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第一 时英语中谓语动词的时态(ense)是一种动词的形式,不同的时态用以表示在不同的时间完成的动作或保持的状态。英语动词共有十六种时态,这里将重点讲解其中较常用的十种时态。现以动词do为例,将英语十六种时态列表如下一般进行完成完成beenhadhad 将来 have来 havehave一、一般现在时(ThePresentIndefinite用于表示客观事实,现在反复发生或性的动作以及存在的特征状态等,常与often,always,sometimes,usually,onceaweek,everyday,seldom等时间状语连用。【例TheearthrevolvesaroundtheThestudentsgetupatsixthirtyevery表示按计划或安排好的将来的动作,常使arrive,be,go,start,stay【例ThereisadancingpartyTheplanearrivesinBeijingatthreethis用在assoonas,when,after,while,as,until,till,whenever,themonment,minute,immediay,directly等引导的时间状语从句中或以if,unless,as/solongas,incase,providedthat等引导的条件状语从句中,代替一般将来时。【例I’llringyouassoonashecomesIfitisfinetomorrowwewillgoThemachinestartsrunningthemomentthebuttonis注:if条件句中,有will出现时,will二、一般过去时(ThePastIndefinite一般过去时用于表示过去某时刻或某一时期内的动作或状态,也可表示过去性的动作。常与表明过去时间的状语连用,如yeteda,then,justno,lastonth,twodaysago,in1990,或由hen或while等引导的表明过去时间的状语从句。【例WemethimlastWheredidyoulivewhenyouwereyoung?Heusedtodofourteenhoursaday提示:一般过去时不强调动作对现在的影响,只说明过去。三、一般将来时TheFutueIndefiiteese)

一般将来时用来表示将来某个时间会发生的动作或情况,也可表示将来反复发生的动作或习惯性的动作。【例Weshall(will)gotoNanjingtomorrowHewilltakepartinanimportantraceacrosstheThestudentswillhavefiveEnglishclassesperweekthis“begoingto+动词”表示(能看出迹象)很快就要发生的事情或打算要做的事Itisgoingto“beto+动词”表示安排好的动作或安排别人去做的事TheyaretomeetinfrontoftheYouarenottobringanymaterialstotheexam“beaboutto+动词”表示即将发生的或正要做的事Theconferenceisaboutto4be现在分词”有时可表示按计划即将发生的一个动作,但仅适用于少数的一些动词(如arrive,come,go,leave,start等)而且常跟表示较近将来的时间状语连用。Myfriendisarrivingherethedayafter提示:在英语中第一、二、三人称都用“will+动词四、现在进行时(ThePresentContinuous现在进行时表示此刻或现阶段正在进行的动作。但表示后一种情况时,动作此刻不一定正在进行。【例WearemakinganexperimentnowSteveisstudyingChineseinBeijing另外,现在进行时也可用来给动作加上赞赏或讨厌等感彩【例HeisalwayscookingsomedeliciousfoodforherfamilyHeisalwaysfindingfaultwithhisemployees提示:并非所有动词都有进行时,有些表示状态和感觉的动词通常无进行时,除非这类动词的词义发生变化。这类动词有:be,love,like,hate,believe,think(认为),feel,seem等。【例DoyouseeanyoneoverAreyouseeingsomeoneoff?(see…off意为“为五、过去进行时(ThePastContinuous过去进行时表示过去某一时刻正在发生的动作,或过去某阶段内正在发生或反复发生的动作。通常带有一个表示过去时间的状语或状语从句或能通过上下文判断的过去时间。【例Wewerehavingapreparatorymeetingattwo-thirtyyesterdayShewaswritingacompositionwhenyoucameBillwascoughingallnight六、将来进行时(TheFutureContinuous将来进行时表示将来某时可能正在发生或【例I’llbereadingthistimeMostoftheyoungpeopleinthetownwillbemeetingthematthe七、现在完成时(ThePresentPerfect现在完成时表示目前已完成或刚刚完成的动作,也可以表示从过去某一时刻发生,现在仍延续着的动作或情况。经常与fo+一段时间或与sinc(+时间一点引导的短语或从句连用,也可与一些表示不确定过去时间的副词连用,如alread,beore,eve,neve,jut,once,recentl,yet,uptono,oa,thusa,uptill/tono,inthelat/pastewyears等。【例WehavebeentoShanghaiTheyhavealreadyfinishedtheHehasstudiedEnglishformorethan10HehasstudiedEnglishsince1991/sincehewastwelveSofareverythinghasbeensuccessful八、过去完成时(ThePastPerfect过去完成时表示过去某一时刻或动作之前已经完成的动作。在时间上,在句中常有明显的参照动作或有表示“到过去某时为止”的时间状语,如b,beoe等介词或连词引导的短语或状语从句。【例Byofthewar,thesmallworkshophad ealargefactoryTheplanehadtakenoffbeforewegottotheairportTheyfoundthatastreamhadformedintheafter,assoonas,before等连词引导状语从句的复合句中,由于连词本身已明确【例StudentswentoutafterthebellIinformedhimoftheprogressoftheworkassoonasIarrived提示:在Itis/wasthe/second/lasttimethat…句型中,that后的从句谓语用【例Isitthetimeyou’vevisitedtheThatwasthesecondtimethatI’dvisitedEnglandthat九、将来完成时(TheFuturePerfect将来完成时表示将来某时前将已经完成的动作,也可以用【例BythistimenextyeartheywillhavebuiltahoHurryup!Orthetrainwillhaveleftbeforewegettothe

