountrythathasmismanagedtheIraqwar;holdsprisonerswithouttrialatGuantanamoBay;restrictsfundingforstem-cellresearchbecauseoffundamentalistreligiousbeliefs;anddestroyedthechanceofaglobalclimate-changedealbasedontheKyotoprotocol.人们往往认为,总统制国家就是其总统的国家。因此,在世界其他国家看来,现在的美国就是乔治?布什的美国。正是这样ー个国家,对伊拉克战事处置失当,把战俘关押在关塔那摩海湾又不审讯,顾及原教旨主义分子的宗教信仰而限制对干细胞研究的资助;也正是这样ー个国家,拒绝签署《京都议定书》有关的全球气候变化协议。Buttosimplifythusistomisunderstand—especiallyinthecaseofhuge,federalAmerica.Oneofitsgreatstrengthsisthediversityofitspolitical,economicandculturallife.WhiletheWhiteHousedugitsheelsinonglobalwarming,muchoftherestofthecountrywasmoving.That,swhatforcedthepresident，sconcessiontogreensinthestate-of-the-unionaddressonJanuary23rd.HispollratingssinkingundertheweightofIraq,MrBushisgraspingforpopularissuestokeephimafloat;andglobalwarminghasevidentlybecomesuchanissue.Albeitinthecontextofenergysecurity,anowfamiliarconcernofhis,MrBushspokeforthefirsttimetoCongressof”theseriouschallengeofglobalclimatechange“andproposedmeasuresdesigned,inpart,tocombatit.不过,只见树木,不见森林,对于泱泱联邦大国美国而言尤为如此。美国的重要特点之一就在于其政治、经济和文化生活的多样性。当白宫在全球气候变暖问题上始终坚持拒绝有所作为时,该国其他许多人都行动了起来。这也迫使总统在1月23日的国情咨文中对环保人士作出让步。受伊战所累,布什的民意支持率一路下滑,他也希望抓住民众关心的问题来提升自己的支持率,而全球气候变暖显然就成了这样ー个问题。当下布什最关心的是能源安全问题,但尽管如此,布什还是以能源安全为依托,（在国情咨文讲话中）首次对国会提及“全球气候变化带来的严峻挑战”,并建议制定相应的应对措施。Hotforthetimeofyear年度热点It'stheweather,appropriately,thathasturnedpublicopinion—startingwithHurricaneKatrina.ScientistshadbeenwarningAmericansforyearsthattheriskofuextremeweathereventswouldprobablyincreaseasaresultofclimatechange.Butscientificpapersdonotdrivemessageshomeasconvincinglyasthedestructionofacity.AndtheheatwavethattorchedAmerica,swestcoastlastyear,accompaniedbyaconstantdripofnewresearchonmeltingglaciersanddyingpolarbears,hasonlystrengthenedthebeliefthatsomethingmustbedone.让民意转向的恰好就是天气问题,而这又始于卡特里娜飓风。多年来科学家一直提醒美国人,随着气候的变化,发生“极端天气事件”的可能性增高,但是相比科学论文,天气事件毁坏一座城市的事实要更具有说服カ。去年,酷热席卷了美国西海岸,同时关于冰川融化和北极熊面临死亡威胁的研究报告也是层出不穷,一切都使得有关方面进ー步认识到必须有所举措了。Businessischangingitsmindtoo.FiveyearsagocorporateAmericawassolidlyagainstcarboncontrols.Butthethreatofapatchworkofstateregulations,combinedwiththeopportunitytoprofitfromnewtechnologies,begantoshiftbusinessattitudes.Andthatmovementhasgainedmomentum,becausecompaniesthatsawtheircompetitorsespousecarboncontrolsbegantofearthat,oncethegovernmentgotdowntodesigningregulations,theywouldbeleftoutofthediscussioniftheydidnotjumponthebandwagon.Sonowtheloudestvoicesarenotresistingchangebutarguingforit.企业也在改变思路。5年前,美国企业坚决反对控制碳排放,但在州政府各项规定的约束之下,再加上新技术有利可图,企业纷纷开始转变态度。而且,这种势头越来越猛,因为企业眼见其竞争对手赞成控制碳排放,开始担心如若自己不“顺势而动”,那么一旦（联邦）政府考虑制定有关规定时,就不会采纳他们的意见。因此,如今企业叫得最凶的不是抵制而是支持改革。