1986～2012考研英语真题及答案

1986年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题SectionII:CloseTestForeachnumberedblankinthefollowingpassage,therearefourchoiceslabeled[A],[B],[C]and[D].Choosethebestoneandputyourchoiceinthebracketsbelowthepassage.Readthewholepassagebeforemakingyourchoices.(10points)OnWednesdayafternoonsAnnietookthebusintotowntoshopinthemarket.Foranhouror16 shewouldwalkupanddownbetweenthestallslookingateverything,buyinghereandthere,and 17 asharplookoutforthebargainsthatweresometimestobehad.Andthen,withallthethingssheneeded 18 shewouldleavethemarketforthestreetsofthetowntospendanotherhour_19_shelikedbest:lookinginfurnitureshopwindows.OneWednesdayshefoundanewshopfullofthemostdelightfulthings,withanoticeinvitinganyonetowalkinandlook 20 withoutfeelingtheyhadtobuysomething.Anniehesitatedforamomentbeforesteppingthroughthedoorwaywhere,almostatonce,shestopped 21 beforeagreenarmchair.Therewasacardonthechairwhichsaid:"Thisfinechairisyours22 lessthanapoundaweek,“andverysmallatthebottom,"Cashpriceeighty-ninepoundsfifty."Apoundaweek... 23_,shecouldalmostpaythatoutofherhousekeepingmoneyandnevermissit!Avoiceathershouldermadeher 24 ."CanIhelpyou,Madam?"Shelookedroundattheassistantwhohadcomesoftlytoher_25 .“Oh,well,no,"shesaid."Iwasjustlooking/*"We'vechairsofallkindsintheshowroom.Ifyou'lljustcomeup,youwillfindsomethingtosuityou."Annie,worriedatthethoughtofbeingpersuadedtobuysomethingshedidn'tneed,lefttheshophurriedly.[A]somoreelseanother[A]takingmakingfixingkeeping[A]buyboughtbuyingtohavebought[A]inawaybythewayinthewayontheway[A]behind[B]roundbackon[A]doubtedwonderedpuzzleddelighted[A]atforwithin[A]WhyWhenHowWhat[A]jumpleaplaughwonder[A]placebacksidefrontSectionIII:ReadingComprehensionEachofthetwopassagesbelowisfollowedbyfivequestions.Foreachquestiontherearefouranswers.Readthepassagescarefullyandchoosethebestanswertoeachofthequestions.Putyourchoiceinthebracketsontheleft.(10points)Text1Thereareagreatmanycareersinwhichtheincreasingemphasisisonspecialization.Youfindthesecareersinengineering,inproduction,instatisticalwork,andinteaching.Butthereisanincreasingdemandforpeoplewhoareabletotakeingreatareaataglance,peoplewhoperhapsdonotknowtoomuchaboutanyonefield.Thereis,inotherwords,ademandforpeoplewhoarecapableofseeingtheforestratherthanthetrees,ofmakinggeneraljudgments.Wecancallthesepeople“generalists."Andthese"generalists"areparticularlyneededforpositionsinadministration,whereitistheirjobtoseethatotherpeopledothework,wheretheyhavetoplanforotherpeople,toorganizeotherpeople'swork,tobeginitandjudgeit.Thespecialistunderstandsonefield;hisconcerniswithtechniqueandtools.Heisa"trained"man;andhiseducationalbackgroundisproperlytechnicalorprofessional.Thegeneralist-andespeciallytheadministrator-dealswithpeople;hisconcerniswithleadership,withplanning,andwithdirectiongiving.Heisan"educated"man;andthehumanitiesarehisstrongestfoundation.Veryrarelyisaspecialistcapableofbeinganadministrator.Andveryrarelyisagoodgeneralistalsoagoodspecialistinparticularfield.Anyorganizationneedsbothkindsofpeople,thoughdifferentorganizationsneedthemindifferentproportions