Ihavethoughtitover我已经考虑过这件事Ihavebeenthinkingitover我一的时态。时态一致主要指主从复合句中,从句动词必须与主句谓语动词保持时态一致;当主句谓语动词是现在或将来时态时,从句的动词时态不受影响;当主句谓语动词是过去时态时,从句动词则要变成相应的过去时态。时态一致主要存在于宾语从句和间接引语中,如:【例WillyoulmewhosettheIhadn’texpectedthatyouwouldcomesoearlyShesaidthatshehadn’trecognizedme可以不作任何时态调整,如:Copernicusputforwardthatthesun,insteadoftheearth,isthecenterofthe 第二 语(ActiveVoice)和语态(PassiveVoice)。主动语态表示主语是谓语动作的执行者,语态表一、语态的形式一般进行完成现beingbeen过being一般进行完成现beingbeen过beinghadbeen将behavebeen过将behavebeen十、现在完成进行时(ThePresentPerfectContinuous现在完成进行时表示从过去某时开始,一直持续到现在的动作。此动作或情况可能已停止,也可能继续下去。但强调到说话时为止一直在进行的动作。【例TheyhavebeenworkingforIBMfor15Ihavebeenwaitingforanhourbutshestillhasn’t有些play,stay,study,teach,wait等,在表示一直继续到现在的动作时

提示二

完成进行时,或用现Billhasplayed(hasbeenplaying)basketballsincehewassixteenyears提示:现在完成时和现在完成进行时的区别是:前者强调过去发生的动作对现在的影响。后者强调动作的延续性。【例

当动作的执行者不明确或无需【例PrintingwasintroducedintoEuropefromAlectureonEnglishliteraturewillbegiventonight【例FourpeoplewerekilledandthirtyinjuredinthebombattackSusanwassingledoutforpraiseyesterday3【例HestartedtocomplainaboutthiswickedworldbutwasinterruptedbyaknockatthedoorYesterdayhevisitedouruniversityandwas edbythe提示除及物动词外,一些相当于及物动词的短语动词如callon,carryout,lookafter,dealwith,takecareof等也可使用态形式,短语动词应被视为不可分割的一部分,一般不拆开使ThismatterwillbedealtwithassoonasMyyoungerbrotheriswelllookedafter(bymy不及物动词(或相当于一个不及物动词的短语动词)和表示状态的动词(或短语动词)无态形式,如:happen,ie,occu,takeplace,breakout等;以及lack,it,uit,equal, e,eseble,befall,conito,looklike等。ThestoryhappenedinThecommitteeconsistsoften将主动态形式改为态形式时,如遇到带有双宾语的动词如buy,give,send,show,teach,l,write等,只能将其中之一变为主语,另一个保持不变。当直接宾语变为主语时,保持在原位的间接宾语前需加介词to。主动句:Weteachthestudenglishinanew句:ThestudentsaretaughtEnglishinanewwayEnglishistaughttothestudentsinanewway在考试中语态一般单独的测试项目出现都是与时态虚拟语气非谓语动词等语法项目一起出现。另外还要注意下列几种特殊的情况:形式主动但意义的动一些动词的某些用法采用主动形式表示意义。常见的这类动词有sell,read,wash,wear,cut,spread,iron,open,peel等。【例HisnewbookissellingTheshopdoesn’topenonSundaysTheseorangespeelwell主动不定式代替不定当不定式作表语形容词的补足成分时,主语又是不定式的逻辑宾语,不定式要用主动形式表意义。不定式的这种用法经常出现在形容词ea,hard,diicult,comotable,inteeting,nice,heav,dangeous等之后。【例MaryiseasytoHistheoryisdifficulttoTheriverisdangeroustobathetoblame(为发生的某种坏事承担责任)常以主动形式出现却表 含义【实Nobodywastoblamefortheaccident对于这起事故,谁也不能责怪。Themotherdidn’tknowwho forthebrokenglass AblamedBbeblamedCtoblameDwould (C)(2002以主动的动名词形式表示含义这一用法主要出现在表示“需要”的动need,want,require