Supportforcarboncontrolshasalsogrownamongsomeunlikelygroups:securityhawks(whowanttoreduceAmerica)sdependenceonMiddleEasternoil);farmers(wholikesubsidiesforgrowingtherawmaterialforethanol);andevangelicals(whoworrythatmanshouldbelookingaftertheEarthGodgavehimalittlebetter).Thisalliancehashelpedpersuadepoliticianstomove.ArnoldSchwarzenegger,California，sRepublicangovernor,hasledtheadvance,withmuscularmeasureslegislatingKyoto-stylecurbsinhisstate.Hispopularityhasreboundedasaresult.Andnowthereismovementtooatthefederallevel,whichiswhereitreallymatters.SincetheDemocratstookcontrolofCongressaftertheNovembermid-termelections,billstotackleclimatechangehaveproliferated.Andthreeoftheseriouscandidatesforthepresidencyin2008—JohnMcCain,HillaryClintonandBarackObama一areallpushingforfederalmeasures.有些令人意想不到的团体也渐渐开始支持控制碳排放,比如能源安全鹰派成员（也就是希望减少美国对中东石油依赖的那些人）、农民（希望获得补贴用于种植提炼乙醇的原材料）和福音派人士（他们认为人类应当悉心呵护上帝所赐オ会有好报）。这些人对说动政界人士也起到了推动作用。加州州长、共和党人阿诺德?施瓦辛格率先在本州采取了有力措施,按照《京都议定书》的有关要求,通过了强制性限排的立法,他也因此重拾威信。现在联邦政府ー级也开始有所行动,而这オ是真正重要的。自从11月中期选举后民主党主政国会以来,关于对付气候变化问题的提案越来越多。三名2008年总统候选人也都在カ促联邦政府拿出举措,他们是约翰?麦凯恩、希拉里?克林顿和巴拉克?奥巴马。Europe'sgood,andbad,example欧洲榜样,择其善者而从之。Unfortunately,MrBush'snew-foundinterestinclimatechangeiscoupledwith,anddistortedby,hisfocusonenergysecurity.ReducingAmerica'spetrolconsumptionby20%by2017,atargetheannouncedinthestate-of-the-unionaddress,wouldcertainlydiminishthecountry'sdependenceonMiddleEasternoil,butthewayheplanstogoaboutitmaynotbeeitherefficientorclean.Increasingfuel-economystandardsforcarsandtruckswillgopartoftheway,butformostoftheswitchAmericawillhavetorelyonagreateruseofalternativefuels.Thatmeansethanol(inefficientbecauseofheavysubsidiesandhightariffsonimportsofforeignethanol)orliquefiedcoal(filthybecauseofhighcarbonemissions).不幸的是,布什最近对气候变化的关注,是同他对能源安全的关注扯在ー起的,人们因此也怀疑他醉翁之意不在酒。他在国情咨文中宣布要在2017年以前将美国的油耗减少20%。这一目标无疑会让美国对中东石油的依赖性减低,但是他计划实现这一目标的方式却与提高能效或者环保无关。虽然这中间涵盖了提高汽车节油标准在内,但大部分还是依赖更多的采用其他形式的燃料,也就是乙醇或者液态煤。前者由于补贴大、进ロ关税高因而能效并不高,后者则由于碳排放量高所以容易造成环境污染。ThemeasureofMrBush，sfailuretotacklethisissueseriouslyishiscontinuedrejectionoftheonlytwocleanandefficientsolutionstoclimatechange.Oneisacarbontax,whichthispaperhaslongadvocated.Thesecondisacap-and-tradesystemofthesortEuropeintroducedtomeettheKyototargets.Itwouldlimitcompanies'emissionswhileallowingthemtobuyandsellpermitstopollute.Eithersystemshould,bysettingapriceoncarbon,discourageitsemission;and,indoingso,encouragethedevelopmentanduseofcleaner-energytechnologies.JustasAmerica'sadoptionofcatalyticconvertersledeventuallytotheworld'sconversiontolead-freepetrol,soitsdrivetoclean-energytechnologieswillensurethatthesetoospread.布什并没有认真对待这ー问题。之所以这么说,是因为他仍拒绝采用解决气候变化问题仅有的两种既高效又清洁的方法。ー个是征收碳排放税,这也是《经济学人》杂志长期以来所提倡的。另ー个则是欧洲为达到《京都议定书》要求所实行的“配额ー贸易”制度。该制度一方面限制企业排污,同时也允许其买卖排污许可证。该制度通过对碳排放进行定价（实际上就是要收费）,因而应当会减少排放,并且可以促进企业开发利用清洁能源技术。正如美国当年采用催化式排气净化器最终引导了世界应用无铅汽油的潮流ー样,美国努力开发的清洁能源技术也肯定能得到推广。