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书山有路勤为径,学海无涯苦作舟!住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-南京邮电大学押题密卷附带答案详解(图片大小可自由调整)全文为Word可编辑,若为PDF皆为盗版,请谨慎购买!第壹套一.全考点押题密卷-综合训练(共50题)1.单选题

Johnfailedinthefinalexaminationbecausehewas(

)totheteacher’sadvice.

问题1选项

A.immune

B.indifferent

C.ignorant

D.informed

【答案】B

【解析】形容词辨析题。A选项immune“免疫的”;B选项indifferent“冷淡的,不关心的”;C选项ignorant“无知的,愚昧的”;D选项inform“通知,告发”。句意:John期末考试不及格,因为他不听老师的劝告。beindifferentto知“不在乎…,对…漠不关心”,所以选项B符合句意。

2.填空题

WhenLiSanwenttothehospitalforhis(1)healthcheck-up,thedoctor

onceagainadvisedhimtoquitsmokingand(2)weight.HealsotoldLitogetmore(3)andcutdownonthe(4)ofsaltinhasdiet.Lihasheardthismanytimesbefore,buthewillprobably(5)theadvice,(6)hehasinthepast.I’mafraiditwilltakeaheartattacktomakehim(7)hisattitude.

【答案】1.regular

2.lose

3.exercise

4.amount

5.ignore

6.as

7.change

【解析】1.语义题。regularhealthcheck-up常规健康体检

2.固定搭配。Loseweight减肥。

3.语义题。getmoreexercise加强锻炼

4.语义题。Amount数量。

5.语义题。Ignoretheadvice忽视意见。

6.语义题。As正如。

7.固定搭配。changeone'sattitude转变观念。

3.单选题

Thereisageneral______thatpouringoldwineintothesamebottlesisthewrongwaytogo.

问题1选项

A.consensus

B.census

C.censorship

D.conscience

【答案】A

【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项consensus“一致;舆论;合意”;B选项census“人口普查,人口调查;(官方的)统计,调查”;C选项censorship“审查制度;审查机构”;D选项conscience“道德心,良心”。句意:人们普遍认为,把陈年的酒倒进同一个瓶子里是错误的做法。因此A选项正确。

4.单选题

By(

)allofthemoredifficultquestionsbythepress,themayorarousedsuspicionthathewasnotwellinformedintheissues.

问题1选项

A.avoiding

B.considering

C.answering

D.requesting

【答案】A

【解析】考查动词辨析。avoid意为“避免”;consider意为“考虑”;answer意为“答复”;request意为“要求”。

句意:通过回避媒体提出的所有更棘手的问题,市长引起了人们的怀疑,人们认为他不了解这个问题。

5.单选题

Oneofindustrialagriculture’sbiggestGMOcropsmayhavejustbackfired(产生事与愿违的后果).Scientistshaveconfirmedthatcorn-destroyingrootwormshaveevolvedtoberesistanttotheBtcornengineeredtokillthem.

BtstandsforBacillusthuringiensis(苏云金芽孢杆菌),thenameofthegeneticallymodifiedcorn’s“donor”organism.Bacillusthuringiensisisanaturallyoccurringsoilbacteriumthatproducesproteincrystalsthatbindtocertainreceptorsintherootworm’sintestine(肠),killingit.Foryears,farmershaveplantedBtcornasanalternativetosprayinginsecticides.Btcornaccountedforthree-quartersofallcornplantingin2013.Thatmayhavetochange.

AfterfindingacornfieldinIowain2011thatwasdecimated(大幅度下降)byrootwormdespitebeingplantedwiththeBtcorn,IowaStateUniversityentomologistAaronGassmannandhisteambegantostudythepests’interactionswiththegeneticallymodifiedorganism(orGMO)corninalab.Theirstudy,publishedMondayintheProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciences,describesthewesterncornrootworm’srapidevolutionafterfeedingontheengineeredcrop.

ButBtcornisstillcapableofwardingoffotherpests,sofarmerswilllikelykeepplantingit.Exceptnowthey’llneedtousepesticidestoprotecttheircropfromrootworms.AsentomologistswarnedtheEnvironmentalProtectionAgencyin2012,rootwormresistancemeansthattheenvironmentaladvantageofBtcorn—thatitcouldberaisedpesticide-free—maydisappear.

