土木工程外文翻译-施工组织设计在工程管理中的重要作用

TheconstructionorganizationdesigninengineeringmanagementimportantroleThisarticleontheconstructionoforganizationaldesignmanagementprocessandthethreecontrolobjectiveswerediscussedfromdifferentangles,aimedatstrengtheningtheconstructionoforganizationaldesign,optimizationandmanagement,stressedtheimportantroleoftheconstructionorganizationdesignintheengineeringandconstructionmanagement,projectimplementationinundermarketeconomyconditions,howtheeffectiveuseofexistingresourcesintothecorrecthandlingoftheinvestment,time,andtheprogressofthethreecontrolobjectives,shouldplaytheroleoftheconstructionorganizationdesigninthetenderandthesigningofthecontract,theconstructionorganizationdesignnotonlyinthemanagementofplayarole,alsoplayaroleinmanagement,abalancedinvestmentofresources,reasonableworkarrangementshaveanimportantimpactonspeedinguptheconstructionperiodandimproveinvestmentreturns.Constructionorganizationdesignisusedtoguidethewholeprocessofconstructionprojects,theactivitiesoftechnical,economicandorganizationofcomprehensivedocument,constructiontechnologyandconstructionprojectmanagementoftheorganicintegrationofproduct,itisaftertheprojectconstructionactivitiesinanorderly,efficient,scientificandreasonabletocarryouttheguarantee.Itscharacteristicsare:(1)includesbothtechniques,includingeconomic;moreprecisely,thecombinationoftechnicalandeconomicdocuments,cansolvethetechnicalproblem,butalsoconsidereconomiceffect.(2)ofthewholefile",overall"referstotheengineeringobjectiswhole,filecontentiscomprehensive,playisfull.(3)isaguidetocontractingprocess,fromstarttocompletionofbidding,end.Theconstructionbefore,afterall,inallsortsofproblemstobeconsidered,andmakeareasonableanalysis,compiledontheconstructionactivitiesforfulldeployment,guidetheconstructionpreparationandconstructionprocesstechnicaleconomydocument.Itfromtheconstructionoftheoverallsituation,accordingtothespecificconditions,formulateconstructionscheme,determinetheconstructionprogram,constructionflow,constructionsequence,constructionmethodandtechnicalmeasuresoforganization,labororganization,arrangementofconstructionscheduleandlabor,equipment,materials,componentsandvarioussemi-finishedgoodssupply,ontheroadtransport,siteuse,waterandelectricityenergyguaranteeon-sitefacilitieslayoutandconstructionplanning,inordertopredictconstructioninavarietyofneedsanditschanges,toprepareinadvance,thedesignandconstruction,technologyandeconomy,frontandrear,theoverallbusinessactivitiesandconstructionproject,theconstructionunits,departments,andbetweeneachprojectstagetherelationshipbetweentheorganiccoordination,sothatthewholeconstructionprocessofascientificandrationalmanagementsystem,soastoachievethebestpeople,turnmaterialresourcestogoodaccount,highquality,lowcost,highefficiencytoobtainthebesteconomicbenefits.Constructionorganizationdesignasawhole,comprehensivetechnicalandeconomicdocuments,isacommunicationbridgebetweenengineeringdesignandconstruction.Itshouldnotonlyshowtheproposedprojectdesignanduserequirements,butalsoaccordwiththeobjectivelawofengineeringconstruction,wholeprocessofconstructionplaysanimportantroleintheplanningandguidance.Mainlyhasthefollowingseveralpoints.guidetheengineeringbiddingandengineeringcontractsigned,asabidtothebook'scontentandpartofcontract.forguidingtheconstructionbeforethedisposableprepandtheentireprocessofconstructionwork.asaprojectmanagementplandocuments,proposedconstructionschedulecontrol,qualitycontrol,costcontrol,safetycontrol,fieldmanagement,eachfactorofproductionmanagementandtechnicalmeasuresoforganization,enhancecomprehensivebenefits.Constructionorganizationdesignofclassification,accordingtotheconstructionorganizationdesignstagecanbedividedintotwocategories:onecategoryispriortobiddingconstructionorganizationplan,referredtoasthestandarddesign;anotherkindistheengineeringcontractsignedafterpreparationoftheconstructionorganizationdesign,referredtoasthestandarddesign.Abuildingoragroupofbuildingconstructionmustbebyalotofworktofinish.Everyprojectconstructionprocesscantakedifferentconstructionmethodsanddifferentconstructiontools.Whilethebuildingorbuildinggroupofconstructionsequence,oftencanhavedifferentarrangement.Everymembercanbeproducedbydifferentmodeofproduction,everykindoftransportoperationcanadoptdifferentmeansoftransportandtransportoperation.Workonthemechanicalequipment,warehouse,yardandofficespace,oftencanhavedifferentarrangementscheme.Inshort,whetherintechnologyorintheorganizationalaspects,usuallyhavemanyfeasibleschemesfortheconstructionofpersonnelselection,butadifferentscheme,itseconomiceffectisnotthesame.Tothisend,(1)contractingpartiesintheeditorshipofengineeringinvestment,notonlyfamiliarwiththeconstructiondrawings,choosetheapplicablequotacoststandard,butalsoin-depthfieldsetcollate,carefullyasappropriateconstructionorganizationorconstructionplan.Thedifferentconstructionorganizationorconstructionplanwilldirectlyinfluencethequotasub-itemofthesleeve,andinfluencefromtheengineeringcost.Astheemployerinthepipelineprojectcost,shouldbestrictly,fromfine,fromsolid,improvetheaccuracyofprojectcost,eliminateoverestimaterisk,eliminateunfairtoimproveprojectcostphenomenon;asaconstructionmethodforaprojectcontractauthority,mustoptimizeconstructionorganizationdesign,sothattheseriesoftheprojectcostmoreaccurate.(2)theconstructiondrawingbudgetquantitystatisticaltablethatliststheunitworksinallkindsoflaborandmaterialsrequiredquantity,itisconstructionunitthepreparationofconstructionplan,reducetheprojectcostandreliableevidence,accurateornotwilldirectlyaffecttheconstructionpreparationwork.(3)theaccurateconstructiongraphbudgetcanmakeconstructionmethodtoexecuteeconomicaccounting,andstrivetoensurequalityandconstructionperiodofthepremise,withlesslaborconsumptiontoobtainbesteconomiceffect.Throughtheaboveanalysis,theconstructionorganizationdesignquality,willdirectlyaffecttheprojectinvestmentandcost,sotheneedforconstructionorganizationdesignoptimization.Controloftheconstructionprojectprogress,notonlycanensurethattheconstructionprojectaccordingtothepredeterminedtimedelivery,timelyinvestmentbenefitandconstructionmethod,alsothetimelyrecoveryoffunds,reducethelossduetotimelimitdefaultandvestedinterest.However,accordingtohowtheconstructionunitconstructionorganizationdesign,makeaccordwiththeengineeringcharacteristicsoftheindividualconstructionorganizationschemeinpracticalworkarenoteffectivelycarriedout,orevenlessthantheconstructionunitscheduleresultedineventofdefault.Accordingtotheconstructionunitconstructionorganizationdesign,combinedwiththeengineeringcharacteristicsaffectingtheprogressoffactoranalysis,usingnetworktechniquetofindoutthekeycircuitandthekeyfactors.Thesecondschedulecontrolmeasures,inordertoensuretheimplementationoftargetofcontrolofconstructionproject.Theprogresscontrolmeasuresshouldincludemeasuresoforganization,technicalmeasures,economicmeasuresandcontractmeasure.5constructionorganizationdesigneffectonqualityTheinfluencingfactorofprojectqualitythroughoutallphasesoftheprojectconstruction,theprojectfeasibilitystudyuntilcompletionandacceptancearetosomeextent,tosomeextent,theprojectimplementationstageistheformationofphysicalqualityofthedecisivelink.Inthisstep,dowellinconstructionorganizationdesign(qualityplan)reviewplaysanimportantrolein.Constructionorganizationdesign(reviewofthemainprinciplesofqualityplan).theconstructionorganizationdesignshallbeinaccordancewithcurrenttechnologypolicy,fullyconsidertheconditionsofcontract,actual,highlightthe"qualityfirst,safetyfirst"principle.theconstructionorganizationdesignin.theconstructionorganizationdesignoperation.theadvancedtechnologyprogram.qualitymanagementandtechnologymanagementsystem,qualityassurancemeasuresaresoundandfeasible.safety,environmentalprotection,fireprotectionandcivilizedconstructionmeasuresarefeasibleandinaccordancewiththerelevantprovisions.tomeetthecontractandlegalrequirements,shouldrespectthepartiesinvolvedintheindependentdecisionandmanagementdecision.Constructionorganizationdesignreviewshouldpayattentiontothefollowingaspects.theimportantsegment,heconstructionofordershouldbeconsistentwiththefirstunderground,groundafterconstruction;first,main,equipment;mainbody,afterthefirstenclosurebasiclaw.theconstructionschemeandconstructionscheduleplanconsistency.theconstructionschemeandconstructionplanlayoutcoordination.Theconstructionorganizationdesign,shouldconsiderthesituation,seizetheprincipalcontradiction,foreknowweakpoint,seektruthfromfactstodothewholeprocessoftheconstructionoftheoverallarrangement.Theactualwork,mostoftheconstructionunitandmanagementoftenfocusononeaspect,orpayattentiontobeforebiddingconstructionorganizationdesign,canachievetheprojectwinsthebid;orpayattentiontocontractphaseoftheconstructionorganizationdesign,acquisitionmanagementFangDeshiworkpermit,thesetwocasesarenotreallygrasptheconstructionorganizationdesigntrue,namelytheconstructionorganizationdesignandtheoverallprocesscharacteristics,nottheconstructionorganizationdesigntechnologyandeconomytrulyunified.Inthepreparationofconstructionorganizationdesignprocess,shouldpayattentiontofromthefollowingaspectsofconstructionorganizationdesignoptimization.Afterreceivingthedrawingsorletterofacceptance,theContractorshallproceedtotheenvironmentofconstructionsitesurvey,thepreparationofdetailedconstructionorganizationdesign.Therefore,theconstructionpersonnelshouldbecombinedwiththeprojectofthenatureandmagnitude,duration,thenumberofworkers,machineryandequipment,materialsupply,componentproduction,transportconditions,geologicalconditions,climaticconditionsandthespecifictechnicalandeconomicconditions,theconstructionorganizationdesign,constructionschemeandconstructionprogressplanoptimization,allowingtheselectionoftheschemeismorereasonable.Asinawatertreatmentworks,involvingmultipleelevationisawatertreatmentstructures,theconstructionsideaccordingtothelocalterrainandweatherconditions(9～Decemberdroughtlittlerain),firstarrangethelow-lyingandelevationoflowerreservoirandtwosinkthepondconstruction,thenarrangetopotentialhigherwaterstresscycleclarifier,nonvalvefilterconstruction,effectivelysolvestheproblemoftherainyseasoninthelow-lyingplaceconstructiondifficulty,avoidsthelow-lyingplacewasrainsoakedcollapse,drainagedifficultphenomenon,therebyreducingthecostoftheproject.Inaccordancewiththeprojectandrationalconstructionprogramarrangement,constructionsequence,accordingtotheactualsituationofeachunitengineeringconstructionperiodarrangement,sothattheconstructionworkinbatchesto,avoidexcessiveconcentrations,effectivelyreducethepeakworkload,reducethetemporaryfacilities,avoidlabor,machinery,materialsenterbiggreatly,ensuretheconstructionschedule,thereisrhythmof.Shouldthewidespreadimplementationofflow-shop,suchastheorganizationofprofessionaloperationsteamormultipletypesofmixedoperationsteam,inaccordancewiththeprovisionsoftheorderofuninterruptedinseveralworkingpropertiesofthesameworksurfaceflowconstruction,becausetheprofessionalgroupoperationofspecialization,toguaranteethequalityofthework,improvetheworkefficiencyandtheutilizationrateofmechanicalequipment.Atthesametimecanensureworkingfaceisnotidle,theprocessofuninterrupted,achievebalancedcontinuousoperation,shortenthetimelimitforaproject,reduceprojectcost.Asaconstructionunitinthepreparationofahighwaybidconstructionorganizationdesign,duetotheroadthroughthehills,bridgeandculvertdesignofgreaterdensity,andmutuallyneighboringmuchrubblemasonrybridge(culvert)tableplatebridges,inordertoimprovetheworkefficiency,constructionworkersaredividedintotwogroups:groupofmasonryandreinforcedconcretegroup.Workgroupwasdividedintotwogroups,agroupofspecialmasonryfoundation,anothergroupofspecialmasonryabutment;reinforcedconcreteworkgroupwasdividedintowoodworkinggroup,reinforcingsteelbarandconcreteworkgroup.Allduties,unfoldingflow-shop,obtainedbyconstructionunitofpraise,butalsogreatlyreducesthecostoftheproject.Mainconstructionmachineryutilizationratio,directlyaffectsprojectcost,consideredinappropriatemayalsoaffecttheconstructionschedule.Therefore,withoutaffectingtheoverallprogressunderthepremise,makefulluseofexistingmachineryequipment,largemachineryandsmallmachinerycombination,mechanizationandsemi-mechanizationcombined,andonscheduletomakeappropriateadjustments,inordertoimprovethemainmechanicalutilizationrate,soastoachievethepurposeofreducingthecostof.Asinsewagetreatmentplantprojectphasetwoofthesewageinthestationconstruction,theconstructionsidebydredgingexcavatordiggingpit,dumptruckwithgoodsoil,embankment,muduptospoilground,greatlyimprovestheworkefficiency,reducesthecost.Onconstructionorganizationdesignandtechnicaleconomyanalysisisintendedtodemonstratethepreparationofconstructionorganizationdesigntechnicallyfeasible,intheeconomyisreasonable,soastochoosethesatisfactorysolution,andformanagingway.Constructionorganizationdesignandtechnicaleconomicanalysisstepsasshowninfigure1.Constructionorganizationdesignandanalysisandevaluationaregenerallydividedinto:generalconstructionorganizationdesignevaluationistheindividualprojectconstructionorganizationdesignevaluationandunitconstructionorganizationdesignandevaluation.Beforebiddingshouldpayattentiontoindividualprojectconstructionorganizationdesignanalysisandevaluation;contractstageshouldpayattentiontounitconstructionorganizationdesignanalysisandevaluation.Unitconstructionorganizationdesignanalysisandevaluationofquality,cost,timelimitforaprojectshouldfocusonthreemainaspects,takingintoaccountthesafetyaspect,shouldfromthefollowingseveralaspects.basicengineeringinearthwork,pilingofcast-in-placeconcrete,,drainageandwaterproof,transportscheduleandtimelimitforakey.structuralengineeringshouldbebasedontheverticaltransportmachineryselection,flowingsection,divisionoflabororganization,cast-in-placereinforcedconcreteformwork,scaffolding,wateringandtransportoptions,specialconstructionprogramme,thepartialtechnicalorganizationmeasuresforkey.thedecorationstageshouldbebasedonthesequenceofconstruction,qualityassurancemeasures,labororganization,divisionoflaborcooperation,savingmaterial,technicalandorganizationalmeasuresforkey.Asthebuildingthemarketinternationalization,specializationdivisionoflabor,theconstructionmarketcompetitionmoreandmoreintense,moreandmorecruel.Asoneofconstructionmarketmainbodyconstruction,wanttoscaletheheights,remaininvincible,notonlytostrengthenenterprisemanagementandeconomicaccounting,butalsointheconstructionorganizationdesignandconstructionschemeoptimizationandfulfilfluctuationkongfu.Thepartyawardingthecontractforconstructionofbudgetofconstructiondrawingaudit(bidding),isactuallyontheconstructionmethodofconstructionorganizationdesignoptimizationandconfirmation.FangRuoisnotinaccordancewiththeapprovedconstructionorganizationdesignandconstructionconditions,canhavetimelimitforaprojectandcostclaims;theconstructionsideifnotaccordingtotheoptimizedconstructionorganizationdesignandimplementation,andrunsthroughthewholeprocessofconstruction,islikelytosuffereconomiclossesorthecounterclaim.Therefore,buildingengineeringcontractbothsidesshouldtreatcautiouslytheconstructionorganizationdesignoptimizationandimplementation,toconstructionorganizationdesignasameans,lookingforinvestment,timelimitforaproject,qualityandthebestcombination.