AtaxisunlikelybecauseofAmerica'saversiontothatthree-letterword.Giventhat,itshouldgoforatoughcap-and-tradesystem.Indoingso,itcanusefullylearnfromEurope,sexperience.First,getgooddata.Europefailedtodoso:companiesweregiventoomanypermits,andemissionshavethereforenotfallen.Second,auctionpermits(whichare,ineffect,money)ratherthangivingthemawayfree.Europegavethemaway,whichallowedpolluterstomakewindfallprofits.Thiswillbeahugefight;for,ifthefederalgovernmentdidwhattheEuropeansdid,itwouldhandout$40billion-50billioninpermits.Third,setalongtime-horizon.Europeansdonotknowwhethercarbonemissionswillstillbeconstrainedafter2012,whenKyotorunsout.Sincemostclean-energyprojectshaveapaybackperiodofmorethanfiveyears,thesystemthusfailstoencouragegreeninvestment.美国人对“税”这个字一向反感,因此征收碳排放税是不可能的。既然如此,那么美国就只能采取严格的“配额ー贸易”制度。为此美国可以借鉴欧洲有益的经验。首先,要确定适当的配额数量。欧洲就没能做到:配额发放过多,排放量因此并未减少。其次,对配额进行定价而不是免费发放,企业需要配额就必须花钱购买。欧洲无偿发放配额,结果却让排污企业赚得盆满钵满。对配额定价将带来巨大收益,而如果联邦政府效仿欧洲的做法,就等于将配额中所蕴含的400、500亿美元拱手送人。第三,要设定一个较长的有效时间范围。欧洲不清楚2012年《京都议定书》到期后是否仍需限制碳排放。既然大多数清洁能源项目的效益回报期都在5年以上,那么“配额ー贸易”制度并不能鼓励环保投资。OneofAmerica'smostadmirablecharacteristicsisitsbeliefthatithasadutyofmoralleadership.Atpresent,however,it'snotdoingtoowellonthatscore.Globalwarmingcouldchangethat.Bytacklingtheissuenowitcouldregainthehighmoralground(atthesametimeasforgingaheadintheclean-energybusiness,whichEuropemight

otherwisedominate).Anditlooksasthoughitwill;foreveniftheToxicTexancontinuestoevadetheissue,hissuccessorwillgraspit.美国最难能可贵的一个特征在于,它坚信自己有责任成为道义领袖。不过就目前来看,在这一点上它的表现并不好,而全球变暖问题有可能令其有所改变。把眼下这个问题解决好了,美国就能重新树立自己的道义形象（与此同时,还能在清洁能源业中迎头赶上,避免欧洲占去先机）。现在看来似乎在未来它也能做到这一点,因为即便“有毒的得克萨斯人”（暗指布什是全球最大的污染制造者）继续回避这个问题,他的继任者也会抓住这ー机会。♦・分享〇・收藏〇♦支持（）,反对0回复使用道具举报*zhangbei0272楼zhangbei027ヌ发表于2009-6-419:34:17只看该作者北京外国语大学英大家网高中一年级曲仆仆威望大家网高中一年级曲仆仆威望2点经验364点积分523精华2帖子134«串个门»加好友«打招呼・发消息语专业考研真题2第二篇（双语时代2005年03期）选择题SouthernSlangOneofthemostfascinatingregionaldialectsofEnglishisthatwhichisspokenbytheinhabitantsofthesouthernstatesoftheU.S.A.SouthernEnglishisveryexpressiveandrichinimagery.ItisnowonderthatagreatnumberofAmerica,smostfamouswordsmiths,suchasMarkTwainandWilliamFaulkner,hailfromtheSouth.Ifyoueverhavethechancetohearityouwillimmediatelygettheimpressionthat,intheSouth,conversationisnotmerelyameanstoconveyinformation,butanartinitself,tobepracticedandenjoyed.InthisissueofTheFarSide,LeeSpears,atrueSoutherngentleman,writesaboutthecharmingspeechoftheSouth.在英语中,最迷人的区域性方言之一就是美国南方诸州居民所讲的方言了。南方英语极具表现カ,而且富于联想。难怪许多最为著名的美国语言大师,如马克・吐温和威廉・福克纳，都来自于南方。如果你有机会来聆听这一方言,你立刻就会产生一种印象,即在南方,会话不仅仅是ー种传递信息的手段,它本身还是ー种用以展现和享受的艺术。在本期的《TheFarSide》中,一位真正的南方绅士,李・斯皮尔斯,就将迷人的南方话付诸笔端。WheneverIreturntoNorthCarolina,myhomestateinAmerica'sSoutheast,morethanthefamiliarrollinggrasslandhillstellsme1'mhome:Backthere,myears①perkuptofamiliarbitsofSouthern-styleAmericanEnglish,aregionaldelicacythathasyettosneakitswayintoChina."Listenupgoodnow,becauseI,mfixin'totellyouallaboutit.”每当我返冋美国东南部的家乡——北卡罗来纳,并不只是那些熟悉的、上下起伏的草原丘陵在向我昭示着,我回家了:在那里,我的听觉调动了起来,倾听着那熟悉的美国南方英语——ー种还没有悄然来到中国的地方精粹。“听好了,因为我就要给你们大家讲讲了。”