“Unlessmanagementpracticeschange,it’sonlygoingtogetworse,”GassmanntoldWired.“Thereneedstobeafundamentalchangeinhowthetechnologyisused.”

Scientistshavepredictedforyearsthatthiscouldhappen,butwarningswererepeatedlyignoredbyregulatorsandfarmers.IttakesmillionsofdollarstodevelopseedslikeBt,soengineeringanalternativeisnotanattractiveoption.Instead,theauthorsofanotherstudyonrootwormBtresistance,whichfocusesonNebraska,takeabiodiversityapproach.

“Croprotationisthebesttool,”UniversityofNebraska-LincolnentomologistLanceMeinketoldFarm&RanchGuide.“Generally,oneyearofsoybeansinafieldwithresistantwesterncornrootwormswipesoutthatpopulation.Thebeetleswilllayeggsthathatch,butwhenlarvae(幼虫)trytofeedonsoybeanplants,theydon’tfindthenutrientstheyneedandtheydie.”

Croprotationcansuppressrootwormpopulationsovertime,reducingthethreatposedbytheirnewBtresistance.

ButasentomologistElsonShieldsofCornellUniversitytoldWired,rootwormisjustonesymptomofanengineeredseedtrait“willfallunderthesamepressure,”saidShields,“andtheinsectwillwin.”

1.WhatcanweknowaboutBacillusthuringiensis?

2.WhatinspiredAaronGassmanntostarthisstudy?

3.Whichofthefollowingistrue,accordingtothepassage?

4.LanceMeinkethinksthebestapproachtotheproblemofrootwormBtresistanceis_____.

5.WhatistheproblemwiththeGMOseedindustry,accordingtoElsonShields?

问题1选项

A.Itisageneticallymodifiedorganism.

B.Itisanalternativetosprayinginsecticides.

C.Itisanaturalbacteriumthatkillsrootworm.

D.Itprotectsrootwormfrombeingkilledbybacterium.

问题2选项

A.ThegreatreductionofoutputofacornfieldinIowa.

B.Theaimofboostingcornyieldby75%by2011.

C.Thesignificanceofcornrootworm’srapidevolution.

D.AaronGassmann’sfindingofalargenumberofrootworm.

问题3选项

A.PeoplehavenotexpectedrootwormBtresistancebefore.

B.Btresistancehasafundamentalchangeinmoderntechnology.

C.ItiseconomicallyimpracticaltoentirelyabandonBtcorn.

D.FarmersprefertousepesticidesratherthanplantBtcorn.

问题4选项

A.plantingsoybeans

B.raisingbeetles

C.addingfertilizer

D.rotatingcrop

问题5选项

A.Mostoftheentomologistsfailedtopredictitsfuturedestiny.

B.TheGMOseedindustrylackslong-termconsiderations.

C.Peoplemistakenlyconsiderrootwormasthebiggesttrouble.

D.ItisverydifficultfortheGMOseedindustrytowininsects.

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:A

第3题:C

第4题:D

第5题:C

【解析】1.事实细节题。第一步,精准定位,定位到第二段第三句Foryears,farmershaveplantedBtcornasanalternativetosprayinginsecticides(多年来,农民们一直种植Bt玉米作为喷洒杀虫剂的替代品),第二步,综合理解,这里是B选项的同意替换,B选项“是一种替代喷洒杀虫剂的方法”正确。

A选项“是一种转基因生物”,定位到第二段第二句Bacillusthuringiensisisanaturallyoccurringsoilbacteriumthatproducesproteincrystalsthatbindtocertainreceptorsintherootworm’sintestine,killingit(苏云金杆菌是一种天然存在的土壤细菌,它能产生蛋白质晶体,与根虫肠道中的某些受体结合,杀死根虫),由此可知苏云金杆菌不是转基因物体而是一种能够和害虫肠道里面的受体结合产生蛋白质结晶从而达到杀死害虫的天然细菌,是细菌的一种,这里属于反向干扰;

C选项“是一种杀死根虫的天然细菌”,见A选项解析,是苏云金杆菌与害虫肠道的受体产生的蛋白质使虫子死亡,不是苏云金杆菌直接杀死虫子,这里属于曲意理解;