.Itisyourtasktofindout,duringyourtrainingperiod,intowhichofthetwokindsofjobsyoufit,andtoplanyourcareeraccordingly.Yourfirstjobmayturnouttobetherightjobforyou—butthisispureaccident.Certainlyyoushouldnotchangejobsconstantlyorpeoplewillbecomesuspiciousofyourabilitytoholdanyjob.Atthesametimeyoumustnotlookuponthefirstjobasthefinaljob;itisprimarilyatrainingjob,anopportunitytounderstandyourselfandyourfitnessforbeinganemployee.Thereisanincreasingdemandfor.allroundpeopleintheirownfieldspeoplewhosejobistoorganizeotherpeople'sworkgeneralistswhoseeducationalbackgroundiseithertechnicalorprofessionalspecialistswhosechiefconcernistoprovideadministrativeguidancetoothersThespecialistis.amanwhosejobistotrainotherpeopleamanwhohasbeentrainedinmorethanonefieldsamanwhocanseetheforestratherthanthetreesamanwhoseconcernismainlywithtechnicalorprofessionalmattersTheadministratoris.a"trained“manwhoismoreaspecialistthanageneralistamanwhoseesthetreesaswellastheforestamanwhoisverystronginthehumanitiesamanwhoisan"educated"specialistDuringyourtrainingperiod,itisimportant.totrytobeageneralisttochooseaprofitablejobtofindanorganizationwhichfitsyoutodecidewhetheryouarefittobeaspecialistorageneralistAman'sfirstjob.isnevertherightjobforhimshouldnotberegardedashisfinaljobshouldnotbechangedorpeoplewillbecomesuspiciousofhisabilitytoholdanyjobisprimarilyanopportunitytofithimselfforhisfinaljobTest2AtthebottomoftheworldliesamightycontinentstillwrappedintheIceAgeand,untilrecenttimes,unknowntoman.Itisagreatlandmasswithmountainrangeswhoseextentandelevationarestilluncertain.Muchofthecontinentisacompleteblankonourmaps.Manhasexplored,onfoot,lessthanonepercentofitsarea.AntarcticadiffersfundamentallyfromtheArcticregions.TheArcticisanocean,coveredwithdriftingpackediceandhemmedinbythelandmassesofEurope,Asia,andNorthAmerica.TheAntarcticisacontinentalmostaslargeasEuropeandAustraliacombined,centeredroughlyontheSouthPoleandsurroundedbythemostunobstructedwaterareasoftheworld-theAtlantic,Pacific,andIndianOceans.Thecontinentalicesheetismorethantwomileshighinitscentre,thus,theairovertheAntarcticisfarmorerefrigeratedthanitisovertheArcticregions.Thiscoldaircurrentfromthelandissoforcefulthatitmakesthenearbyseasthestormiestintheworldandrendersunlivablethoseregionswhosecounterpartsattheoppositeendoftheglobeareinhabited.Thus,morethanamillionpersonslivewithin2,000milesoftheNorthPoleinanareathatincludesmostofAlaska,Siberia,andScandinavia-aregionrichinforestandminingindustries.Apartfromahandfulofweatherstations,withinthesamedistanceoftheSouthPolethereisnotasingletree,industry,orsettlement.Thebesttitleforthisselectionwouldbe.IcelandLandofOpportunityTheUnknownContinentUtopiaatLastAtthetimethisarticlewaswritten,ourknowledgeofAntarcticawas.verylimitedvastfairlyrichnonexistentAntarcticaisborderedbythe.PacificOceanIndianOceanAtlanticOceanAllthreeTheAntarcticismadeuninhabitableprimarilyby.coldaircalmseasicelackofknowledgeaboutthecontinentAccordingtothisarticle.2,000peopleliveontheAntarcticContinentamillionpeoplelivewithin2,000milesoftheSouthPoleweatherconditionswithina2,000mileradiusoftheSouthPolemakesettlementsimpractical[D]onlyahandfulofnativesinhabitAntarcticaTranslatethefollowingpassageintoChinese.Onlytheunderlinedsentencesaretobetranslated.