Ihadbeenlookingforwardtoanice,bigChristmasdinnerforsometimeleadinguptomymostrecentvisithome,becauseIknewIwouldbe“eatinghighonthehog".ThisSouthernism,whichoriginallymeanthavingtheluxuryofeatingthehighest-qualitypartsofthepig,nowsimplyreferstoenjoyinggoodfoodinlargequantities.Mymom'sdeliciousbakedhamdidhappentobeonthetableaswefeastedthisChristmas,butthepresenceofporkishardlyanecessityforeatinghighonthehog,nordoesonehavetobeintheSouthtodoso.Infact,thephraseoftenpassesthroughmymindwhenIsitdowntoasteaminghotpotorabowlofXinjiang-stylenoodlesinBeijing.在我最近那次回家之前的一段时间里,我一直盼望着吃上一顿美味丰盛的圣诞节晚宴,因为我知道我会“eathighonthehog（大吃大喝）”的。这个南方语汇,原意是指ー种挑食猪身上最好的部位的奢侈行为,现在则只用来指大量享用美食。今年圣诞节我们确实在餐桌上吃到了我妈做的美味烤火腿,但是要“eathighonthehog”未必就一定要有猪肉,而人们想要"eathighonthehog"也未必就要到南方去。其实,当我在北京坐下来享用热气腾腾的火锅或ー碗新疆风味的面条时,这个词组就经常在我的头脑中闪现。ButforSouthernerswhoenjoygoodbarbecuedpork(andtherearen'tmanywhodon't),there'sagreatwaytoeathighonthehogwhileeatingeverypartofit:goto"apigpickin.Apigpickinisnotsomuchamealasitisanevent,wherepeoplegatheraroundawholehogwhichisslow-roastedinasmokyovenuntilitstendermeatcanbepickedrightoffthebonesandeaten.There'sonlyonewaytodescribethetasteofjuicybarbecueonasummerafternoon:finger-lickingood!不过,对于那些喜欢吃美味猪肉烧烤的南方人来说（不爱吃的人并不多）,有一个绝好的办法来“eathighonthehog”而不会错过任何一部分猪肉:去吃“apigpickin（烤全猪）”。“apigpickin”不太像是饮食,倒更像是ー种活动,ー种人们围坐在ー只熏炉旁慢烤全猪,等到鲜嫩猪肉可以从骨头上剥下来时就开吃的活动。要形容夏日午后烧烤时的油滑口感,方式只有一个:"fingerTickingood!（回味无穷）"ManySoutherncolloquialismsreflecttheagriculturalheritageoftheregion,andsolotsofSouthernslangcallsonimagesorpersonalitiesweassociatewithanimals.Afteralong,harddayatwork,nothingsayssomeoneisexhaustedquiteasvividlyassayingheorsheis”dogtired”,evokinganimageofalazy,long-earedhounddoglazingonafrontporch.Or,ifsomeonehasanaturalintelligenceforunderstandingthewaysoftheworld,wemaysaythatpersonhas"horsesense”,likeatrustyfour-leggedfriendwhoalwaysknowswhichwaytogowhenitcomestoaforkintheroad.许多南方口语词都反映了该地区的农耕传统,而众多的南方俚语也都呈现出我们可以在动物身上联想到的形象或性格特点。在漫长艰辛的一天劳作之后,要形象地表达出某人的疲惫之态,最好的说法就是,他/她“dogtired（精疲カ竭）”了,从而引发出ー只慵懒的长耳狗趴在前门走廊偷懒的遐想。又如,如果某人天生聪慧,可以明了沧桑世事,我们就可以说,这个人有“horsesense（识途感:基本常识）”,就像ー只可以信赖的“四腿伙伴”那样,总是在道路分叉时知道走向何方。TheSouth'slong-standingreligioustraditionsalsopepperthespeechoflocals.WhenaproperSouthernerwantstoexpressthatsomethingwillhappenifallgoeswell,hemightsay,“GoodLordwillin，andthecreekdon'trise",whichrecallsmoreprimitivetimeswhenmanySouthernfarmersreliedongoodweatherconditionsfortheirlivelihoods.Forexample,onefriendmightsaytoanotherwhenarrangingaweekendpicnic,GoodLordwillin,andthecreekdon'trise,I'11seeyouonSunday.z，Ifthatweekendbringsathunderstorm,②rainingoutthepicnic,thetwounluckyfriendsmaycursetheweather,callingit“god-awful.南方由来已久的宗教传统同样也在当地人的语言中有所体现。当ー个真正的南方人想表达一切顺利就会出现某种结果时,他可能会说,“GoodLordwillin'andthecreekdon'trise（苍天有意,人愿不违）”,从而再现了南方农民靠天吃饭的那个更久远年代。举例来说,在约定一次周末野炊时,ー个朋友可能会对另ー个人说,"GoodLordwillin,andthecreekdon'trise,I'11seeyouonSunday.（苍天有意,人愿不违,我礼拜天去找你）”。如果那个周末出现了雷暴,野炊因下雨而取消,这两个倒霉的朋友可能就会大骂天气,说它是"god-awful（可恶至极）”。