施工组织设计在工程管理中的重要作用本文就施工组织设计管理对工程项目实施过程及三大控制目标的影响从不同角度进行了论述,旨在加强施工组织设计的优化和管理,强调施工组织设计在工程施工管理中的重要作用,在市场经济条件下,如何有效利用既有的资源投入,正确处理好投资、工期、进度三大控制目标,应当发挥施工组织设计在投标和签订承包合同中的作用,使工程施工组织设计不但在管理中发挥作用,也在经营中发挥作用,均衡的资源投入,合理的工序安排,对加快施工工期和提高投资效益具有重要影响。用来指导施工项目全过程各项活动的技术、经济和组织的综合性文件,是施工技术与施工项目管理有机结合的产物,它是工程开工后施工活动能有序、高效、科学合理地进行的保证。其特点有:(1)既包括技术的,也包括经济的;更确切地说是技术和经济相结合的文件,既解决技术问题,又考虑经济效果。(2)是全局性的文件“,全局性”是指工程对象是整体的,文件内容是全面的,发挥作用是全方位的。(3)是指导承包全过程的,从投标开始,到竣工结束。把施工前、中、后的各种问题通盘加以考虑,并作出合理的分析后,编制出来的对施工的各项活动进行全面部署、指导施工准备和施工全过程的技术经济文件。它从施工的全局出发,根据各种具体条件,拟定工程施工方案,确定施工程序、施工流向、施工顺序、施工方法、劳动组织及技术组织措施,安排施工进度和劳动力、机具、材料、构件与各种半成品的供应 ,对运输道路、场地的利用、水电能源保证等现场设施的布置和建设作出规划,以便预计施工中的各种需要及其变化,做好事前准备,把设计和施工、技术和经济、前方和后方、企业的全局活动和工程的施工组织,把施工中各单位、各部门、各阶段以及各项目之间的关系等有机地协调起来,使整个施工过程有一个科学合理的管理体系,从而做到人尽其力,物尽其用,优质、低耗、高效地取得最好的经济效益。施工组织设计的作用及分类施工组织设计作为一全局性、综合性的技术经济文件,是沟通工程设计和施工之间的桥梁。它既要体现拟建工程的设计和使用要求,又要符合工程施工的客观规律,对施工的全过程起着重要的规划和指导作用。主要有以下几点。指导工程投标与签订工程承包合同,作为投标书的内容和合同的一部份。指导施工前的一次性准备和工程施工全过程的工作。作为项目管理的规划性文件,提出工程施工中进度控制、质量控制、成本控制、安全控制、现场管理、各项生产要素管理的目标及技术组织措施,提高综合效益。施工组织设计的分类,根据工程施工组织设计阶段的不同可划分为两类:一类是投标前编制的施工组织设计,简称标前设计;另一类是签订工程承包合同后编制的施工组织设计,简称标后设计。施工组织设计对工程投资的影响一个建筑物或一个建筑群体的施工必须由很多工种来完成。每一个工种的施工过程都可以采取不同的施工方法和不同的施工工具。而建筑物或建筑群体的施工顺序,往往可以有不同的安排。每一种构 件都可以采用不同的方式生产,每一种运输工作都可以采用不同的运输方式和运输工具运行。工地上所有的机械设备、仓库、预制场和办公用房等往往可以有不同的布置方案。总之,不论在技术方面或在组织方面,通常都有许多可行的方案供施工人员选择,但不同的方案,其经济效果是不一样的。为此 ,承发包双方在编审工程投资时,不仅需熟悉施工图纸,选择适用的定额费用标准,还要深入现场踏勘,仔细斟酌施工组织或施工方案。不同的施工组织或施工方案将直接影响到定额子目的套用,从而影响工程造价的高低。作为发包方在编审工程造价时,应从严、从细、从实,提高工程造价的准确性,消除高估冒算,排除不正当提高工程造价的现象;作为施工方为获取工程的承包权,必须优化施工组织设计,使所编的工程造价更加准确。施工图预算工料统计表中列出的单位工程中各类人工和材料的需要量,是施工单位编制施工计划,降低工程成本的可靠依据,准确与否将直接影响其施工准备工作。准确的施工图预算能促使施工方实行经济核算,并力争在保证质量和工期的前提下,用较少的劳动消耗取得最大的经济效果。通过以上分析,施工组织设计的优劣,将直接影响着工程投资和成本,所以需对施工组织设计进行优化。4施工组织设计对进度的影响控制建设工程进度,不仅能够确保工程建设项目按预定的时间交付使用,及时发挥投资效益,而且施工方亦能及时收回投入的资金,减少因工期违约而损失既得利益。然而如何根据建设单位的施工组织总设计,制定符合工程特点的单项施工组织方案在实际工作中往往得不到有效贯彻,甚至达不到建设单位的进度要求造成违约事件。首先根据建设单位的施工组织设计 ,结合工程特点进行影响进度的因素分析 ,利用网络计划技术找出关健线路和关键因素。其次制定进度控制措施 ,以确保建设工程控制目标的实现。进度控制的措施应包括组织措施、技术措施、经济措施及合同措施。施工组织设计对质量的影响工程质量的影响因素贯穿于工程建设的各个阶段,从项目可行性研究直至竣工验收均产生不同程度的影响,在一定程度上,工程实施阶段是形成实体质量的决定性环节。在此环节中,做好施工组织设计(质量计划)的审查起着重要作用。施工组织设计(质量计划)审查的主要原则。施工组织设计应符合现行的技术政策,充分考虑合同条件、现场实际,突出“质量第一、安全第一”的原则。施工组织设计的针对性。施工组织设计的可操作性。技术方案的先进性。质量管理和技术管理体系,质量保证措施是否健全且切实可行。安全、环保、消防和文明施工措施是否可行并符合有关规定。在满足合同和法规要求的前提下,应尊重参与各方的自主决策和管理决策。施工组织设计审查时应注意以下几个方面。重要的分部、分项工程施工方案。在施工顺序上应符合先地下、后地上;先土建、后主,后设备;先主体、后围护的基本规律。施工方案与施工计划进度计划的一致性。施工方案与施工平面图布置的协调一致。施工组织设计的优化施工组织设计,应考虑全局,抓住主要矛盾,预见薄弱环节,实事求是地做好施工全过程的统筹安排。实际工作,大多数的施工单位及管理方面往往只注重其中的一个方面,或是注重标前施工组织设计,能够取得工程项目的中标;或是注重合同阶段的施工组织设计,取得管理方的施工许可,这两种情形都没有真正地把握施工组织设计的真缔,即施工组织设计的全局性和全过程的特点,没有把施工组织设计的技术性与经济性真正统一。在编制施工组织设计过程中,应注意从以下几个方面对施工组织设计进行优化。（1）重视施工准备工作, 不打无准备之仗在收到图纸或中标通知书后,承包方就应该着手对施工现场环境进行勘察,编制详尽的施工组织设计。为此,施工人员应该结合工程项目的性质和规模、工期的长短、工人的数量、机械装备程度、材料的供应情况、构件的生产情况,运输条件、地质条件、气候条件等各项具体的技术经济条件,对施工组织设计、施工方案及施工进度计划进行优化,使所选择的方案更趋合理。如在某水处理工程中,涉及多个标高不一的水处理构筑物,施工方根据当地地形和气候条件(9～12月份干旱少雨),先安排地势低洼且标高较低的集水池及二沉池施工,再安排地势