(20points)Itwouldbeinterestingtodiscoverhowmanyyoungpeoplegotouniversitywithoutanyclearideaofwhattheyaregoingtodoafterwards.(71)Ifoneconsiderstheenormousvarietyofcoursesoffered,itisnothardtoseehowdifficultitisforastudenttoselectthecoursemostsuitedtohisinterestsandabilities.(72)Ifastudentgoestouniversitytoacquireabroaderperspectiveoflife,toenlargehisideasandtolearntothinkfbrhimself,hewillundoubtedlybenefit.(73)Schoolsoftenhavetoorestrictinganatmosphere,withitstimetablesanddisciplines,toallowhimmuchtimefbrindependentassessmentoftheworkheisaskedtodo.(74)Moststudentswould,Ibelieve,profitbyayearofsuchexplorationofdifferentacademicstudies,especiallythose“allrounders“withnoparticularinterest.Theyshouldhavelongertimetodecideinwhatsubjecttheywanttotaketheirdegrees,sothatinlaterlife,theydonotlookbackandsay,"Ishouldliketohavebeenanarchaeologist.IfIhadn'ttakenadegreeinModemLanguages,Ishouldn'thaveendedupasaninterpreter,butit'stoolatenow.Icouldn'tgobackandbeginalloveragain."(75)Thereis,ofcourse,anothersidetothequestionofhowtomakethebestuseofone'stimeatuniversity.(76)Thisisthecaseofthestudentwhoexcelsinaparticularbranchoflearning.(77)HeisimmediatelyacceptedbytheUniversityofhischoice,andspendshisthreeorfouryearsbecomingaspecialist,emergingwithafirst-classHonourDegreeandverylittleknowledgeofwhattherestoftheworldisallabout.(78)Itthereforebecomesmoreandmoreimportantthat,ifstudentsarenottowastetheiropportunities,therewillhavetobemuchmoredetailedinformationaboutcoursesandmoreadvice.Onlyinthiswaycanwebesurethatwearenottohave,ontheonehand,abandofspecialistsignorantofanythingoutsideoftheirownsubject,andontheotherhand,aneverincreasingnumberofgraduatesqualifiedinsubjectsforwhichthereislittleornodemandintheworkingworld.1986年参考答案StructureandVocabulary(15points)TOC\o"1-5"\h\z[B] 2. [C] 3. [A] 4. [A] 5. [D]6. [B] 7. [A] 8. [D] 9. [C] 10. [C][C] 12. [A] 13. [D] 14. [D] 15. [C]Error-detectionandCorrection(10points)[A] 17. [D] 18. [B] 19. [C] 20. [B][D] 22. [B] 23. [A] 24. [A] 25. [C]ReadingComprehension(10points)[B] 27. [D] 28. [C] 29. [D] 30. [B][C] 32. [A] 33. [D] 34. [A] 35. [C].如果想一想那些为学生设置的门类繁多的课程,我们就不难发现,对ー个学生来说,要选ー门符合他的兴趣和能力的课程是多么困难。.如果ー个学生进大学是为了想获得一个对生活前景更广泛的认识,为了扩大思想境界和学会独立思考,那么毫无疑问,进大学对他是有好处的。.学校由于受课程表和纪律的约束,气氛往往令人感到过于拘束,使学生没有充分时间对规定要他做的事情有独立的见解。.我认为大多数学生,尤其是那些没有偏重某ー门课程的“全面发展的学生“，经过一年左右的时间対各门不同学科的钻研,将会从中获益。.当然,关于ー个人如何最充分地利用上大学的时间，还有另外一个方面。.某一学科中出类拔萃的学生就属于这种情况。.他ー毕业马上就被一所他自己选中的大学所接受,再花三、四年时间,以优异的成绩取得荣誉学位，成为一名专家,但对外界的一切却几乎ー无所知。.因此,如果要学生好好利用他们上大学的机会,就应该为他们提供大量关于课程方面更为详尽的信息和更多的指点。这个问题显得越来越重要了。