PerhapsthetwouniquelySouthernwordsthatarebestknowninotherpartsoftheworldareyall”,whichisashortenedversionof"youall,"andtheinfamous"ain，t",whichmeans"isnot","arenot"or"amnot."WhileSouthernersandnon-SouthernerswillprobablyneverstoparguingoverwhetherornottheseofficiallyqualifyasEnglishwords(theyareinthedictionary,ifthatcountsforanything),theyareundeniablypartoftheSouthernvocabulary.OneofthecharmsofthewaySouthernersspeakisthattheyoftenhave③amultitudeofcolorfulwaystosayverysimplethings.Ifsomeoneplanstodosomethingverysoon,hecouldsayitanynumberofways,someofwhichmaybringasmiletothelistener'sface.Insteadofsayingrightaway,aSouthernermightsubstituteanyofthefollowing:z，fasterthanyoucanskinacat";"quickerthanyoucansay'JackRobinson'"(don'taskmewhoJackis);"rightnowinaminute";or"lickety-split".也许,在世界的其它地方,最为人熟知的两个为南方特有词汇就是"y'all”和名声不佳的"ain't"了,而前者是“youall”的缩写形式,后者则表示“isnot”ヽ“arenot”或“amnot”的意思。虽然,就这些词汇是否可以作为正式英语使用的问题上（字典里就有这些词,如果这能说明些问题的话）,南方人和南方以外的人可能永远不会停止争论,但毋庸质疑,它们就是南方话的组成部分。南方人讲话方式的魅力之ー就是,他们经常使用大量有趣的方式来表达极其简单的事情。如果某人打算很快就去做某事,他可能会用多种方式来表达,其中有些方式可以使听话人忍俊不禁。南方人可以使用以下各种方式来替代"rightaway（马上）”的说法:"fasterthanyoucanskinacat（比你剥猫皮还要快）"、"quickerthanyoucansay,JackRobinson，（比你念“JackRobinson”还要快）”（我也不知道Jack是谁）、“rightnowinaminute（这就过去）”,或“lickety-split（很快）”。Southern-styleEnglishissomethingthatmanyAmericansfeelverystronglyabout.WhilemanynativesoftheSouthareproudofthedistinctiontheirslangbringstotheirspeech,otherEnglishspeakersoften④turntheirnosesupattheearthy,down-hometoneoftheregion,sslang.Butloveitorhateit,theEnglishoftheAmericanSouthisfullofpersonalityandlikenothingelseyou'11everhear.许多美国人对南方英语的反应是非常强烈的。虽然许多南方人对他们的俚语为其言语增添了特色而感到自豪,但其他英语使用者却经常会对该地区俚语的粗俗声调嗤之以鼻。爱也好,恨也罢,美国南方英语就是充满了个性,与你所听过的任何东西都不相同。在正文的第一段结尾,作者说了一句话,“Listenupgoodnow,becauseI'mfixin'totellyouallaboutit.n其中就体现了美国南方英语的特定用法 "Listenupgoodnow"和"befixin'to"〇第一・个词组相当于汉语中的“听好了”,而第二个词组则相当于"准备好做某事”。eathighonthehog在原文中,作者对这个词组的来历进行了介绍,即它原指“人们在吃猪肉时,只是挑好吃的部分吃”,而后来就通指“大量地享用美食”。其意相当于“大吃大喝”。apigpickin这个词组就相当于我们现在常说的“烤全猪”。finger-lickingood!这个词组非常形象——在吃完后仍旧不能忘记美食的味道,还要把手指舔ー舔,回味一下,食物的美味一下子就被描绘出来了。其意相当于“回味无穷”。dogtired狗累了以后的那种倦怠感最明显不过了,所以就以这个词组来表达“精疲カ竭”之意,非常形象。horsesense马拥有认路的天性,所以就以马的这种识途感来形容某些人的睿智聪颖,说明他们了解世事变迁。GoodLordwillin,andthecreekdon'trise.ー个和宗教有渊源的词组。在宗教中,上帝是无所不能的,所以,他高兴还好,若是不高兴的话,就会兴风作浪,水漫河堤了。因此,这句话暗含的意思就是,一切要看老天脸色行事。god-awful上帝是最强大的,而“awful”的程度竟然达到了上帝强大的程度,可见其指的不是一般的“糟糕,可恶”了。所以,它的意思相当于“可恶至极”"y'all”和"aint"这两个词现在很常见,尤其是在英语歌词当中,以及某些英文网页上。但它们的词源却是来自美国南方。前者是“youall"的缩写形式,后者则表示"isnot"、"arenot"或"amnot”的意思。10.说到“马上”、“立刻”的英语表达法,我们能想到最多的也就不过是"rightaway”和"atonce”等。但美国南方人却创造出了"fasterthanyoucanskinacat”ヽ"quickerthanyoucansay'JackRobinson)"ヽ"rightnowinaminute”和"lickety-split”等非常幽默的表达方式,尤其是第二个表达方式,因为至于为什么要说“比你念

'JackRobinsonJ