充当其主语偶尔可以由人作主语动名词与句子主语之间有动宾关系也可以用的不定式替代,而句子含义没有差别。【实Thefloorrequireswashing/tobeThehousewantedrepairing,unlesshedecidedtomovetothecountryThepatientwillneedlookingafterYourYourhair You’dbetterhaveitdoneA Bto C Dbeingcut (C (1997在形容词worth(值得做某事,有做某事的价值)之后,并且worth后的动词与句子主【实ThebookisworthWhatalovelyparty!It’sworth allmylife Aremembering BtorememberCtobe Dbeing (A (2002名词性从句(thenounclause)是在句中主要起名词作用的各类从句的统称,主要包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。引导这些名词性从句的关联词包括:从属连词thatif,hetherwhowhoeverhomwhoeverhichwhicheverhathateverwhoe;连接副词whee,when,why,how。其中,从属连词只起连接作用,在从句中不充当任何句法成分,而连接代词和连接副词既起连接作用,又在从句中充当一定的成分。【例ThatOwenshouldhavemarriedhiscousinisnotatallsurprising(that引导主语从句)Thefactisthathedidn’tgotothedinnerparty.(that引导表语从句)Idon’tknowifhewillattendthemeeting.(that引导宾语从句HaveyouheardthenewsthatMaryisgoingtomarryTom?你听说玛丽要和汤姆结婚的消息了吗?(that引导同位语从句)主语从句主要有三类:what等代词引导的主语从句;由连词that引导的主语从句;由连接第一类主语从句的关联词what,实际上已成为关系代词(=thethingthat),它所引导的主语从句在结构上相当于名词加定语从句。除what外,whatever也可引出主语从句,含有强调【例Theylosttheirwayintheforest,andwhatmademattersworsewasthatnightbegantofall他们在森林里迷了路,更糟糕的是,夜幕开始降临。(what在从句中作主语)Whateverwehaveachievedisattributedtotheguidanceofourteachers无论取得什么成绩都归功于老师的教导。(whatever在主语从句中作宾语=Anythingthat)【例Although happenedinthatdevelopedcountrysoundslikesciencefiction,itcouldoccurelsewhereintheworldA B C D尽管那个发达国家发生的情况听起来像科学幻想似的,但在世界其他地区也有可能发生。答案Bwhat引导的从句作主语,表示”所……的东西(的情况)”。必须注意:what引导的从句是各类的重点,由于what引导的从句本身相当于—个名词后加上一个定语从句,所以,在what引导的从句前,一般不可再加上名词或代词。【实Insomecountries, iscalled“equality”doesnotreallymeanequalrightsforallpeopleAwhich Bthat Cwhat Done(1995所谓””在有些国家实际上并不意味着全体人民都享有的权利。答案C由that引导的主语从句在多数情况下都放在句子后部,而用it作形式上的主语。口语中that常省略。如果放在句首主要是为了强调或为了使句子前后平衡。注意此时that不能省掉,what。【例Thathebecameadoctormayhavebeenduetohisfather’sinfluence他成为医生可能是由于他ItiswellknownthatwaterisindispensabletoIt’sapitythatyoumissedsuchafinespeech.这样好的你没听到真是可惜【例Howdiditcomeabout youmadealotofmistakesinyour?A B C D你的作业里出现了这么多错误,到底是怎么回事?本句中it是形式主语,that引导的从句是真正的主语,所以答C。【实 menhavelearnedmuchfromthebehaviorofanimalsishardlynewA B C D人类从动物的行为中学到了很多东西,这并不是什么。答案为C由连接代词(疑问代词who,whom,whoe,which都可用作连接代词)和连接副词(如henwheewhetherhowwhy等)引出的主语从句放在句子后部时,前面用it作形式上的主语。从句放前或放后,意思基本上没有多大差别。不过whetherornot)引导的从句放在句首或句子后部都可以,而if仅可引出宾语从句,不能放在句首,也不能加ornot。【例Whether(ornot)hewillgowon’tmaketoomuchItwon’tmaketoomuchdifferencewhether(ornot)hewillgo他去不去都一样Whowillpresideatthemeetingremainsunknown谁宋主Howshegotwoundedatworkshouldbeinvestigated她怎样在工作时受伤有待。Whyhedidsuchastupidthingisnotknown为什么他做出如此蠢事还不知道。Whereweshouldstayisaproblem应该呆在哪里是一个问题。Itisstillaquestionwhenweshallhaveoursportsmeet什么时候举行运动会仍是个问题Whetherhewillattendthemeetingisuncertain=Itisuncertainwhether/ifhewillattendthemeeting他是否参加会议还不确定。whoever【例Whoevertoldyouthatwaslying这件事不管是谁告诉你的都是的在句子中充当宾语的从句叫作宾语从句。由what,when,where,how,which,why,who,whom,whether(if)及whatever,whoevef,whichever等引导。宾语从句可用作动词的宾语,介词的宾语,也可用在某些形容词短语如besure,becertain,beafraid,beconfident,beanxiuos,beproud等的后面。

