1991-2011年考研英语阅读理解真题

第一部分ー1991—2000年 199I年 Text1Awisemanoncesaidthattheonlythingnecessaryforthetriumphofevilisforgoodmentodonothing.So,asapoliceofficer,1havesomeurgentthingstosaytogoodpeople.DayafterdaymymenandIstruggletoholdbackatidalwaveofcrime.Somethinghasgoneterriblywrongwithouronce-proudAmericanwayoflife.Ithashappenedintheareaofvalues.Akeyingredientisdisappearing,andIthinkIknowwhatitis:accountability.Accountabilityisn'thardtodefine.Itmeansthateverypersonisresponsibleforhisorheractionsandliablefortheirconsequences.Ofthemanyvaluesthatholdcivilizationtogether-honesty,kindness,andsoon—accountabilitymaybethemostimportantofall.Withoutit,therecanbenorespect,notrust,nolaw-and,ultimately,nosociety.Myjobasapoliceofficeristoimposeaccountabilityonpeoplewhorefuse,orhaveneverlearned,toimposeitonthemselves.Butaseverypolicemanknows,externalcontrolsonpeople'sbehaviorarefarlesseffectivethaninternalrestraintssuchasguilt,shameandembarrassment.Fortunatelytherearestillcommunities-smallertowns,usually-whereschoolsmaintaindisciplineandwhereparentsholdupstandardsthatproclaim:"Inthisfamilycertainthingsarenottolerated-theysimplyarenotdone!"Yetmoreandmore,especiallyinourlargercitiesandsuburbs,theseinnerrestraintsareloosening.Yourtypicalrobberhasnone.Heconsidersyourpropertyhisproperty;hetakeswhathewants,includingyourlifeifyouenragehim.Themaincauseofthisbreak-downisaradicalshiftinattitudes.Thirtyyearsago,ifacrimewascommitted,societywasconsideredthevictim.Now,inashockingreversal,it'sthecriminalwhoisconsideredvictimized:byhisunderprivilegedupbringing,bytheschoolthatdidn'tteachhimtoread,bythechurchthatfailedtoreachhimwithmoralguidance,bytheparentswhodidn'tprovideastablehome.Idon'tbelieveit.Manyothersinequallydisadvantagedcircumstanceschoosenottoengageincriminalactivities.Ifwefreethecriminal,evenpartly,fromaccountability,webecomeasocietyofendlessexcuseswherenooneacceptsresponsibilityforanything.WeinAmericadesperatelyneedmorepeoplewhobelievethatthepersonwhocommitsacrimeistheoneresponsibleforit.Whatthewisemansaidsuggeststhat.it'sunnecessaryforgoodpeopletodoanythinginfaceofevilit'scertainthatevilwillprevailifgoodmendonothingaboutitit'sonlynaturalforvirtuetodefeatevilit'sdesirableforgoodmentokeepawayfromevilAccordingtotheauthor,ifapersonisfoundguiltyofacrime,.[AJsocietyistobeheldresponsiblemoderncivilizationisresponsibleforitthecriminalhimselfshouldbeartheblamethestandardsoflivingshouldbeimprovedComparedwiththoseinsmalltowns,peopleinlargecitieshave.lessself-disciplinebettersenseofdisciplinemoremutualrespect[DIlesseffectivegovernmentThewriterissorrytohavenoticedthat.[AJpeopleinlargecitiestendtoexcusecriminals[BJpeopleinsmalltownsstillsticktoolddisciplineandstandards[C]today'ssocietylackssympathyforpeopleindifficulty[DIpeopleindisadvantagedcircumstancesareengagedincriminalactivitiesThekeypointofthepassageisthat.stricterdisciplineshouldbemaintainedinschoolsandfamiliesmoregoodexamplesshouldbesetforpeopletofollowmorerestrictionsshouldbeimposedonpeople'sbehaviormorepeopleshouldacceptthevalueofaccountabilityText2Theperiodofadolescence,i.e.,theperiodbetweenchildhoodandadulthood,maybelongorshort,dependingonsocialexpectationsandonsociety'sdefinitionastowhatconstitutesmaturityandadulthood.Inprimitivesocietiesadolescenceisfrequentlyarelativelyshortperiodoftime,whileinindustrialsocietieswithpatternsofprolongededucationcoupledwithlawsagainstchildlabor,theperiodofadolescenceismuchlongerandmayincludemostoftheseconddecadeofone'slife.Furthermore,thelengthoftheadolescentperiodandthedefinitionofadulthoodstatusmaychangeinagivensocietyassocialandeconomicconditionschange.ExamplesofthistypeofchangearethedisappearanceofthefrontierinthelatterpartofthenineteenthcenturyintheUnitedStates,andmoreuniversally,theindustrializationofanagriculturalsociety.Inmodernsociety,ceremoniesforadolescencehavelosttheirformalrecognitionandsymbolicsignificanceandtherenolongerisagreementastowhatconstitutesinitiationceremonies.Socialoneshavebeenreplacedbyasequenceofstepsthatleadtoincreasedrecognitionandsocialstatus.Forexample,gradeschoolgraduation,highschoolgraduationandcollegegraduationconstitutesuchasequence,andwhileeachstepimpliescertainbehavioralchangesandsocialrecognition,thesignificanceofeachdependsonthesocio-economicstatusandtheeducationalambitionoftheindividual.Ceremoniesforadolescencehavealsobeenreplacedbylegaldefinitionsofstatusroles,rights,privilegesandresponsibilities.Itisduringthenineyearsfromthetwelfthbirthdaytothetwenty-firstthattheprotectiveandrestrictiveaspectsofchildhoodandminorstatusareremovedandadultprivilegesandresponsibilitiesaregranted.Thetwelve-year-oldisnolongerconsideredachildandhastopayfullfarefortrain,airplane,theaterandmovietickets.Basically,theindividualatthisageloseschildhoodprivilegeswithoutgainingsignificantadultrights.Attheageofsixteentheadolescentisgrantedcertainadultrightswhichincreaseshissocialstatusbyprovidinghimwithmorefreedomandchoices.Henowcanobtainadriver'slicense;hecanleavepublicschools;andhecanworkwithouttherestrictionsofchildlaborlaws.Attheageofeighteenthelawprovidesadultresponsibilitiesaswellasrights;theyoungmancannowbeasoldier,buthealsocanmarrywithoutparentalpermission.Attheageoftwenty-onetheindividualobtainshisfulllegalrightsasanadult.Henowcanvote,hecanbuyliquor,hecanenterintofinancialcontracts,andheisentitledtorunforpublicoffice.Noadditionalbasicrightsareacquiredasafunctionofageaftermajoritystatushasbeenattained.Noneoftheselegalprovisionsdetermineatwhatpointadulthoodhasbeenreachedbuttheydopointtotheprolongedperiodofadolescence.TheperiodofadolescenceismuchlongerinindustrialsocietiesbecausethedefinitionofmaturityhaschangedtheindustrializedsocietyismoredevelopedmoreeducationisprovidedandlawsagainstchildlaboraremadeceremoniesforadolescencehavelosttheirformalrecognitionandsymbolicsignificanceFormersocialceremoniesthatusedtomarkadolescencehavegivenplacetograduationsfromschoolsandcollegessocialrecognitionsocio-economicstatuscertainbehavioralchangesNoonecanexpecttofullyenjoytheadulthoodprivilegesuntilheis.elevenyearsoldsixteenyearsoldtwenty-oneyearsold[DJbetweentwelveandtwenty-oneyearsoldStartingfrom22,.onewillobtainmorebasicrightstheolderonebecomes,themorebasicrightshewillhaveonewon'tgetmorebasicrightsthanwhenheis21onewillenjoymorerightsgrantedbysocietyAccordingtothepassage,helate19thcenturyintheUnitedStatesthedividinglinebetweenadolescenceandadulthoodnolongerexistednoonecanmarrywithoutthepermissionofhisparentsuntiltheageoftwenty-oneoneisconsideredtohavereachedadulthoodwhenhehasadriver'slicenseoneisnotfreefromtherestrictionsofchildlaborlawsuntilhecanjointhearmyText3Mostgrowingplantscontainmuchmorewaterthanallothermaterialscombined.C.R.Barneshassuggestedthatitisaspropertotermtheplantawaterstructureastocallahousecomposedmainlyofbrickabrickbuilding.Certainitisthatallessentialprocessesofplantgrowthanddevelopmentoccurinwater.Themineralelementsfromthesoilthatareusablebytheplantmustbedissolvedinthesoilsolutionbeforetheycanbetakenintotheroot.Theyarecarriedtoallpartsofthegrowingplantandarebuiltintoessentialplantmaterialswhileinadissolvedstate.Thecarbondioxide(CO2)fromtheairmayentertheleafasagasbutisdissolvedinwaterintheleafbeforeitiscombinedwithapartofthewatertoformsimplesugars-thebasematerialfromwhichtheplantbodyismainlybuilt.Activelygrowingplantpartsaregenerally75to90percentwater.Structuralpartsofplants,suchaswoodystemsnolongeractivelygrowing,mayhavemuchlesswaterthangrowingtissues.Theactualamountofwaterintheplantatanyonetime,however,isonlyaverysmallpartofwhatpassesthroughitduringitsdevelopment.Theprocessesofphotosynthesis,bywhichcarbondioxideandwaterarecombined-inthepresenceofchlorophyll(叶绿素)andwithenergyderivedfromlight-toformsugars,requirethatcarbondioxidefromtheairentertheplant.Thisoccursmainlyintheleaves.Theleafsurfaceisnotsolidbutcontainsgreatnumbersofminuteopenings,throughwhichthecarbondioxideenters.Thesamestructurethatpermitstheonegastoentertheleaf,however,permitsanothergas—watervapor-tobelostfromit.Sincecarbondioxideispresentintheaironlyintracequantities(3to4partsin10,000partsofair)andwatervaporisnearsaturationintheairspaceswithintheleaf(at80Esaturatedairwouldcontainabout186partsofwatervaporin10,000partsofair),thetotalamountofwatervaporlostismanytimesthecarbondioxideintake.Actually,becauseofwindandotherfactors,thelossofwaterinproportiontocarbondioxideintakemaybeevengreaterthantherelativeconcentrationsofthetwogases.Also,notallofthecarbondioxidethatenterstheleafissynthesizedintocarbohydrates(碳水化合物).Agrowingplantneedswaterforallofthefollowingexcept.[A]formingsugarssustainingwoodystemskeepinggreenproducingcarbondioxideTheessentialfunctionofphotosynthesisintermsofplantneedsis.toformsugarstoderiveenergyfromlighttopreservewatertocombinecarbondioxidewithwaterThesecondparagraphusesfactstodeveloptheessentialideathat.aplantefficientlyutilizesmostofthewateritabsorbscarbondioxideistheessentialsubstanceneededforplantdevelopmentaplantneedsmorewaterthanisfoundinitscomposition[DIthestrongerthewind,themorethewatervaporlossAccordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingstatementsisTRUE?Themineralelementswillnotbeabsorbedbytheplantunlesstheyaredissolvedinitsroot.Thewoodystemscontainmorewaterthantheleaves.Airexistingaroundtheleafisfoundtobesaturated.Onlypartofthecarbondioxideintheplantsissynthesized.Thispassageismainlyabout.