D选项“它保护根虫不被细菌杀死”,见A选项,是侵害不是保护,这里属于反向干扰。

2.事实细节题。第一步,精准定位,定位到第三段第一句AfterfindingacornfieldinIowain2011thatwasdecimatedbyrootwormdespitebeingplantedwiththeBtcorn…(2011年在爱荷华州发现一片玉米田,尽管种植了Bt玉米,但却被根虫摧毁……)。第二步,综合理解,从这句可以知道是亚伦因为发现爱荷华州的玉米产量即使在种了转基因玉米的情况下也出现了大幅度减产的情况才想要去调查的,由此可知A选项“爱荷华州玉米田产量的大幅减少”正确。

B选项“到2011年提高玉米产量75%的目标”,见正确选项分析,2011年的情况是减产了所以才会开展这项调查,这里属于反向干扰;

C选项“玉米根虫快速进化的意义”,定位到第三段最后一句话Theirstudy…describesthewesterncornrootworm’srapidevolutionafterfeedingontheengineeredcrop.(他们的研究……描述了西方玉米根虫在食用转基因作物后的快速进化。),由此可知C选项是调查结果不是调查原因,这里属于偷换概念;

D选项“AaronGassmann发现大量根虫”,文章没有提及,属于无中生有。

3.事实细节题。第一步,精准定位,定位到第六段第一二句…butwarningswererepeatedlyignoredbyregulatorsandfarmers.IttakesmillionsofdollarstodevelopseedslikeBt,soengineeringanalternativeisnotanattractiveoption(……但监管机构和农民一再忽视警告。开发像Bt这样的种子需要数百万美元,所以通过工程来替代并不是一个有吸引力的选择),从这里可知,因为转基因种子花了很多财力研发,种子公司不会那么轻易放弃,所以在经济方面转基因玉米不会那么轻易放弃,所以C选项“完全放弃Bt玉米在经济上是不切实际的”正确。

A选项“人们以前没有预料到根虫抗Bt”,定位到第二段第三句Foryears,farmershaveplantedBtcornasanalternativetosprayinginsecticides(多年来,农民们一直种植Bt玉米作为喷洒杀虫剂的替代品),从这里可知人们一开始就是为了治虫才种转基因玉米的,所以A选项错误,属于反向干扰;

B选项“Bt抗性在现代技术中有根本性的变化”,定位到第五段第二句Thereneedstobeafundamentalchangeinhowthetechnologyisused(在如何使用这项技术方面需要有根本性的改变),这里是根据句子的时态可知是将来时,这表明说话人的主观愿望而B选项用的是一般现在时表现在的一种动作,所以不能选,这里属于反向干扰;

D选项“农民更喜欢使用杀虫剂而不是种植Bt玉米”定位到第三段第三句ButBtcornisstillcapableofwardingoffotherpests,sofarmerswilllikelykeepplantingit(但Bt玉米仍有抵挡其他害虫的能力,所以农民可能会继续种植它),从这里可知农民还是更愿意种转基因玉米,所以D选项属于反向干扰。

4.事实细节题。第一步,精准定位,定位到倒数第三段第一句Croprotationisthebesttool(轮作是最好的工具),从这里可知答案选D“轮耕”;

A选项“种黄豆”,定位到倒数第三段第二句Generally,oneyearofsoybeansinafieldwithresistantwesterncornrootwormswipesoutthatpopulation(一般来说,在具有抗性的西部玉米根虫的土地上种植一年的大豆就可以消灭这一种群),种植黄豆只是轮耕的具体方法之一,这里只是举个例子,不能概括整体,这里属于以偏概全;

B选项“养甲虫”,文章没有提及,属于无中生有,所以不选;

C选项“加肥料”,文章没有提及,属于无中生有,所以不选。

5.判断推理题,第一步,寻找句内线索,定位到最后一段第一句话,ButasentomologistElsonShieldsofCornellUniversitytoldWired,rootwormisjustonesymptomofanengineeredseedtrait“willfallunderthesamepressure,”saidShields,“andtheinsectwillwin”.(但正如康奈尔大学的昆虫学家ElsonShields告诉《连线》杂志的,根虫只是一种转基因种子性状之一,“在同样的压力下,”Shields说,“昆虫将获胜。),从这里可知ElsonShields对转基因产业是持否定态度,觉得昆虫最终会战胜转基因植物,从这里的only可以看出来Shields认为根虫只是其中一个症状,其实问题还不仅仅只在根虫,所以可以推断答案选C选项“人们错误地认为根虫是最大的麻烦”。

A选项“大多数昆虫学家都没有预测到它(转基因种子产业)的未来命运”,文章没有提及,属于无中生有;

B选项“转基因种子行业缺乏长期考虑”,文章没有提及,属于无中生有,所以不选;

D选项“转基因种子产业很难赢得昆虫”,文章没有提及,属于无中生有,所以不选。

6.单选题

Studentswhogetveryhighmarkswillbe()fromthefinalexamination.