还要快”,而不说“比念Mike或其它什么名字还要快”，可能连他们自己都不知道,但是却约定俗成,就那么表达了。冋复使用道具举报zhangbei0273楼zhangbei027口发表于2009-6-419:35:46只看该作者北京外国语大学英语专业考研真题3第三篇（纽约时报2005年03月20日）判断正误大家网咼中一年大家网咼中一年级威望2点经验364点积分523精华2Published:March20,2005Menarealwaystellingmenottogeneralizeaboutthem.Butastartlingnewstudyshowsthatscienceisbackingmeuphere.

帖子134帖子134«串个门・加好友・打招呼・发消息“Alas,saidoneoftheauthorsofthestudy,theDukeUniversitygenomeexpertHuntingtonWillard,"geneticallyspeaking,ifyou'vemetoneman,you'vemetthemall.Weare,Ihatetosayit,predictable.Youcan'tsaythataboutwomen.Menandwomenarefartherapartthanweeverknew.It'snotMarsorVenus.It'sMarsorVenus,Pluto,Jupiterandwhoknowswhatotherplanets."Womenarenotonlymoredifferentfrommenthanweknew.Womenaremoredifferentfromeachotherthanweknew-creaturesof"infinitevariety,"asShakespearewrote."Wepoormenonlyhave45chromosomestodoourworkwithbecauseour46thisthepatheticYthathasonlyafewgeneswhichoperatebelowthewaistandabovetheknees,"Dr.Willardobserved."Incontrast,wenowknowthatwomenhavethefull46chromosomesthatthey,regettingworkfromandthe46thisasecondXthatisworkingatlevelsgreaterthanweknew.”Dr.Willardandhisco-author,LauraCarrel,amolecularbiologistatthePennsylvaniaStateUniversityCollegeofMedicine,thinkthattheirdiscoverymayhelpexplainwhythebehaviorandtraitsofmenandwomenaresodifferent;theymaybehard-wiredinthebrain,inadditiontobeinghormonalorcultural.SoisLawrenceSummersrightafterall?"Onlytimewilltell,"Dr.Willardlaughs.Theresearcherslearnedthatawhopping15percent-200to300-ofthegenesonthesecondXchromosomeinwomen,thoughttobesubmissiveandinert,lollingaboutonanevolutionaryVictorianfaintingcouch,areactive,givingwomenasignificantincreaseingeneexpressionovermen.AstheTimessciencereporterNicholasWade,whoiswritingabookabouthumanevolutionandgenetics,explainedittome:"Womenaremosaics,onecouldevensaychimeras,inthesensethattheyaremadeupoftwodifferentkindsofcell.Whereasmenarepureanduncomplicated,beingmadeofjustasinglekindofcellthroughout."Thismeansmen'sgeneralizationsaboutwomenarecorrect,too.Womenareinscrutable,changeable,crafty,idiosyncratic,adifferentspecies."Women'schromosomeshavemorecomplexity,whichmenviewasunpredictability,"saidDavidPage,amolecularbiologistandexpertonsexevolutionattheWhiteheadInstituteforBiomedicalResearchinCambridge,Mass.KnownasMr.Y,Dr.Pcallshimself''thedefenderoftherottingYchromosome.z，He，sreferringtostudiesshowingthattheYchromosomehasbeensheddinggeneswilly-nillyformillionsofyearsandisnowafractionofthesizeofitspartner,theXchromosome."TheYmarriedup,"henotes."TheXmarrieddown."Sizematters,sosomeexpertshavesuggestedthatin10millionyearsorevenmuchsooner-100,000years-mencoulddisappear,takingMaximmagazine,MarchMadnessandcoldpizzainthemorningwiththem.Dr.PagedrollyconjuresupapictureoftheYchromosomeas"aslovenlybeast,"sittinginhisfavoritearmchair,surroundedbythelitterofoldfastfoodtakeoutboxes."TheYwantstomaintainhimselfbutdoesn'tknowhow,"hesaid."He'sfallingapart,liketheguywhocan'tmanagetogetadoctor'sappointmentorcan'tcleanupthehouseorapartmentunlesshiswifedoesit.