【例HeaskedmewhatIwanted他问要什么Idon’tknowwherethesoundcamefrom我不知道声音从哪儿Idoubtwhether/iftheywillbeabletoarrivehereontime我不知道他们是否能Idon’tcarewhethershewillapologizetomeornot我不介意她是否向我道歉Inprimitivesocieties,peopleatewhatevertheycouldfind.在原始社会,人们吃他们所能找到I’mnotquiteconfidentwhetherIcanpassthegraduateadmissiontestthisyear我没有把握今年是否能通过入学考试。Sheisconfidentthatshewillwin.她相信Theyaregladthatyou’vesucceededinyourplan.他们很高兴你的计划获得成Wearenotsurewhetherhewillcome.不确信他能否来【例Wecan’tunderstand heavoidedspeakingtousAwhich Bthat Cwhy 不明白不愿意和说话。这里,疑问词why引导的从句作understand的宾语C。【例Iaminterestedin youhavetoldmeA Ball Call D我对你告诉一切都感。all在此句中是代词,意为“一切“全部”,作为主句谓语动aminterestedin的宾语,that引导的是限定性定语从句,修饰先行all。allthat意思等于what。C亦不正确,如前所述,由于what引导的从句本身相当于一个名词加上一个定语从句,所以,在what引导的从句前,一般不可再加上名词或代词。本题答案B。说明在非正式文体中,that用于引导宾语从句时,引导词that【例Hesaid(that)hewouldneverdosucha 他说他不会做那种事在think,believe,uppoe,expect等动词后面的宾语从句中,如果宾语从句的谓语动词是否定形式,通常要把否定词not转移到主句,而使从句谓语动词变成肯定形式。【例Idon’tthinkyourproposalisveryfeasible我认为如果宾语从句后面有宾语补语,为保持句子平衡,that引导的宾语从句一般要使用形式宾语it代替,而把真正的宾语从句放到宾语补语后面。【例HemadeitquiteclearthathepreferredtoliveThat引导的从句一般不可直接用作介词宾语,但可跟在带有先行词it作宾语的含有介【例Youcandependonitthatwewillkeepthismatterstrictly.你尽可以放心,会对这件事情。介词后面一般不跟that引起的宾语从句,仅在in,except,but,beides等少数几个介词后可跟that引导的宾语从句,已形成固定的搭配,inthat在于,butthat要不是……,exceptthat除了……beidesthat除了……之外,还……。【例Wewillprovideassistancetowhoeverneedsit给任何需要的人提供帮助Theoldwomantoldhersufferingstowhomevershemet.那位老年妇女向任何她遇到的人诉说Don’tbesatisfiedwithwhatyouhaveachieved不要满足于你已取得的成Thenewliteraturecoursediffersfromtheoldcourseinthatthestudentsaren’trequiredtoattendlectures新文学课与旧的不同之处在于学生不要求参力口听课。Thissuitfitsmewellexceptthatthetrousersaretoolong除了裤子太长外身IwouldhavecometoseeyoubutthatIhadsomethingurgenttodothen.若不是当时有些急事表语从句常常放在主句系动词后面,对主语的内容起解释、进一步阐明的作用。可以接表语从句的系动词有belookreainseemtha(通常不能省whetherbecausewhere,hen,why,how,who及asif/asthough等引导表语从句。【例Oneadvantageofsolarenergyisthatitwillneverrunout.能优点之一是它取之不尽。Thequestionremainswhetherwecanwinthemajorityofthepeople问题是是否能赢得大Thisiswhereyouaremistaken这就是你的错误ThisiswhyIgotscolded这就Itmaybebecauseheistooyoungtot这可能是因为他太年轻而不会做的缘故Itseemthat(asif)thenightwouldneverend夜晚似乎也不会结束Thereasonwhy(that)hehasbeensuchasuccessisthathenevergivesup.他获得如此成功的Thereasonhedidnotcometothemeetingisthathewasill.他没有参加会议的原因是由于他病了。(Therreasonis...that,不because)同位语从句大多由从属连词that引导,表示与之同位的名词的具体内容,一般多紧接在名factideanesbeliefhopeconclusionopinionuggetionpopoalproofoderthought,doubtumorpoblemtruthansertheoytheoydeiiondiscoveryundertandingwish,posibilityproiereportprobability(可能性)evidence()cetainty(必然)likelihood(可能性)等。【例WearefamiliarwiththeideathatallmatterconsistsofThenewsthatweareinvitedtotheconferenceisveryencouragingHaveyouanyproofthatheisathief?Theproblemthattheycan’tgethereearlyishardtosolve.他们不能及早到达这里,这个问题Noonecandenythefactthathehasmadesuchprogress.没有人能否认他取实Theorderhascomethattheworkbedoneatonce.工作应立刻开始令已经到了(此例为【实Themerefact mostpeoplebelievenuclearwarwouldbemadnessdoesnotmeanthatitwillnotoccur