问题1选项

A.expelled

B.banished

C.absolved

D.ousted

【答案】C

【解析】考查动词词义辨析。expel“驱逐,开除”;banish“流放,放逐”;absolve“宣布免除”;oust“剥夺,取代,驱逐”。句意:得高分的学生可免除期末考试。选项C符合题意。

7.单选题

Thesearetwo()issues,butpeopleoftentakethemasone.

问题1选项

A.oblivious

B.distinguished

C.distinct

D.evident

【答案】C

【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项oblivious“遗忘的,健忘的”。B选项distinguished“著名的,卓著的”。C选项distinct“明显的,独特的,有区别的”。D选项evident“明显的,明白的”。句意:这是两个截然不同的问题,但人们往往把它们视为一个问题。but表示转折,说明前面所表述的问题是不同的,独特的。因此C选项符合题意。

8.单选题

Weallhaveoffensivebreathatonetimeoranother.Inmostcases,offensivebreathemanatesfrombacteriainthemouth,althoughthereareother,moresurprisingcauses.Untilafewyearsago,themostdoctorscoulddowastocounselpatientswithbadbreathaboutoralcleanliness.Nowtheyarefindingnewwaystotreattheusuallycurablecondition.

Badbreathcanhappenwheneverthenormalflowofsalivaslows.Ourmouthsarefullofbacteriafeedingonproteininbitsoffoodandshedtissue.Thebacteriaemitevil-smellinggases,therestofwhichishydrogensulfide.Mouthbacteriathriveinairlessconditions.Oxygen-richsalivakeepstheirnumbersdown.Whenwesleep,forexample,thesalivastreamslows,andsulfur-producingbacteriagaintheupperhand,producingclassic“morningbreath”.Alcohol,hunger,toomuchtalking,breathingthroughthemouthduringexercise—anythingthatdriesthemouthproducesbadbreath.Socanstress,thoughit’snotunderstoodwhy.Somepeople’sbreathturnssoureverytimetheygoonajobinterview.Salivaflowgraduallyslowswithage,whichexplainswhytheelderlyhavemorebad-breathtroublethanyoungerpeopledo.Babies,however,whomakeplentyofsalivaandwhosemouthscontainrelativelyfewbacteriahavecharacteristicallysweetbreath.

Formostofus,thesimple,dry-mouthvarietyofabadbreathiseasilycured.Eatingordrinkingstartssalivaandsweepsawaymanyofthebacteria.Breakfastoftenstopsmorningbreath.Thosewithchronicdrymouthfindthatithelpstokeepgum,hardcandy,orabottleofwaterorjuicearound.Brushingtheteethwipesoutdry-mouthbadbreathbecauseitclearsawaymanyoftheoffendingbacteria.

Surprisingly,onethingthatrarelyworksismouthwash.Theliquidcanmaskbad-breathodorwithitsownsmell,buttheeffectlastsnomorethananhour.Somemouthwashesclaimtokillthebacteriaresponsibleforbadbreath.Thetroubleis,theydon’tnecessarilyreachalloffendinggerms.Mostbacteriaarewellprotectedfrommouthwashunderthicklayersofmucus.Ifthemouthwashcontainsalcohol—asmostdo—itcanintensifytheproblembydryingoutthemouth.

36.Thephrase“emanatefrom”inParagraph1mostprobablymeans“______”.

37.Whichofthefollowingismentionedasoneofthecausesofbadbreath?

38.Accordingtothepassage,alcoholhassomethingtodowithbadbreathmainlybecause______.

39.Mouthwashesarenotaneffectivecureforbadbreathmainlybecause______.

40.Wecaninferfromthispassagethat______.