“IprefertothinkoftheYasperseveringandnoble,notastheRodneyDangerfieldofthehumangenome.”Dr.PagesaystheY-arefugethroughoutevolutionforanygenethatisgoodformalesand/orbadforfemales-hasbecome“amirror,ametaphor,ablankslateonwhichyoucanwriteanythingyouwanttothinkaboutmales."Ithasinspiredcartoongenemapsthatshowthebelchinggene,theinability-to-remember-birthdays-and-anniversariesgene,thefascination-with-spiders-and-reptilesgene,theselective-hearing-loss-"Huhgene,theinability-to-express-affection-on-the-phonegene.Thediscoveryaboutwomen'ssuperiorgeneexpressionmayanswertheage-oldquestionaboutwhymenhavetroubleexpressingthemselves:

becausetheirgenesdo.冋复使用道具举报zhangbei027大家网高中一年级国会合・威望2zhangbei027大家网高中一年级国会合・威望2点经验364点积分523精华2帖子134•串个门•加好友•打招呼•发消息口发表于2009-6-419:36:50只看该作者北京外国语大学英语专业考研真题4第四篇（新东方英语2005年10期）排序题（与试题文章不符,疑选节不同,共8句,选项多一句）TwoTruthstoLiveByByAlexanderM.Schindler（美国犹太人联合会主席辛德勒）Theartoflivingistoknowwhentoholdfastandwhentoletgo.Forlifeisaparadox:itenjoinsustoclingtoitsmanygiftsevenwhileitordainstheireventualrelinquishment.Therabbitsofoldputitthisway:"Amancomestothisworldwithhisfirstclenched,butwhenhedies,hishandisopen.”Surelyweoughttoholdfasttolife,foritiswondrous,andfullofabeautythatbreaksthrougheveryporeofGod'sownearth.Weknowthatthisisso,butalltoooftenwerecognizethistruthonlyinourbackwardglancewhenwerememberwhatitwasandthensuddenlyrealizethatitisnomore.Werememberabeautythatfaded,alovethatwaned.Butwerememberwithfargreaterpainthatwedidnotseethatbeatywhenitflowered,thatwefailedtorespondwithlovewhenitwastendered.Arecentexperiencere-taughtmethistruth.Iwashospitalizedfollowingasevereheartattackthathadbeeninintensivecareforseveraldays.Itwasnotapleasantplace.Onemorning,Ihadtohavesomeadditionaltests.Therequiredmachineswerelocatedinabuildingattheoppositeendofthehospital,soIhadtobewheeledacrossthecourtyardonagurney.Asweemergedfromourunit,thesunlighthitme.That,salltherewastomyexperience.Justthelightofthesun,andyethowbeautifulitwas-howwarming,howsparkling,howbrilliant!Ilookedtoseewhetheranyoneelserelishedthesun'sgoldenglow,buteveryonewashurryingtoandfro,mostwitheyesfixedontheground.ThenIrememberedhowoftenI,too,hadbeenindifferenttothegrandeurofeachday,toopreoccupiedwithpettyandsometimesevenmeanconcernstorespondtothesplendorofitall.Theinsightgleanedfromthatexperienceisreallyascommonplaceaswastheexperienceitself:life,sgiftsareprecious-butwearetooheadlessofthemHerethenisthefirstpileoflife'sparadoxicaldemandsonus:Nevertoobusyforthewonderandtheaweoflife.Bereverentbeforeeachdawningday.Embraceeachhour.Seizeeachgoldenminute.Holdfasttolife...butnotsofastthatyoucannotletgo.Thisisthesecondsideoflife"scoin,theoppositepoleofitsparadox:wemustacceptourlosses,andlearnhowtoletgo.Thisisnotaneasylessontolearn,especiallywhenweareyoungandthinkthatworldisourstocommand,thatwhateverwedesirewiththefullforceoforpassionatebeingcan