非谓语动词及独立主格结构

-.z.非谓语动词与独立主格构造非谓语动词分为三类：不定式〔infinitive〕、动名词〔gerund〕和分词〔participle〕。其特点是：1．不定式、动名词和分词可以做很多句子成分，但就是不能单独做谓语，这也是它们被称为"非谓语动词"的原因。2．它们具有各种形态：一般式、主动态、被动态、进展态和完成态。3．不定式和动名词可以做主语、宾语、表语、补语等。但不管起什么作用，它们都具有动词的功能，但无语法上的动词性质，这一点可以通过它们不受主语的人称和数的限制表达出来。4．分词起形容词和副词作用，可做表语、定语、状语，但不能做主语和宾语。它也不受主语人称和数的限制。一．不定式〔一〕形式语态时态主动形式被动形式一般式todotobedone完成式tohavedonetohavebeendone进展式tobedoing完成进展式tohavebeendoing1.完成式不定式的一般形式所表示的动作,通常与主要谓语表示的动作(状态)同时(或几乎同时)发生,或是在它之后发生.假设不定式所表示的动作,在谓语所表示的动作(状态)之前发生,就要用不定式的完成式.Iamgladtohaveseenyourmother(=IamgladIhaveseenyourmother).(比拟:Iamgladtoseeyou.)Heissaidtohavewrittenanewbookaboutworkers.Hepretendednottohaveseenme.2.进展式如果主要谓语表示的动作(状态)发生时,不定式表示的动作正在进展,这时要用不定式的进展式.Youarenotsupposedtobeworking.Youhaven’tquiterecoveredyet.Wedidn’te*pectyoutobewaitingforushere.Hepretendedtobelisteningattentively.3.完成进展式在谓语所表示的时间之前一直进展的动作,就要用不定式的完成进展式.Thestrugglewasknowntohavebeengoingfortwentyyears.Wearehappytohavebeenworkingwithyou.4.被动式当不定式的逻辑上的主语是不定式所表示的动作的承受者时,不定式一般要用被动形式.Itisanhonorformetobeaskedtospeakhere.Shehatedtobeflattered.Hewantedthelettertobetypedatonce.【例】SirDenis,whois78,hasmadeitknownthatmuchofhiscollection______tothenation.A)hasleftB)istoleaveC)leavesD)istobeleft结合选项来看，全句的意思："78岁的丹尼斯爵士已经向众人宣布他的许多收藏品将留给国家"。收藏品是"被留给国家〞，因此需要一个被动式做宾语，所以答案是D)istobeleft。〔二〕句法功能1.不定式作主语【例】Itisnotunusualforworkersinthatregion_________.A)tobepaidmorethanamonthlater

B)tobepaidlaterthanmoreamonthC)topaylaterthanamonthmore

D)topaylatermorethanamonthit在句中作形式主语。而不定式tobepaidmorethanamonth是句子的逻辑主语。结合选项全句的意思是："那个地方的工人一个多月后才得到工资是常有的事〞，答案是A)。2.不定式做宾语大局部动词可加不定式做宾语。如：Weareplanningtobuildareservoirhere.【例】ThereisamanatthereceptiondeskwhoseemsveryangryandIthinkhemeans_________trouble.A)makingB)tomakeC)tohavemadeD)havingmade动词mean在本句中的意思是"打算〞，后面只能接动词不定式做宾语。所以答案是B)tomake。动词mean后面接名词和动名词时，意思是"表示……的意思、意味着〞，所以选项A和D错误。3.不定式做补足语补语用于补充说明主语或宾语。〔1〕不定式做主语补足语【例】TheancientEgyptiansaresupposed_________rocketstothemoon.A)tosendB)tobesendingC)tohavesentD)tohavebeensending在本句中，句首表示时间概念的ancient说明不定式动作在句子谓语动作之前，不定式要用完成式，因而答案是C)。在本句中，该不定式完成式tohavesent作主语补足语。〔2〕不定式做宾语补足语这样的动词有：advice,allow,announce,ask,assist,authorize,bear,beg,bribe,cause,mand,pel,condemn,deserve,direct,drive,enable,encourage,entitle,entreat,e*hort,forbid,force,get,hate,help,implore,induce,inspire,instruct,intend,invite,lead,leave,like,mean,need,oblige,order,permit,persuade,pray,prefer,press,prompt,pronounce,remend,remind,report,request,require,summon,teach,tell,tempt,urge,want,warn,wish。这样的短语有：callon〔请求〕,carefor〔关心〕,counton〔依靠，指望〕,dependon〔依赖、依靠〕,keeponat〔困扰，追问〕,longfor〔渴望〕,makeout〔分辨〕,votefor〔选举〕,prevailon〔说服〕,relyon〔信赖〕,waitfor〔等待〕。【例】Theyaregoingtohavetheserviceman__________anelectricfanintheofficetomorrow.A)installB)toinstallC)tobeinstalledD)installed全句的意思是："他们准备让效劳人员明天在办公室里装一台电扇〞。"havesb.dosth."句型的主动语态，因此，have后接不带to的不定式作宾语补足语，所以答案是A)install。4.不定式作表语Oneofourmaintasksnowistomechanizeagriculture.5.不定式做定语不定式做定语时，不定式修饰中心词或者不定式短语末的介词与中心词组成介词短语，修饰中心词〔下面例1〕。这些动词不定式可能是及物的〔带宾语〕，也可能是不及物的。要特别注意如果不定式中的动词是不及物动词，则不定式后要加介词，因为此时不定式与其修饰的名词实质上有动宾关系。很多名词后可接不定式做定语，如ability,ambition,an*iety,attempt,campaign,chance,courage,decision,determination,drive〔动力〕,effort,force,inclination,intention,method,motive,movement,need,opportunity,pressure,reason,right〔权利〕,struggle,tendency,wish,anything,anyone,everything,everyone,nothing,noone,something,someone等。这类名词通常表示抽象概念，后面用动词不定式做定语，表示该名词的具体内容，解释前面中心名词〔例2〕在这种构造中，不能用分词形式。【例1】Couldyoufindsomeone________？A)formetoplaytenniswithB)formetoplaytennisC)playtenniswithD)playingtennis请你找个人来和我打网球。答案是A。【例2】Thepressure________causesAmericanstobeenergetic,butitalsoputsthemunderaconstantemotionalstrain.A)topeteC)tobepetedB)petingD)havingpeted结合选项看，全句的意思是："竞争的压力使美国人精力充分，但也使他们的精神始终处于紧*状态。〞名词pressure后应加不定式做定语，说明"pressure"的内容。6.不定式作状语不定式作状语可以表示目的、原因、结果等。Theystoodbytheroadsidetotalkabouttheplan．他们站在路边为的是谈论这个方案。(目的)