Awhat Bwhich Cthat Dwhy(19976)多数人认为挑起核是疯狂之举,单凭这个并不意味着核不可能发生。答案【实Evidencecame specificspeechsoundsarerecognizedbybabiesasyoungasmonthsAwhat Bwhich Cthat Dwhose(19916)有表明,出生仅6个月的婴儿就能辨别一定的语音。答案说明同位语从句常也有连接副词why,where,when,how【例Thequestionwhetherweoughttocallinaspecialistwasansweredbythefamilydoctor家庭医生回答了是否应请个专夫的问题。【例WordhadcomefromTomthathecouldarriveontheMondayfollowing.汤姆他可能下星oncondition(条件是),withtheexception(除…以外),inspiteofthefact(不管)等成【例I’llletyouusetheroomonconditionthatyoukeepitcleanandtidy。如果能保持房间整洁的话,我可以让用。五、同位语从句与定语从句的区别定语从句与同位语从句的区别从三个方面定语从句中thatthat为连词,在从句中不担任成份。同位语从句的先行词是一些有限的表示抽象意义的名词,而定语从句的先行词可以是无数的表示抽象或具体概念的名词。【例Thenewsthathehassucceededinspiredthemall.他成功的消息使他们深受鼓舞。(句What’sthenewsthatupsethersomuch?是什么消息令她如此沮丧?(定语从句Theproposalthatweshouldimportmoreeqmknentfromabroadistobediscussedatthemeeting.应从国口的设备,这个建议将在会上。(同位语从句)Theproposalthatheputforwardistobediscussedatthemeeting.他所建议将在会上提示whetherifif不可引导主语从句和表语从句。whetheror(not)if不可以。【例Idon’tknowwhether(if)sheisathomeWhethershecomesornotmakesnodifferencethatwhat引导名词性从句的区别:thatwhat在从句中充当一定的成分,如主语、表语、宾语等。that可省略,what则不可省。【例HealwaysmeanswhatheShesuggested(that)hetat第四 定语从定语从句(AttibutiveClause)是指在复合句中用作定语的从句,又称为关系从句(RelativeClause)。但与一般定语不同的是,定语从句一般都位于它所修饰的名词或代词之后。被定语从句所修饰的名词或代词称为先行词。引导定语从句的关系词有关系代词ho,hom,hose,that,hich等和关系副词when,hee,hyas,but等也可以作为关系代词来引导定语从句。根据定语从句与先行词之间关系的紧密程度,定语从句可分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句两种。一、限制性定语限制性定语从句主要用来限制或修饰先行词,使先行词的所指明确化;若把该从句去掉会影响主句意义的完整性。限制性定语从句在口语中前后没有停顿,在书写时通常不用逗号。1关系代词who,ho(代人,hic(代物,that,hos(代人或代物在定语从句中作主和先行词一致,它的格取决于它在从句中充当的成分。【例Themanwhodidtherobberyhasbeencaught(who在从句中作主语ThenIephonedthedoctor(whom)Charleshad mended(whom在从句中作宾语,在口语who代替,也可省略)Itisaquestionthat/whichneedsverycarefulconsideration(that/which在从句中作主语)Edisonisagreatinventorwhosefameisworldwide(whose在从句中作定语,指人)Thehousewhosewindowsarebrokenisunoccupied(whose在从句中作定语,指物)Heisnotthemanthathewas(that指人,在从句中作表语Hethatwouldeatthefruitmustclimbthetree(谚语,that指人,在从句中作主语Youcantakeanyseatthatisfree(that指物,在从句中作主语Whoisthemanthatiswaitingforyouunderthetree?(在疑问句中,当疑问词who时,关系代that指人)all,everything,anythingall,any,little,only,very等限定词、序数词或形容词等修饰时,其后的关系代词通常要用that【例All(that)youhavetostopressthebutton(此句中关系词必须用that,也可以省略)That’stheverytextbookthatweusedlasttermHeisthebravestmanthateverlived(此that不能关系when,where,why等在定语从句中作状语,分别表示时间,地点和原因;它们的先【例TherearemomentswhenIfetallaboutitThisisthefactorywheremyfatherworksThereasonwhyhecameisnotveryas,butAs用作关系代句中作主语先行词前thesame,such等词。But也可以用作关系代词引导定语从句,用于否定词语之后,在语义上相当于

that/who…not【例ThisisthesamebagasIlostyesterday(as指物,在从句中作宾语Suchpeopleasyoudescribearerarenowadays(as指人,在从句中作宾语SuchpeopleasknewTomthoughthewasatalentedyoungman(as指人,在从句中作主语Thereareveryfewbut(=whodon’t)admirehisThereisnomanbut(=whodoesn’t)feelspityforstarving二、非限制性定非限制性定语从句是对先行词进行附加说明,若把该词去掉,一般不会影响主句意义的完整性。除that之外,前面提到的关系代词和关系副词都可引导非限制性定语从句。【例Ihaveabrotherwhoworksinachemicalworks我有一个在化工厂工作的哥哥(意即:我还有别的哥哥,但他们不在化工厂工作。who引导限制性定语从句)Ihaveabrother,whoworksinachemicalworks我有一个哥哥,他在化工厂工(意即:我Mynewcar,whichIpaidseveralthousandpoundsfor,isnotrunningAboytookusintothephysicsclassroom,whereJackwassittingonthelecture定语从句是考试中常考的内容,除了测试学生对定语从句基本用法的掌握外,还常出现下列两种特殊情况:1)“介词+which/whom“介词+which/whom”是一个介词短语,它在从句中担任介词短语通常担任的成分,即:状语,定语,补足语等,既可以引导限制性定语从句,也可以引导非限制性定语从句。