1987年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题SectionII:ReadingComprehensionText1Forcenturiesmendreamedofachievingverticalflight.In400A.D.Chinesechildrenplayedwithafan-liketoythatspunupwardsandfellbacktoearthasrotationceased.LeonardodaVinciconceivethefirstmechanicalapparatus,calleda“Helix,"whichcouldcarrymanstraightup,butwasonlyadesignandwasnevertested.Theancient-dreamwasfinallyrealizedin1940whenaRussianengineerpilotedastrangelookingcraftofsteeltubingwitharotatingfanontop.Itroseawkwardlyandverticallyintotheairfromastandingstart,hoveredafewfeetabovetheground,wentsidewaysandbackwards,andthensettledbacktoearth.Thevehiclewascalledahelicopter.Imaginationswerefired.Mendreamedofgoingtoworkintheirownpersonalhelicopters.Peopleanticipatethatverticalflighttransportswouldcarrymillionsofpassengersasdotheairlinersoftoday.Suchfantasticexpectationswerenotfulfilled.Thehelicopterhasnowbecomeanextremelyusefulmachine.Itexcelsinmilitarymissions,carryingtroops,gunsandstrategicinstrumentswhereotheraircraftcannotgo.Corporationsusethemasairborneoffices,manymetropolitanareasusetheminpolicework,constructionandloggingcompaniesemploytheminvariousadvantageousways,engineersusethemforsiteselectionandsurveying,andoilcompaniesusethemasthebestwaytomakeoffshoreandremoteworkstationsaccessibletocrewsandsupplies.Anyurgentmissiontoahard-to-get-toplaceisalikelytaskforahelicopter.Amongtheirothermultitudeofused:deliverpeopleacrosstown,flytoandfromairports,assistinrescuework,andaidinthesearchformissingorwantedpersons.Peopleexpectthat.theairlinersoftodaywouldeventuallybereplacedbyhelicoptershelicopterswouldsomedaybeabletotransportlargenumberofpeoplefromplacetoplaceasairlinersarenowdoingtheimaginationsfiredbytheRussianengineer'sinventionwouldbecomearealityinthefuturetheirfantasticexpectationsabouthelicopterscouldbefulfilledbyairlinersoftodayHelicoptersworkwiththeaidof.acombinationofrotatingdevicesinfrontandontoparotatingdevicetopsideonerotatingfaninthecenteroftheaircraftandothersateachendarotatingfanunderneathforliftingWhatissaidaboutthedevelopmentofthehelicopter?Helicoptershaveonlybeenworkedonbymansince1940.Chinesechildrenwerethefirsttoachieveflightinhelicopters.Helicopterswereconsideredmoredangerousthantheearlyairplanes.Somepeoplethoughttheywouldbecomewidelyusedbyaverageindividuals.Howhastheuseofhelicoptersdeveloped?Theyhavebeenwidelyusedforvariouspurposes.Theyaretakingtheplaceofhigh-flyingjets.Theyareusedforrescuework.Theyarenowusedexclusivelyforcommercialprojects.Underwhatconditionsarehelicoptersfoundtobeabsolutelyessential?Foroverseaspassengertransportation.Forextremelyhighaltitudeflights.Forhigh-speedtransportation.Forurgentmissiontoplacesinaccessibletootherkindsofcraft.Text2InancientGreeceathleticfestivalswereveryimportantandhadstrongreligiousassociations.TheOlympianathleticfestivalheldeveryfouryearsinhonorofZeus,kingoftheOlympianGods,eventuallylostitslocalcharacter,becamefirstanationaleventandthen,aftertherulesagainstforeigncompetitorshadbeenabolished,international.NooneknowsexactlyhowfarbacktheOlympicGamesgo,butsomeofficialrecordsdatefrom776B.C.ThegamestookplaceinAugustontheplainbyMountOlympus.ManythousandsofspectatorsgatheredfromallpartsofGreece,butnomarriedwomanwasadmittedevenasaspectator.Slaves,womenanddishonoredpersonswerenotallowedtocompete.Theexactsequenceofeventsuncertain,buteventsincludedboy'sgymnastics,boxing,wrestling,horseracingandfieldevents,thoughtherewerefewersportsinvolvedthaninthemodemOlympicGames.OnthelastdayoftheGames,allthewinnerswerehonoredbyhavingaringofholyoliveleavesplacedontheirheads.Sogreatwasthehonorthatthewinnerofthefootracegavehisnametotheyearofhisvictory.AlthoughOlympicwinnersreceivednoprizemoney,theywere,infact,richlyrewardedbytheirstateauthorities.Howtheirresultscomparedwithmodemstandards,weunfortunatelyhavenomeansoftelling.Afteranuninterruptedhistoryofalmost1,200years,theGamesweresuspendedbytheRomansin394A.D.TheycontinuedforsuchalongtimebecausepeoplebelievedinthephilosophybehindtheOlympics:theideathatahealthybodyproducedahealthymind,andthatthespiritofcompetitioninsportsandgameswaspreferabletothecompetitionthatcausedwars.Itwasover1,500yearsbeforeanothersuchinternationalathleticgatheringtookplaceinAthensin1896.Nowadays,theGamesareheldindifferentcountriesinturn.Thehostcountryprovidesvastfacilities,includingastadium,swimmingpoolsandlivingaccommodation,butcompetingcourtierspaytheirownathletes'expenses.TheOlympicsstartwiththearrivalinthestadiumofatorch,lightedonMountOlympusbythesun'srays.Itiscarriedbyasuccessionofrunnerstothestadium.ThetorchsymbolizedthecontinuationoftheancientGreekathleticideals,anditbumsthroughouttheGamesuntiltheclosingceremony.Thewell-knownOlympicflag,however,isamodemconception:thefiveinterlockingringssymbolizetheunitingofallfivecontinentsparticipatingintheGames.InancientGreece,theOlympicGames.weremerelynationalathleticfestivalswereinthenatureofanationaleventwithastrongreligiouscolourhadruleswhichputforeignparticipantsinadisadvantageouspositionwereprimarilynationaleventswithfewforeignparticipantsIntheearlydaysofancientOlympicGames.onlymaleGreekathleteswereallowedtoparticipateinthegamesallGreeks,irrespectiveofsex,religionorsocialstatus,wereallowedtotakepartallGreeks,withtheexceptionofwomen,wereallowedtocompeteinGamesallmaleGreekswerequalifiedtocompeteintheGamesTheorderofathleticeventsattheancientOlympics.hasnotdefinitelybeenestablishedvariedaccordingtothenumberofforeigncompetitorswasdecidedbyZeus,inwhosehonortheGameswereheldwasconsideredunimportantModemathletes'resultscannotbecomparedwiththoseofancientrunnersbecausetheGreekshadnomeansofrecordingtheresultstheyaremuchbetterdetailssuchasthetimewerenotrecordedinthepasttheyaremuchworseNowadays,theathletes'expensesarepaidfor.outoftheprizemoneyofthewinnersoutofthefundsraisedbythecompetingnationsbytheathletesthemselvesbycontributionsText3Insciencethemeaningoftheword“explain“sufferswithcivilization'severystepinsearchofreality.Sciencecannotreallyexplainelectricity,magnetism,andgravitation;theireffectscanbemeasuredandpredicted,butoftheirnaturenomoreisknowntothemodemscientistthantoThaleswhofirstlookedintothenatureoftheelectrificationofamber,ahardyellowish-browngum.Mostcontemporaryphysicistsrejectthenotionthatmancaneverdiscoverwhatthesemysteriousforcest4really"are."Electricity,“BertrandRussellsays,"isnotathing,likeSt.PauPsCathedral;itisawayinwhichthingsbehave.Whenwehavetoldhowthingsbehavewhentheyareelectrified,andunderwhatcircumstancestheyareelectrified,wehavetoldallthereistotell."Untilrecentlyscientistswouldhavedisapprovedofsuchanidea.Aristotle,forexample,whosenaturalsciencedominatedWesternthoughtfortwothousandyears,believedthatmancouldarriveatanunderstandingofrealitybyreasoningfromself-evidentprinciples.Hefelt,fbrexample,thatitisaself-evidentprinciplethateverythingintheuniversehasitsproperplace,henceonecandeducethatobjectsfalltothegroundbecausethat'swheretheybelong,andsmokegoesupbecausethat'swhereitbelongs.ThegoalofAristoteliansciencewastoexplainwhythingshappen.ModemsciencewasbomwhenGalileobegantryingtoexplainhowthingshappenandthusoriginatedthemethodofcontrolledexperimentwhichnowformsthebasisofscientificinvestigation.Theaimofcontrolledscientificexperimentsis.toexplainwhythingshappentoexplainhowthingshappentodescribeself-evidentprinciplestosupportAristotelianscienceWhatprinciplesmostinfluencedscientificthoughtfortwothousandyears?thespeculationsofThalestheforcesofelectricity,magnetism,andgravityAristotle'snaturalscienceGalileo'sdiscoveriesBertrandRussell'snotionaboutelectricityis.disapprovedofbymostmodemscientistsinagreementwithAristotle'stheoryofself-evidentprinciplesinagreementwithscientificinvestigationdirectedtoward"how''thingshappen[D]inagreementwithscientificinvestigationdirectedtoward"why''thingshappen24.Thepassagesaysthatuntilrecentlyscientistsdisagreedwiththeidea.thattherearemysteriousforcesintheuniversethatmancannotdiscoverwhatforces"really''arethatthereareself-evidentprinciplesthatwecandiscoverwhythingsbehaveastheydo25.Modemsciencecameintobeing.whenthemethodofcontrolledexperimentwasfirstintroducedwhenGalileosucceededinexplaininghowthingshappenwhenAristotelianscientisttriedtoexplainwhythingshappenwhenscientistswereabletoacquireanunderstandingofrealityofreasoningTranslatethefollowingpassageintoChinese.Onlytheunderlinedsentencesaretobetranslated.(20points)Havetherealwaysbeencities?(71)Lifewithoutlargeurbanareasmayseeminconceivabletous,butactuallycitiesarerelativelyrecentdevelopment.Groupswithprimitiveeconomicsstillmanagewithoutthem.Thetrend,however,isforsuchgroupstodisappear,whilecitiesareincreasinglybecomingthedominantmodeofman'ssocialexistence.(72)Historically,citylifehasalwaysbeenamongtheelementswhichformacivilization.Anyhighdegreeofhumanendeavorandachievementhasbeencloselylinkedtolifeinanurbanenvironment.(73)Itisvirtuallyimpossibletoimaginethatuniversities,hospitals,largebusinessesorevenscienceandtechnologycouldhavecomeintobeingwithoutcitiestosupportthem.Tomostpeople,citieshavetraditionallybeentheareaswheretherewasaconcentrationofcultureaswellasofopportunity.(74)Inrecentyears,however,peoplehavebeguntobecomeawarethatcitiesarealsoareaswherethereisaconcentrationofproblems.WhathashappenedtothemodemAmericancity?Actually,theproblemisnotsuchanewone.Longbeforethiscenturystarted,therehadbegunatrendtowardtheconcentrationofthepooroftheAmericansocietyintothecities.Eachgreatwaveofimmigrationfromabroadandfromtheruralareasmadetheproblemworse.Duringthiscentury,therehasalsobeenthedevelopmentoflargesuburbanareassurroundingthecities,fortherichprefertoliveintheseareas.Withinthecities,sectionsmaybesharplydividedintohighandlowrentdistricts,the“rightsideoftown“andtheslums.Ofcourse,everyonewantstodosomethingaboutthisunhappysituation.Butthereisnoagreementastogoals.Neitheristhereanysystematicapproachorintegratedprogram.Opinionsareasdiverseasthepeoplewhogivethem.