问题1选项

A.thriveon

B.accountfor

C.originatefrom

D.descendfrom

问题2选项

A.Toothtrouble

B.Sulfur-richfood

C.Toomuchexercise

D.Mentalstrain

问题3选项

A.itkeepsoffendingbacteriafromreproducing

B.itssmelladdstobaddeath

C.itkillssomehelpfulbacteria

D.itaffectsthenormalflowofsaliva

问题4选项

A.theycan’tmaskthebadodorlongenough

B.theycan’tgettoalltheoffendingbacteria

C.theirstrongsmellmixeswithbadbreathandmakesitworse

D.theycan’tcoverthethicklayersofmucus

问题5选项

A.offensivebreathcan’teasilybecured

B.elderlypeoplearelessoffendedbybadbreath

C.heavydrinkersarelessaffectedbybadbreath

D.offensivebreathislessaffectedbyalcohol

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:D

第3题:D

第4题:B

第5题:A

【解析】36.【试题答案】C

【试题解析】语义推测题。题干意思是“第一段中的emanatefrom最可能的意思是……”。定位到第一段第二句Inmostcases,offensivebreathemanatesfrombacteriainthemouth,althoughthereareother,moresurprisingcauses.(在大多数情况下,令人不快的口气emanatesfrom口腔中的细菌,尽管还有其他更令人惊讶的原因),根据后面的causes可知,offensivebreath和bacteriainthemouth之间应该是一个因果关系,是bacteria导致了offensivebreath,那么可以反推,offensivebreath是来源于bacteria,故C项“发源于”正确。A项“以……成长”、B项“解释”和D项“由……传下来的”都不符合。因此,该题选择C项。

37.【试题答案】D

【试题解析】事实细节题。题干意思是“下列哪项被认为是造成口臭的原因之一?”。定位第一段第二句Inmostcases,offensivebreathemanatesfrombacteriainthemouth(在大多数情况下,令人不快的口气来自口腔中的细菌)可知,口臭来自于口腔中的细菌,而细菌通常容易造成牙齿问题,所以A项“牙齿问题”是口臭的一个原因。定位第二段第六句Whenwesleep,forexample,thesalivastreamslows,andsulfur-producingbacteriagaintheupperhand,producingclassic“morningbreath”.(例如,当我们睡觉时,唾液流得很慢,产生硫的细菌占了上风,产生了所谓的“早晨口气”)可知,含硫的细菌能够导致口臭,所以B项“高硫的食物”是原因之一。定位第七句Alcohol,hunger,toomuchtalking,breathingthroughthemouthduringexercise—anythingthatdriesthemouthproducesbadbreath.(酒精、饥饿、说话太多、运动时用嘴呼吸,任何使口腔干燥的东西都会产生口臭)可知,C项“太多的运动”也符合原文。定位到第二段倒数第四句Socanstress,thoughit’snotunderstoodwhy.(压力也是如此,虽然不知道为什么),以及第五句Somepeople'sbreathturnssoureverytimetheygoonajobinterview.(有些人每次去面试时口气都会变酸)可知,压力也会造成口气问题,而D项“精神紧张”并不是压力问题,属于曲解原文。因此,该题选择D项。

38.【试题答案】D

【试题解析】推理判断题。题干意思是“根据这篇文章,酒精与口臭有关的主要原因是……”。定位文章最后一句Ifthemouthwashcontainsalcohol—asmostdo—itcanintensifytheproblembydryingoutthemouth.(如果漱口水中含有酒精—大多数漱口水都含有酒精—会使口腔干燥,从而加剧这一问题)可知,含有酒精的漱口水会使口腔干燥,从而产生口臭,原因是唾液流动变得缓慢,那么推断,酒精与口臭有关的主要原因是因为使得口腔唾液流动缓慢,所以D项“它影响唾液的正常流动”正确。A项“它可以阻止有害细菌的繁殖”是漱口水的作用,并不是酒精,属于张冠李戴。B项“它的气味增加了死亡的危险”和C项“它杀死一些有益的细菌”没提到,属于无中生有。因此,该题选择D项。