,may,will,beours.Butthenlifemovesalongtoconfrontuswithrealities,andslowlybutsurlythissecondtruthdawnsuponus.Ateverystageoflifewesustainlosses-andgrowintheprocess.Webeginourindependentlivesonlywhenweemergefromthewombandloseitsprotectiveshelter.Weenteraprogressionofschools,thenweleaveourmothersandfathersandourchildhoodhomes.Wegetmarriedandhavechildrenandthenhavetoletthemgo.Wefacethegradualornotsogradualwaningofourownstrength.Andultimately,astheparableoftheopenandclosedhandsuggests,wemustconfronttheinevitabilityofourowndemise,losingourselves,asitwere,allthatwewereordreamedtobe.Butwhyshouldwebereconciledtolife'scontradictorydemands?Whyfashionthingsofbeautywhenbeautyisevanescent?Whygiveourheartinlovewhenthosewelovewillultimatelybetornfromourgrasp?Inordertoresolvethisparadox,wemustseekawiderperspective,viewingourlivesasthroughwindowsthatopenoneternity.Oncewedothat,werealizethatthoughourlivesareinfinite,ourdeedsonearthweaveatimelesspattern.Lifeisneverjustbeing.Itisabecoming,arelentlessflowingon.Ourparentsliveonthroughus,andwewillliveonthroughourchildren.Theinstitutionswebuildendure,andwewillendurethroughthem.Thebeautywefashioncannotbedimmedbydeath.Ourfleshmayperish,ourhandswillwither,butthatwhichtheycreateinbeautyandgoodnessandtruthlivesonforalltimetocome.Don,tspendandwasteyourlivesaccumulatingobjectsthatwillonlyturntodustandashes.Pursuenotsomuchthematerialastheideal,foridealsaloneinvestlifewithmeaningandareofenduringworth.Addlovetoahouseandyouhaveahome.Addrighteousnesstoacityandyouhaveacommunity.Addtruthtoapileofredbrickandyouhaveaschool.Addreligiontothehumblestofedificesandyouhaveasanctuary.Addjusticetothefar-flungroundofhumanendeavorandyouhavecivilization.Putthemalltogether,exaltthemabovetheirpresentimperfections,addtothemthevisionofhumankindredeemed,foreverfreeofneedandstrifeandyouhaveafuturelightedwiththeradiantcolorsofhope人生的艺术就是要懂得适时地收与放.而人生其实就是这样的ー个矛盾:尽管到头来注定一切都不能长久,它还是令我们依恋于它所赋予的各种恩赐。正如前辈们所言:人出生时双拳紧握而来,过世时却是松手而去。我们当然要抓紧这神奇而美妙的生命,它的美孕育在我们这片神圣土地的每个角落。我们其实都懂得这个道理,可是我们却常常在回顾往昔时オ突然觉醒意识到其中之美,可为时已晚,一切都时过境迁。我们深深铭记的是褪色的美,消逝的爱。但是这种记忆中却饱含了苦涩,我们痛惜没有在美丽绽放的时候注意到它,没有在爱情到来的时候给出回应。最近自己的ー个经历又令我悟出了这其中的道理。我因为严重的心脏病发作而住进了加护病房。那地方可不是好呆的。ー天上午时分,我要接受几项辅助检查。因为检查的器械在医院对面的ー幢建筑中,所以我就要穿过庭院,躺在轮床上被推到那里。就在从病房出来的一瞬,迎面的阳光一下子洒在我的身上。我所感受的就只有这阳光,它是如此美丽,如此温暖,如此璀璨和辉煌!我看看周围是否有人也沉醉在这金色的阳光中,而事实是大家都来去匆匆,大都目不斜视,双眼只顾盯着地面。继而我就想到我平常也太过于沉湎于日常的琐碎俗物中,而对身边的美景漠然甚至视而不见。从这次的经历中我所洞悉的实际就像这个经历本身ー样并无什么奇特之处:生活的恩赐是珍贵的——只有我们对此留心甚少。那么人生给予我们的第一个矛盾的真理就是:不要太过于忙碌而错过了人生的美好和庄严。虔诚地迎接每个黎明的到来。把握每个小时,抓住宝贵的每分每秒。紧紧地把握人生,但是又不能抓得过死,松不开手。这正是人生的另外一面,也就是矛盾的另外一面:我们要接受失去的一切,懂得如何放手。这个其实并不是容易做到的,尤其当我们尚年轻时,自以为世界在我们的掌控之中,而不论什么,只要是心想就会事成,而且一定能事成!但是现实往往事与愿违,然后渐渐地这第二条真理必然显现在我们面前。在人生的每个阶段我们都会承受失去——也因而成长起来。当我们出生时失去母体的保护,从那一刻我们开始了独立的生命。而后我们上学了,一级ー级地升上去,离开了父母和儿时的家庭。我们结婚生子然后又只能看着他们离去。我们遭遇父母及爱人的离逝。我们也要面临自己逐渐或者突然的衰老。而最终,就像握手和松手的比喻那样,我们必须面对自己不可避免的死亡。就这样我们失去了一切,其中包括我们自己人生已经所有的以及尚未实