[A]thefunctionsofcarbondioxideandwater[BJtheroleofwaterinagrowingplanttheprocessofsimplesugarformationthesynthesisofwaterwithcarbondioxideText1Itisallverywelltoblametrafficjams,thecostofpetrolandthequickpaceofmodernlife,butmannersontheroadsarebecominghorrible.Everybodyknowsthatthenicestmenbecomemonstersbehindthewheel.Itisverywell,again,tohaveatigerinthetank,buttohaveoneinthedriver'sseatisanothermatteraltogether.Youmighttoleratetheoddroad-hog,therudeandinconsideratedriver,butnowadaysthewell-manneredmotorististheexceptiontotherule.Perhapsthesituationcallsfora“BeKindtoOtherDrivers"campaign,otherwiseitmaygetcompletelyoutofhand.Roadpolitenessisnotonlygoodmanners,butgoodsensetoo.Ittakesthemostcool-headedandgood-temperedofdriverstoresistthetemptationtorevengewhensubjectedtouncivilizedbehavior.Ontheotherhand,alittlepolitenessgoesalongwaytowardsrelievingthetensionsofmotoring.Afriendlynodorawaveofacknowledgementinresponsetoanactofpolitenesshelpstocreateanatmosphereofgoodwillandtolerancesonecessaryinmoderntrafficconditions.Butsuchacknowledgementsofpolitenessarealltooraretoday.Manydriversnowadaysdon'tevenseemabletorecognizepolitenesswhentheyseeit.However,misplacedpolitenesscanalsobedangerous.Typicalexamplesarethedriverwhobrakesviolentlytoallowacartoemergefromasidestreetatsomehazardtofollowingtraffic,whenafewsecondslatertheroadwouldbeclearanyway;orthemanwhowavesachildacrossazebracrossingintothepathofoncomingvehiclesthatmaybeunabletostopintime.Thesamegoesforencouragingoldladiestocrosstheroadwhereverandwhenevertheycareto.Italwaysamazesmethatthehighwaysarenotcoveredwiththedeadbodiesofthesegrannies.Aveterandriver,whosemannersarefaultless,toldmeitwouldhelpifmotoristslearnttofiltercorrectlyintotrafficstreamsoneatatimewithoutcausingthetotalblockagesthatgiverisetobadtemper.Unfortunately,modernmotoristscan'tevenlearntodrive,letalonemasterthesubtleraspectsofboatmanship.Yearsagotheexpertswarnedusthatthecar-ownershipexplosionwoulddemandalotmoregive-and-takefromallroadusers.Itishightimeforallofustotakethismessagetoheart.Accordingtothispassage,troublesontheroadareprimarilycausedbypeople'sattitudetowardstheroad-hogtherhythmofmodemlifethebehaviorofthedrivertrafficconditionsThesentence“Youmighttoleratetheoddroad-hog...therule."(Para.1)impliesthat.oursocietyisunjusttowardswell-manneredmotorists[BJrudedriverscanbemetonlyoccasionallythewell-manneredmotoristcannottoleratetheroad-hognowadaysimpolitedriversconstitutethemajorityofmotoristsBy“goodsense,"thewritermeans.[A]thedriver'sabilitytounderstandandreactreasonably[Blthedriver'spromptresponsetodifficultandsevereconditions[C]thedriver'stoleranceofrudeorevensavagebehavior[DJthedriver'sacknowledgementofpolitenessandregulationsExpertshavelongpointedoutthatinthefaceofcar-ownershipexplosion,roadusersshouldmakemoresacrificedriversshouldbereadytoyieldtoeachotherdriversshouldhavemorecommunicationamongthemselvesdriverswillsuffergreatlossiftheypaynorespecttoothersInthewriter'sopinion,.stricttrafficregulationsarebadlyneededdriversshouldapplyroadpolitenessproperlyrudedriversshouldbepunished[DIdriversshouldavoidtrafficjamsText2Intheatmosphere,carbondioxideactsratherlikeaone-waymirror—theglassintheroofofagreenhousewhichallowsthesun'sraystoenterbutpreventstheheatfromescaping.Accordingtoaweatherexpert'sprediction,theatmospherewillbe3℃warmerintheyear2050thanitistoday,ifmancontinuestoburnfuelsatthepresentrate.Ifthiswarminguptookplace,theicecapsinthepoleswouldbegintomelt,thusraisingsealevelseveralmetresandseverelyfloodingcoastalcities.Also,theincreaseinatmospherictemperaturewouldleadtogreatchangesintheclimateofthenorthernhemisphere,possiblyresultinginanalterationofearth'schieffood-growingzones.Inthepast,concernaboutaman-madewarmingoftheearthhasconcentratedontheArcticbecausetheAntarcticismuchcolderandhasamuchthickericesheet.ButtheweatherexpertsarenowpayingmoreattentiontoWestAntarctic,whichmaybeaffectedbyonlyafewdegreesofwarming:inotherwords,byawarmingonthescalethatwillpossiblytakeplaceinthenextfiftyyearsfromtheburningoffuels.SatellitepicturesshowthatlargeareasofAntarcticicearealreadydisappearing.Theevidenceavailablesuggeststhatawarminghastakenplace.Thisfitsthetheorythatcarbondioxidewarmstheearth.However,mostofthefuelisburntinthenorthernhemisphere,wheretemperaturesseemtobefalling.Scientistsconclude,therefore,thatuptonownaturalinfluencesontheweatherhaveexceededthosecausedbyman.Thequestionis:Whichnaturalcausehasmosteffectontheweather?Onepossibilityisthevariablebehaviorofthesun.Astronomersatoneresearchstationhavestudiedthehotspotsand"cold"spots(thatis,therelativelylesshotspots)onthesun.Asthesunrotates,every27.5days,itpresentshotteror“colder“facestotheearth,anddifferentaspectstodifferentpartsoftheearth.Thisseemstohaveaconsiderableeffectonthedistributionoftheearth'satmosphericpressure,andconsequentlyonwindcirculation.Thesunisalsovariableoveralongterm:itsheatoutputgoesupanddownincycles,thelatesttrendbeingdownward.Scientistsarenowfindingmutualrelationsbetweenmodelsofsolar-weatherinteractionsandtheactualclimateovermanythousandsofyears,includingthelastIceAge.TheproblemisthatthemodelsarepredictingthattheworldshouldbeenteringanewIceAgeanditisnot.Onewayofsolvingthistheoreticaldifficultyistoassumeadelayofthousandsofyearswhilethesolareffectsovercometheinertia(惯性)oftheearth'sclimate.Ifthisisright,thewarmingeffectofcarbondioxidemightthusbeservingasausefulcounter-balancetothesun'sdiminishingheat.Itcanbeconcludedthataconcentrationofcarbondioxideintheatmospherewould.preventthesun'sraysfromreachingtheearth'ssurfacemeanawarmingupintheArcticaccountforgreatchangesintheclimateinthenorthernhemisphere[DIraisethetemperatureoftheearth'ssurfaceThearticlewaswrittentoexplain.thegreenhouseeffect[B]thesolareffectsontheearththemodelsofsolar-weatherinteractionsthecausesaffectingweatherAlthoughthefuelconsumptionisgreaterinthenorthernhemisphere,temperaturesthereseemtobefalling.Thisis.mainlybecausethelevelsofcarbondioxidearerisingpossiblebecausetheicecapsinthepolesaremeltingexclusivelyduetotheeffectoftheinertiaoftheearth'sclimatepartlyduetovariationsintheoutputofsolarenergyOnthebasisoftheirmodels,scientistsareoftheopinionthat.