39.【试题答案】B

【试题解析】事实细节题。题干意思是“漱口水不能有效治疗口臭,主要是因为……”。定位到最后一段,Somemouthwashesclaimtokillthebacteriaresponsibleforbadbreath.Thetroubleis,theydon’tnecessarilyreachalloffendinggerms.Mostbacteriaarewellprotectedfrommouthwashunderthicklayersofmucus.(一些漱口水声称能杀死导致口腔异味的细菌。问题是,它们不一定能触及所有有害细菌。在厚厚的黏液层下,大多数细菌都能很好地免受漱口水的侵害。)可知,漱口水不能治疗口臭是因为厚厚的黏液层覆盖了有害细菌,所以漱口水不能触及到所有的有害细菌,B项“它们不能接触到所有有害的细菌”正确。A项“它们不能长时间掩盖臭味”,这和治疗口臭无关,属于出处错位。C项“它们强烈的气味和口臭混合在一起,使情况更糟”没有提到,属于无中生有。D项“它们不能覆盖厚厚的黏液层”属于曲解原文,漱口水不能治疗口臭的原因是厚厚的黏液层使得漱口水不能接触到所有的有害细菌,并不是不能覆盖厚厚的黏液层的原因。因此,该题选择B项。

40.【试题答案】A

【试题解析】推理判断题。题干意思是“从这篇文章我们可以推断出……”。文章前两段描述了引起口臭的多种原因,包括酒精、饥饿、说话太多、运动等使口腔干燥的因素,后两段阐述了能够增加唾液流动和掩盖口臭的方法,综合可以推断,引起口臭的因素有很多,所以并不是很容易治好,A项“口臭不容易治好”正确。定位第二段倒数第二句Salivaflowgraduallyslowswithage,whichexplainswhytheelderlyhavemorebad-breathtroublethanyoungerpeopledo.(随着年龄的增长,唾液的流动会逐渐减慢,这也解释了为什么老年人比年轻人更容易出现口臭问题),原文提到了老年人比年轻人更容易口臭的原因,但B项“老年人对口臭不太反感”并未提及,也无从推断,属于无中生有。原文提到了酒精会使口腔干燥,从而导致口臭,所以酗酒者更加受到口臭的影响,C项“酗酒者受口臭的影响较小”和D项“口臭受酒精的影响较小”都属于反向干扰。因此,该题选择A项。

9.单选题

Thepolicecarriedoutan(

)investigation,butthemissingwomanwasnotyetfound.

问题1选项

A.exhausting

B.exhaustible

C.exhaustive

D.exhausted

【答案】C

【解析】exhausting使精疲力竭的;exhaustible可被用尽的;exhaustive详尽的,彻底的;exhausted疲惫的,耗尽的。根据句意可知这里指彻底的调查,所以选项C符合句意。

10.单选题

Itisfrequentlyassumedthatthemechanizationofworkhasarevolutionaryeffectonthelivesofthepeoplewhooperatethenewmachinesandonthesocietyinto'whichthemachineshasbeenintroduceD.Forexample,ithasbeensuggestedthattheemploymentofwomeninindustrytookthemoutofthehousehold,theirtraditionalsphere,andfundamentallyalteredtheirpositioninsociety.Inthenineteenthcentury,whenwomenbegantoenterfactories,JulesSimon,aFrenchpolitician,warnedthatbydoingso,womenwouldgiveuptheirfemininity.FriedrichEngels,however,predictedthatwomenwouldbeliberatedfromthe"social,legal,andeconomicsubordination"ofthefamilybytechnologicaldevelopmentsthatmadepossibletherecruitmentof"thewholefemalesexintopublicindustry."Observersthusdifferedconcerningthesocialdesirabilityofmechanization'seffects,buttheyagreedthatitwouldtransformwomen'slives.

Historians,particularlythoseinvestigatingthehistoryofwomen,nowseriouslyquestionthisassumptionoftransformingpower.Theyconcludethatsuchdramatictechnologicalinnovationsasthespinningjenny,thesewingmachine,thetypewriter,andthevacuumcleanerhavenotresultedinequallydramaticsocialchangesinwomen'seconomicpositionorintheprevailingevaluationofwomen'swork.TheemploymentofyoungwomenintextilemillsduringtheIndustrialRevolutionwaslargelyanextensionofanolderpatternofemploymentofyoung,singlewomenasdomestics.Itwasnotthechangeinofficetechnology,butrathertheseparationofsecretarialwork,previouslyseenasanapprenticeshipforbeginningmanagers,fromadministrativeworkthatinthe1880’screatedanewclassof"dead-end"jobs,thenceforthconsidered"women'swork."Theincreaseinthenumbersofmarriedwomenemployedoutsidethehomeinthetwentiethcenturyhadlesstodowiththemechanizationofhouseworkandanincreaseinleisuretimeforthesewomen-thanitdidwiththeirowneconomicnecessityandwithhighmarriageratesthatshranktheavailablepoolofsinglewomenworkers,previously,inmanycases,theonlywomenemployerswouldhire.