【例ThegamesinwhichtheyoungmancompetedwereI’llneverf etthedayonwhichIvisitedtheGreatWallforthetime sforwhichweweresearchinghavebeenrecoveredTheyadmiredtheway(inwhich)shedealtwiththecrisisTheathletetowhomyoutalkedisafamousrunnerHeisamanonwhomyoucansafelyIcalledhimbythewrongname,forwhichIThereareabout100foreignstudentsintheiruniversity,manyofwhomarefromAsia关系whichas可以用来指代前面整个句子或部分句子的意思whichas往往可以译为“这”,或“这一两者的区别在于:as引出的定语从句可以位于句首,而which【例Sheoftenchangeshermind,whiakesmeangryHehastoworkonSundays,whichhedoesn’tlikeHeopposedtheplan,ascouldbeexpectedAsiswellknown,theearthisoneofthenineplanetsintheSolarSyste第五 状语从在复合句中,起状语作用的从句称作状语从句。根据语义,状语从句分为:时间状语从句、地点状语从句、条件状语从句、原因状语从句、让步状语从句、比较状语从句、目的状语从句、结果状语从句、方式状语从句。其位置可在主句之前,也可在主句之后。如果状语从句位于主句前,一般用逗号将其与主句隔开。一、时间状语从句(AdverbialClauseof引导时间状语从句的从属连词和词组有when,whenever,as,while,before,after,until,till,since,eversince,once,solongas,assoonas,everytime,eachtime,themoment,theminute,immediay,instantly,directly等。【例WheneverImetwithanydifficulty,hecametomyhelpUntilweknowthefacts,wecan’tdoanythingaboutitEverybodywasassignedajobassoonastheyleftuniversityThemomentshesawhim,sheknewhewasherbrother1、when,as,hen表示从句动作与主句动作同时发生,或先于主句动作。While表示从句的动作与主句同时发生,并有延续之意,所以这种从句的动作往往是延续性的。As表示从句动作与主句动作并行发生,所以常译为“边……边……”;有时也可表示从句动作比主句动作早些发生。从时间上来说,when指一段时间或一点时间,while只能指一段时间,as指一段时间。【例WhenSallyarrived,IwaspreparingWhileCathywasngthewashing-up,shewasplanningherholidayTheworkersshoutedslogansastheypassedthesquare2、before,由beore引导的从句主要表示主句动作发生在从句动作之前,如从句是过去时,主句要用过去完成时。After引导的从句则主要表示主句动作发生在从句动作之后,如主句是过去时,从句要用过去完成时。【例HehulledthetriggerbeforewecouldstopThecomputerwentbetterafternewRAM(内存)hadbeenaddedtoit3、assoonas,directly,immediay表示从句动作一发生,主句动作随即就发生,常译为“一【例ThedoctorcamedirectlyhegottheAssoonasherealizedwhatwasmeant,hewouldbefuriousimmediay4、themoment,eachtime,everytime,bythetime,thetime,theminute等表示时间的名词词组也可用于引导时间状语从句,起连接词的作用【例ThemomentIsawhim,IknewsomethingbadhadhappenedEverytimehecame,hewouldbringusalotofcandies表示“直到……”意义时无差别,但在句首一般只用until(不,主句常用终止性动词,这种情况下,till/until可用beore替代。【例Tiredofherusualhecticworkattheoffice,shestayedfromMondaytillFridayattheThoughhepromisedtocomeat4pmthistime,Johnsondidn’tarriveuntileleven二、地点状语从句(AdverbialClauseof引导地点状语从句的从属连词和词组有where,wherever,等

【例Wherethereisawill,thereisaWhereverJohnhappenstobe,hecanmakehimselfathomeWheretheancientsknewnothing,weknowalittleEverywherethevisitorswent,theywerewarmlyreceived三、条件状语从句(AdverbialClauseof引导条件状语从句的if,unless,suppose,incase,solongas,incase,sofaras,onconditionthat,provided(that),providingthat等。【例Ifthedamhadbrokeninthefloodlastyear,therewouldhavebeengreatlossoflifeandpropertyProvided(that)hewinsthesupportoftheminoritygroups,hewillbeabletowintheelectionIncaseitrains,wewon’tbeabletogothereonYoucangoout,as/solongasyoupromisetobebackbefore提示:if和unless的区别:if表示正面的条件,意为“如果”;unless表示的条件,意【例Ifhedoesn’tfollowouradvice,wewon’taccepthisinvitationWewon’twaitforhimlongunlesshecomesbefore6四、原因状语从句(AdverbialClauseof引导原因状语从句的从属连词和词组有:as,because,since,seeingthat,consideringthat,nowthat,notthat…butthat等。