[A]theclimateoftheworldshouldbebecomingcooler[BJitwilltakethousandsofyearsfortheinertiaoftheearth'sclimatetotakeeffect[C]theman-madewarmingeffecthelpstoincreasethesolareffects[DIthenewIceAgewillbedelayedbythegreenhouseeffectIftheassumptionaboutthedelayofanewIceAgeiscorrect,.thebestwaytoovercomethecoolingeffectwouldbetoburnmorefuelsicewouldsooncoverthenorthernhemispheretheincreasedlevelsofcarbondioxideintheatmospherecouldwarmuptheearthevenmorequicklythegreenhouseeffectcouldworktotheadvantageoftheearthText3Somepeoplebelievethatinternationalsportcreatesgoodwillbetweenthenationsandthatifcountriesplaygamestogethertheywilllearntolivetogether.Otherssaythattheoppositeistrue:thatinternationalcontestsencouragefalsenationalprideandleadtomisunderstandingandhatred.Thereisprobablysometruthinbotharguments,butinrecentyearstheOlympicGameshavedonelittletosupporttheviewthatsportsencouragesinternationalbrotherhood.Notonlywastherethetragicincidentinvolvingthemurderofathletes,buttheGameswerealsoruinedbylesserincidentscausedprincipallybyminornationalcontests.Onecountryreceiveditssecond-placemedalswithvisibleindignationafterthehockey（曲棍球）final.Therehadbeennoisyscenesattheendofthehockeymatch,thelosersobjectingtothefinaldecisions.Theywereconvincedthatoneoftheirgoalsshouldnothavebeendisallowedandthattheiropponents9victorywasunfair.Theirmanagerwasinaragewhenhesaid:"Thiswasn'thockey.HockeyandtheInternationalHockeyFederationarefinished/'ThepresidentoftheFederationsaidlaterthatsuchbehaviorcouldresultinthesuspensionoftheteamforatleastthreeyears.TheAmericanbasketballteamannouncedthattheywouldnotyieldfirstplacetoRussia,afteradisputableendtotheircontest.Thegamehadendedindisturbance.ItwasthoughtatfirstthattheUnitedStateshadwon,byasinglepoint,butitwasannouncedthattherewerethreesecondsstilltoplay.ARussianplayerthenthrewtheballfromoneendofthecourttotheother,andanotherplayerpoppeditintothebasket.ItwasthefirsttimetheUSAhadeverlostanOlympicbasketballmatch.Anappealjurydebatedthematterforfourandahalfhoursbeforeannouncingthattheresultwouldstand.TheAmericanplayersthenvotednottoreceivethesilvermedals.Incidentsofthiskindwillcontinueaslongassportisplayedcompetitivelyratherthanfortheloveofthegame.Thesuggestionthatathletesshouldcompeteasindividuals,orinnon-nationalteams,mightbetoomuchtohopefor.ButinthepresentorganizationoftheOlympicsthereisfartoomuchthatencouragesaggressivepatriotism.Accordingtotheauthor,recentOlympicGameshave_[A]createdgoodwillbetweenthenationsAccordingtotheauthor,recentOlympicGameshave_[A]createdgoodwillbetweenthenations[B]bredonlyfalsenationalpride[C]barelyshowedanyinternationalfriendship[DJledtomoreandmoremisunderstandingandhatredWhatdidthemanagermeanbysaying,"...HockeyandtheInternationalHockeyFederationarefinished"?Histeamwouldnolongertakepartininternationalgames.HockeyandtheFederationarebothruinedbytheunfoirdecisions.ThereshouldbenomorehockeymatchesorganizedbytheFederation.TheFederationshouldbedissolved.Thebasketballexampleimpliedthat.toomuchpatriotismwasdisplayedintheincidenttheannouncementtoprolongthematchwaswrongtheappealjurywastoohesitantinmakingthedecisiontheAmericanteamwasrightinrejectingthesilvermedalsTheauthorgivesthetwoexamplesinParagraphs2and3toshow.howfalsenationalprideledtoundesirableincidentsininternationalgamesthatsportsmenhavebeenmoreobedientthantheyusedtobethatcompetitivenessinthegamesdiscouragesinternationalfriendship[DJthatunfairdecisionsarecommoninOlympicGamesWhatconclusioncanbedrawnfromthepassage?TheorganizationoftheOlympicGamesmustbeimproved.AthletesshouldcompeteasindividualintheOlympicGames.Sportshouldbeplayedcompetitivelyratherthanfortheloveofthegame.Internationalcontestsareliableformisunderstandingbetweennations.Text1Islanguage,likefood,abasichumanneedwithoutwhichachildatacriticalperiodoflifecanbestarvedanddamaged?JudgingfromthedrasticexperimentofFrederickIIinthethirteenthcentury,itmaybe.Hopingtodiscoverwhatlanguageachildwouldspeakifheheardnomothertongue,hetoldthenursestokeepsilent.Alltheinfantsdiedbeforethefirstyear.Butclearlytherewasmorethanlackoflanguagehere.Whatwasmissingwasgoodmothering.Withoutgoodmothering,inthefirstyearoflifeespecially,thecapacitytosurviveisseriouslyaffected.TodaynosuchseverelackexistsasthatorderedbyFrederick.Nevertheless,somechildrenarestillbackwardinspeaking.Mostoftenthereasonforthisisthatthemotherisinsensitivetothesignalsoftheinfant,whosebrainisprogrammedtolearnlanguagerapidly.Ifthesesensitiveperiodsareneglected,theidealtimeforacquiringskillspassesandtheymightneverbelearnedsoeasilyagain.Abirdlearnstosingandtoflyrapidlyattherighttime,buttheprocessisslowandhardoncethecriticalstagehaspassed.Expertssuggestthatspeechstagesarereachedinafixedsequenceandataconstantage,buttherearecaseswherespeechhasstartedlateinachildwhoeventuallyturnsouttobeofhighIQ.Attwelveweeksababysmilesandmakesvowel-likesounds;attwelvemonthshecanspeaksimplewordsandunderstandsimplecommands;ateighteenmonthshehasavocabularyofthreetofiftywords.Atthreeheknowsabout1,000wordswhichhecanputintosentences,andatfourhislanguagediffersfromthatofhisparentsinstyleratherthangrammar.Recentevidencesuggeststhataninfantisbornwiththecapacitytospeak.Whatisspecialaboutman'sbrain,comparedwiththatofthemonkey,isthecomplexsystemwhichenablesachildtoconnectthesightandfeelo£say,atoy-bearwiththesoundpattern"toy・bear."Andevenmoreincredibleistheyoungbrain'sabilitytopickoutanorderinlanguagefromthemixtureofsoundaroundhim,toanalyze,tocombineandrecombinethepartsofalanguageinnewways.Butspeechhastobeinduced,andthisdependsoninteractionbetweenthemotherandthechild,wherethemotherrecognizesthesignalsinthechild'sbabbling（咿呀学语）,graspingandsmiling,andrespondstothem.Insensitivityofthemothertothesesignalsdullstheinteractionbecausethechildgetsdiscouragedandsendsoutonlytheobvioussignals.Sensitivitytothechild'snon-verbalsignalsisessentialtothegrowthanddevelopmentoflanguage.ThepurposeofFrederickH'sexperimentwas.toprovethatchildrenarebornwiththeabilitytospeaktodiscoverwhatlanguageachildwouldspeakwithouthearinganyhumanspeech[C]tofindoutwhatrolecarefulnursingwouldplayinteachingachildtospeak[D]toprovethatachildcouldbedamagedwithoutlearningalanguageThereasonsomechildrenarebackwardinspeakingismostprobablythattheyareincapableoflearninglanguagerapidlytheyareexposedtotoomuchlanguageatoncetheirmothersrespondinadequatelytotheirattemptstospeaktheirmothersarenotintelligentenoughtohelpthemWhatisexceptionallyremarkableaboutachil