(75)Butonebasicdifferenceofopinionconcernsthequestionofwhetherornotthecityassuchistobepreserved.Perhapstransportationandthemeansofcommunicationhavereallymadeitpossiblefortheretobeanendtothebigcities.Ofcourse,thereistheproblemofpersuadingpeopletomoveoutofthemoftheirownfreewill.(76)Andthereisalsotheobjectionthatthecityhasalwaysbeenthecorefromwhichculturaladvancementhasradiated.Isthis,however,stillthecasetodayinthepresenceofeasytransportationandcommunication?Doescultureariseasaresultofpeoplelivingtogethercommunally,orisittootheresultofdecisionsmadeatthelevelofgovernmentandthecommunicationsindustry?Itisprobablytruetosaythatmostpeopleprefertopreservethecities.Somethinkthatthecitiescouldbecleaneduportotallyrebuilt.Thisiseasytosay;itwouldnotbesoeasytodo.(77)Tobesure,agreatrebuildingprojectwouldgivejobstomanyofthosepeoplewhoneedthem.Livingconditionscouldnothelpbutimprove,atleastforawhile.Butwouldtheproblemsreturnaftertherebuildingwascompleted?Nevertheless,withthemajorityofthepeoplelivinginurbanareas,theproblemofthecitiesmustbesolved.(78)Fromagreementonthisgeneralgoal,wehave,unfortunately,inthepastproceededtodisagreementonspecificgoals,andfromtheretototalinaction.Atthebasisofmuchofthisinactionisanold-fashionedconcept-theideahumanconditionswillnaturallytendtoregulatethemselvesforthegeneralgoal.1987年参考答案SectionII:ReadingComprehension（15points）TOC\o"1-5"\h\z11. [B] 12. [B] 13. [D] 14. [A] 15. [D]16. [B] 17. [A] 18. [A] 19. [C] 20. [B]21. [B] 22. [C] 23. [C] 24. [B] 25. [A]SectionIV:CloseTest（10points）36. [C] 37. [C] 38. [A] 39. [D] 40. [B]41. [A] 42. [D] 43. [B] 44. [C] 45. [A]SectionVIII:English-ChineseTranslation（20points）.对我们来说,生活要是没有广大的城市地区似乎是不可想象的,但实际上城市还是比较按期オ发展起来的。（2分）.从历史上看,城市生活始终是文明的ー个组成部分。（2分）.如果没有城市的支持，简直难以想象会有大学，医院，大企业,甚至连科学技术也不会有。（3分）.可是，近几年来人们开始意识到城市也是问题成堆的地方。（2分）.但是，ー个最主要的分歧意见是，像目前这样的城市是否还要保存下去。（3分）.同时也有人反对说，文化方面的进步，始终是以城市为中心而向外辐射的。（3分）.诚然，ー个宏伟的重建计划也许能为许多需要工作的人提供就业机会。（2分）.遗憾的是，过去我们在总目标方面意见是一致的，但涉及到各个具体目标时，意见就不一致，因而也就根本没有什么行动。（3分）1988年全国硕士研究生入学统・考试英语试题Text1Itdoesn'tcomeasasurprisetoyoutorealizethatitmakesnodifferencewhatyoureadorstudyifyoucan'trememberit.Youjustwasteyourvaluabletime.Maybeyouhavealreadydiscoveredsomecleverwaystokeepyourselffromforgetting.Onedependableaidthatdoeshelpyourememberwhatyoustudyistohaveaspecificpurposeorreasonforreading.Yourememberbetterwhatyoureadwhenyouknowwhyyou'rereading.Whydoesaclerkinastoregoawayandleaveyouwhenyourreplytoheroffertohelpis,"No,thankyou.I'mjustlooking"?Bothyouandsheknowthatifyouaren'tsurewhatyouwant,youarenotlikelytofindit.Butsupposeyousayinstead,"Yes,thankyou.Iwantapairofsunglasses."Shesays,"Rightthisway,please."Andyouandsheareoff-botheagertolookforexactlywhatyouwant.It'squitethesamewithyourstudying.Ifyouchoseabookatrandom,4justlooking"fornothinginparticular,youarelikelytogetjustthat-nothing.Butifyoudoknowwhatyouwant,andifyouhavetherightbook,youarealmostsuretogetit.Yourreasonswillvary;theywillincludereadingorstudying"tofindoutmoreabout","to