【例Astherewasnoanswer,IwroteSincethespeakercan’tcome,we’llhavetocancelthemeetingBecauseitwaswet,hedidn’tgooutforawalkthatday提示:because表示原因的语气最强,as和since(较正式)语气较弱,其原因对方略知一二。For在引导并列句时可because相互替for是并列【例IhavegotthepositionforjusttwomonthsMybossdoesn’ttrustmebecauseIamnewtohimandhisoffice,IthinkSincesomanypeopleareabsent,wehadbetterputthemeeting五、让步状语从句(AdverbialClauseof引导让步状语从句的as,though,although,nomatter,evenif,eventhough,however,whatever,while,granted(granting)(that)等。【例Hepassedtheexaminationalthoughhehadbeenpreventedbyillnessfromstudying,Thoughheshouldstandalone,hewillneveryieldIshouldn’thavetimetoseehimevenifhewerehereRichasheis,MrJohnsonisbynomeansahappyman提示:whatever,wherever,whichever等带-ever的连接代词和连接副词的强调让步用法(=nomatterwhat),常译为:“无论……”【例Whereveryougo,thereIWhoeverofyoucomesin,heorshewillreceivea提示:动词be可以置于句首引出让步状语从句,现只见于语中【例Beitverylate,wemustfinishtheElectroniccomputersworkonthebinarysystem(二进制)betheylargeor六、比较状语从句(AdverbialClauseof引导比较状语从句的从属连词有than,as;还有“the+,the+”句型【例TheprojectwascompletedearlierthanwehadexpectedYouarealittleheavierthanwhenIsawyoulastHeworkedasfastasaskilledThefurtheranobjectisthesmallerit七、目的状语从句(AdverbialClauseof引导目的状语从句的sothat,inorderthat,lest,forfearthat,incase等。【例TheteachermustspeakclearlysothathisstudentscanunderstandwellTheyclimbedtothetopofthebuildinginorderthattheycouldgetabird’s-eyeviewofthe八、结果状语从句(AdverbialClauseof引导结果状语从句的sothat,so…that,such…that等【例Hehadoverslept,sothathewaslateforworkWhathaveIdonethatyouweresoangrywithme?Hewasverry,sothathelefttheroomwithoutsayingaIwasinthebath,withtheresultthatIdidn’theartheknockatthe九、方式状语从句(AdverbialClauseof引导方式状语从句的as,asif,asthough,theway等【例YoumustdotheexercisesasIshowMarywasbehavingasthoughshehadn’tgrownupShe’sngherworkthewayIlikeitdone提示:asif/asthough谓语动词常用虚拟语气,表示与事实相反。asif比asthough更为常用。【例JohnsontalksloudlyasifhewereanativeFrench-speakerTomandMarrypretendedasthoughnothinghad提示:asinthesamemannerthat…as与like容易,as是连词,其后接主谓结构;like是介词,其后只可接名词或与之相当的词。二者均为介词时,as意为“实质是,真像,作为”,like意为【例LoveistoWilliamsaswateristoHetakescareoftheboyashisfather(真父亲Hetakescareoftheboylikehisfather(像父亲一样的he不是

1、大考试中除上述状语从句最基本的分类和用法外还有一些其他成分可以在句子中起到与状语从句相同的作用,应加以注意和区分。它们包括:分词短语、分词复合结构、with+复合宾语”结构等。另外,由“For+n/pon+todo”构成的不定式符合结构,在句子中有时可充当状语。其中for本身并无词义,其中的名词或宾格代词形式上是or的宾语,但在逻辑上是后面不定式的主语。【例Seenfromtopofthemountain,theriverlookslikeabluebeltWorkinghard,you’llsucceedTheircomingtohelp,weareTherainbeiner,wewentonwithourHemadealongspeechonlytoshowhisignoranceofthesubjectHeshudderedatthethoughtSheisanicegirlinspiteofher IsteppedasideforthecartopassWithmyfatherbesideme,IamnotafraidofthebigboysWitharmsinthepockets,Tomlookedatmeinahostileway2、状语从句的倒装在英语正式文体中为了强调“only+【例OnlyinthiswaycanwehopetoimprovethesituationOnlywhenIvisitedhimdidIrealizehowlonelyhewas以as引出的让步状语从句常常倒装,将谓语、宾语、中心动词、状语或表语提前。有时以though引出的让步状语从句也可以这样安排语序。