Women'sworkhaschangedconsiderablyinthepast200years,movingfromthehouseholdtotheofficeorthefactory,andlaterbecomingmostlywhite-collarinsteadofblue-collarwork.Fundamentally,however,theconditionsunderwhichwomenworkhavechangedlittlesincebeforetheIndustrialRevolution:thesegregationofoccupationsbygender,lowerpayforwomenasagroup,jobsthatrequirerelativelylowlevelsofskillandofferwomenlittleopportunityforadvancementallpersist,whilewomen'shouseholdlaborremainsdemanding.Recenthistoricalinvestigationhasledtoamajorrevisionofthenotionthattechnologyisalwaysinherentlyrevolutionaryinitseffectsonsociety.Mechanizationmayevenhaveslowedanychangeinthetraditionalpositionofwomenbothinthelabormarketandinthehome.

1.Whichofthefollowingstatementsbestsummarizesthemainideaofthepassage?

2.Theauthor,mentionsallofthefollowinginventionsasexamplesofdramatictechnologicalinnovationsEXCEPTthe().

3.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat,beforetheIndustrialRevolution,themajorityofwomen'sworkwasdoneinwhichofthefollowingsettings?

4.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheauthorwouldconsiderwhichofthefollowingtobeanindicationofafundamentalalterationintheconditionsofwomen'swork?

5.Thepassagestatesthat,beforethetwentiethcentury,whichofthefollowingwastrueofmanyemployers?

问题1选项

A.Theeffectsofthemechanizationofwomen'sworkhavenotborneoutthefrequentlyheldassumptionthatnewtechnologyisinherentlyrevolutionary.

B.Recentstudieshaveshownthatmechanizationrevolutionizesasociety'straditionalvaluesandthecustomaryrolesofitsmembers

C.Mechanizationhascausedthenatureofwomen'sworkchangesincetheIndustrialRevolution.

D.Themechanizationofworkcreateswholenewclassesofjobsthatdidnotpreviouslyexist.

问题2选项

A.sewingmachine

B.vacuumcleaner

C.typewriter

D.telephone

问题3选项

A.Textilemills.

B.Privatehouseholds.

C.Offices.

D.Factories.

问题4选项

A.Statisticsshowingthatthemajorityofwomennowoccupywhite-collarpositions.

B.Interviewswithmarriedmenindicatingthattheyarenowdoingsomehouseholdtasks.

C.Surveysofthelabormarketdocumentingtherecentcreationofanewclassofjobsinelectronicsinwhichwomenworkersoutnumbermenfourtoone.

D.Censusresultsshowingthatworkingwomen'swagesandsalariesare,ontheaverage,ashighasthoseofworkingmen.

问题5选项

A.Theydidnotemploywomeninfactories.

B.Theytendedtoemploysingleratherthanmarriedwomen.

C.Theyemployedwomeninonlythosejobsthatwererelatedtowomen'straditionalhouseholdwork.

D.Theyresistedtechnologicalinnovationsthatwouldradicallychangewomen'srolesinthefamily.

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:D

第3题:B

第4题:D

第5题:B

【解析】1.主旨大意题。根据题目可以定位到文章第一段,文第一句提出观点:Itisfrequentlyassumedthatthemechanizationofworkhasarevolutionaryeffectonthelivesofthepeoplewhooperatethenewmachinesandonthesocietyinto'whichthemachineshasbeenintroduceD.中文翻译为:史学家们往往假设,劳动的机构化不仅仅对那些操作新机器的人们的生活,而且也对机器所被引入其中的社会,均产生了种革命性的影响,以及第二段第一句提出反对意见:Historians,particularlythoseinvestigatingthehistoryofwomen,nowseriouslyquestionthisassumptionoftransformingpower.中文翻译为:史学家们,尤其是那些研究妇女历史的史学家们,现在对关于机械化进程的变革作用这一假设表示严重的怀疑。由此可知,作者对第一种观点是反对的,并且提出自己的观点:“...suchdramatictechnologicalinnovationsas...havenotresultedinequallydramaticsocialchangesinwomen’seconomicpositionorintheprevailingevaluationofwomen’swork.中文翻译为:技术革新并没有给妇女的经济地位或对妇女工作的普遍评价带来任何剧烈变化。最后从原文最后一句“Mechanizationmayevenhaveslowedanychangeinthetraditionalpositionofwomenbothinthelabormarketandinthehome.中文翻译为:机械化甚至可能减缓了妇女在劳动力市场和家庭中的传统地位的任何变化。以判断只有A项“机械化对妇女工作的影响并没有得到人们通常认为新技术本身就是革命性的这一假设的证实”符合作者态度和总结文意。