而表语若为单数名词提前时,该名词省去冠词。【例TryasImight,Icouldn’tliftthestonePoorashewas,hewashonestExhaustedthoughshewas,therewasnohopeofherbeingabletosleepChildashewas,hecoulddeliveralongspeech在带有“so…that……”(如此……以致于……)的状语从句中,为了强调可把“so…”置于句首,此时主句的主谓语要半倒装【例SocarelesswasshethatshecouldscarcelyfindanythinginorderatlastSoloudlydidhespeakthatevenpeopleinthenextroomcouldhear在虚拟复合句中,如果虚拟条件从句的连词if【例WereItot,IwouldtHadIbeentoldearlier,Iwouldhavedone3、状语从在表示时间、地点、条件、让步、方式等的状语从句中,如果谓语包含动词be,主语又和主句的主语相同,则从句中的主语与动词be可同时省略。【例Ifheated,moleculesmovemorerapidly(if后省theyHeworkedextremelyhardthoughstillpoorinhealth(thoughhe【例IcanrunasfastasheIknowyoubetterthanhe(knows4、在时间状语从句、条件状语从句中,必须用一般现在时表示将来的动作、【例We’llstarttomorrowaslongasitisfineMrSmithwillseeyouwhenhereturnsThemachinestartsrunningthemomentthebuttonis提示:If引出的条件状语从句中,有时谓语中出现will,这个will并不是表示将来时的助【例Ifyouwillhelpme,Ishallbegratefultowhen,if引出的从句中并没有用一般现在时表示将来,因为其中的when,并非引出时间、条件【例Idon’tknowifitwillrainThedayisnotlongincomingwhenweshalluseoilasmaterialratherthan 一、动词不定式的 构成。如tohave,towork等。不定式符号“to”不是介词,无词义。不定式有一般、完成、进 语态的区别。以do为例:主一般 to tobe进行 to 完成 tohave tohavebeentodotohelpthemintheir不定式的否定形式是在不定式前面加not,never等【例Theytoldmenottoopenthe不定式有时带疑问词,如:what,when,where,which,whom,why,whether,how等。可以这样用的动词有ask,consider,explain,findout,know,show, l,understand,wonder等。【例Hedidn’tknowwhetherto o二、不定式或不定式短语的用法作主不定式或不定式短语作主语时,谓语动词用第三人称单数【例Toservethepeoplewellisour动词不定式短语作主语时,往往放在谓语动词的后面,用引导词it作形式上【例Itisimportanttolearnaforeign作表

在系be,seem,appear【例YourmaintasknowistoimprovethequalityoftheHeappearstohavecaughta有时be+【例Peteristoarriveatseventhis作宾有些及物动词常用不定式作宾语:afford,agree,decide,desire,determine,expect,fail,hope,learn,manage,offer,plan,pretend,promise,refuse,tend,wish等。【例JohnofferedtohelpShewishestoleavehere如果不定式作宾语而又跟有补足语时,要用“it(即不定式)放到补足语后面去。【例Wefounditimpossibletofinishtheworkinsuchashort作定用来修饰名词,位于动词不定式与其修饰的词之间往往有动宾关系,如果该不定式是不及物动词,其后有必要的介词。【例He’sapleasantfellowtoworkThere’snothingtoworrytime,reason,chance,right,ability,willingness,need,anxiety,wish,plan,way,power,order,effort,opportunity,determination,attempt,decision,promise,refusal,failure,tendency等。【例WomenshouldhavetherighttoreceiveThereisnotimetoYoudon’thaveanyreasontoleave++的名词之后,在“序数词”之后,上用不定式做定语。【例Themonitorwil1bethe(man)toHewasthelastmantoLongskirtsweretheonlythingtowearatthat作状不定式作状语时,其动作发生在谓语动词之后,一般置于句子末尾。但是,如果表示强调,亦可置于句首。【例HewenttoshanghaitovisithisTosavetheearth,wemustpreventtheearthfrombeingpollutedIshutthedoorquietly,soasnottowakethebaby.【例WecamehomeafterourholidaytofindourgardenneatandShelefthome,nevertoreturn【例有些固定词组带to不定式,表明说话人的立场或态度,在句中作独立成分。这些词有:tobehonest,tobeginwith,tocutalongstoryshort,toget(back)tothepointnottomakemuchofit,toputitanotherway,tolthetruth等。Tobehonest,IhaveneverheardofWinston作宾语(主语)在某些及物动词后按照用法用不定式作补足语:advise,allow,ask,bear,beg,cause,command,compel,encourage,expect,forbid,force,get,hate,help,instruct,intend,invite,leave,like,mea

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