2.细节事实题。由题干关键词dramatictechnologicalinnovations可以定位到文章第二段中“Theyconcludethatsuchdramatictechnologicalinnovationsasthespinningjenny,thesewingmachine,thetypewriter,andthevacuumcleanerhavenotresultedinequallydramaticsocialchangesinwomen'seconomicpositionorintheprevailingevaluationofwomen'swork.”中文大意为:他们的结论是,诸如纺纱珍妮、缝纫机、打字机和吸尘器等剧烈的技术革新并没有给妇女的经济地位或对妇女工作的普遍评价带来同样巨大的社会变化。D选项符合题意。

3.推理判断题。由题干可定位到原文第一段中“Inthenineteenthcentury,whenwomenbegantoenterfactories...”,中文翻译为:19世纪,当女性进入工厂……,以及第二段中“TheemploymentofyoungwomenintextilemillsduringtheIndustrialRevolution...”,中文翻译为:工业革命期间,年轻妇女在纺织厂的就业情况……和文章最后一段首句“Women'sworkhaschangedconsiderablyinthepast200years,movingfromthehouseholdtotheofficeorthefactory...”,中文翻译为:过去的200年中,妇女的工作有了相当程度的变化,从家庭劳动到办公室或工厂……。综合可知,在工业革命之前,女性工作场所一般在B项“私人(个人)家庭”。

4.推理判断题。由题干关键词“alteration改变”对应“change改变”可以定位到文章第三段中“Women'sworkhaschangedconsiderablyinthepast200years,movingfromthehouseholdtotheofficeorthefactory,andlaterbecomingmostlywhite-collarinsteadofblue-collarwork.”,中文翻译为:在过去的200年中,妇女的工作有了相当程度的变化,从家庭劳动到办公室或工厂,并且近来很多蓝领工作变成白领工作。以及“Fundamentally,however,theconditionsunderwhichwomenworkhavechangedlittlesincebeforetheIndustrialRevolution:thesegregationofoccupationsbygender,lowerpayforwomenasagroup,jobsthatrequirerelativelylowlevelsofskillandofferwomenlittleopportunityforadvancementallpersist,whilewomen'shouseholdlaborremainsdemanding.”,中文翻译为:但是,基本上,工业革命一来,妇女们的工作条件改变甚少:按性别区分职业、整体报酬低、工作技能水平要求相对低、升迁机会少仍存在,同时家务劳动依然繁重。可以得知D选项:“人口普查结果显示,职业妇女的工资和薪金平均与男子一样高”才表明妇女工作条件发生了根本的变化。

5.推理判断题。由题干关键词“twentiethcentury”可以定位到文章第二段尾句“Theincreaseinthenumbersofmarriedwomenemployedoutsidethehomeinthetwentiethcenturyhadlesstodowiththemechanizationofhouseworkandanincreaseinleisuretimeforthesewomen—thanitdidwiththeirowneconomicnecessityandwithhighmarriageratesthatshranktheavailablepoolofsinglewomenworkers,previously,inmanycases,theonlywomenemployerswouldhire.”中文翻译为:20世纪对己婚妇女雇佣的增加不是因为家务劳动机械化,使这些妇女有闲暇,而是由于她们经济上的必需性,以及结婚率升高使单身妇女来源减少,而在这以前,在多数情况下,单身妇女是雇主唯一想雇佣的。因此B选项:“他们往往会雇佣单身妇女而不是己婚妇女”最符合。

11.单选题

Hewasextremely(

)bytheillnessofhisdaughter.

问题1选项

A.agitated

B.exploited

C.influenced

D.dominated

【答案】A

【解析】动词辨析题。A选项agitate“使..不安”;B选项exploit“开发”;C选项influence“影响”;D选项dominate“控制,支配”。句意:女儿的疾病使他特别焦虑不安。选项A符合句意。

12.单选题

Itisalwaysmyheightthatgivesme(

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