Hisfamilywastoopoortosupporthim．他的家庭太穷，不能维持他的生活。(结果)

Wearegladtohearthenews．我们很快乐听到这消息。(原因)

〔三〕动词不定式不带to的情形1.在"动词+宾语+不定式〞构造中,如果动词是表示感觉意义的see,hear,watch,smell,feel,notice等,或是表示"致使〞意义的have,make,let等,其后的不定式构造不带to.Johnmadehertellhimeverything.这类构造转换为被动语态时,后面的不带to的不定式一般复原为带to的不定式.Shewasmadetotellhimeverything.2.在hadbetter,hadbest,wouldrather,wouldsooner,wouldjustassoon,might(just)aswell,cannotbut等搭配之后,动词不定式也不带to.I’drathernothaveeggsandbaconforbreakfast.Theycannotbutaccepthisterm.3.在介词e*cept,but之后,如果其前有动词do的*种形式,不定式一般不带to,反之带to.Thereisnothingtodoe*ceptwaittillitstopsraining.Smithwilldoanythingbutworkonafarm.There’snochoicebuttowaittillitstopsraining.4.连词ratherthan,soonerthan置于句首时,其后的不定式不带to；出现在句中其他位置时,其后的不定式有时带to,有时不带to。Ratherthanpushthebookbackashewantedtodo,heforcedhimselftopickitup.Hedecidedtowriteratherthantelephone.Themanagerbelievesitisimportanttoinvestinnewmachineryratherthantoincreasewages.5.用作表语的动词不定式,如果主语是由"all+关系分句〞，"thing+关系分句〞，"what分句〞或"thing+不定式构造〞等构成，并带有do的*种形式，这时，作为主语补语的不定式可以省to，也可以不省.Whathewilldois(to)spoilthewholething.AllyoudonowispletetheformTheonlythingIcandonowisgoonbymyself.Thethingtodonowisclearupthismess.(四)不定式的其他用法1.too…to构造通常表示否认意义:Shewastooyoungtounderstandallthat.nottoo,buttoo,alltoo,onlytoo等和不定式连用时,不定式一般不表示否认意义:He’sonlytoopleasedtohelpher.2.不定式的逻辑主语如果要说明不定式表示的动作是谁做的,可以在不定式前加一个for引起的短语:Itisnothardforonetodoabitofgood.Itisagreathonourforustobepresentatthisrally.在以*些形容词(如kind,good,nice,wise,unwise,clever,silly,wrong,right,foolish,stupid,careless,considerate,rude,naughty,impolite等)作表语时,不定式前可加一个of引起的短语,来说明不定式指的是谁的情况:It’skindofyoutothinksomuchofus.It’sunwiseofthemtoturndowntheproposal.二．动名词动名词，顾名思义，具有双重作用：它既有动词的作用〔后面可加自己的宾语〕，又有名词的作用〔可以做句子的主语、宾语等〕。〔一〕形式时态性语态主动被动一般式doingbeingdone完成式havingdonehavingbeendone1.一般式Workingintheseconditionsisnotapleasurebutasuffer.2.完成式如果要表示动名词代表的动作在谓语所表示的动作之前发生,通常用动名的完成形式.Hedidn’tmentionhavingmetme.Iregretnothavingtakenheradvice.在*些动词后(或成语中),常用(或可以用)动名词的一般形式,尽管动作是在谓语所表示的动作之前发生的.E*cusemeforinglate.Idon’tremembereverseeinghimanywhere.3.被动式当一个动名词逻辑上的主语所表示的是这动作的对象时,动名词一般要用被动形式.Hisbeingneglectedbythehostaddedtohisuneasiness.Hecouldn’tbearbeingmadefunoflikethat.但要注意,在want,need,deserve,require等动词后,尽管表示的是被动的意思,却用动名词的主动形式.Thepointdeservesmentioning.Thisproblemrequiresstudyingwithgreatcare.在worth这个形容词后情形也是这样.Hermethodisworthtrying.4.完成被动式如果表示的动作在谓语表示的动作之前发生,有时需要用动名词的完成被动式.Idon’trememberhavingeverbeengivenachancetotrythismethod.但在多数情况下都防止使用这一形式,而用一般被动形式代替,以免句子显得累赘.5.动名词的否认形式动名词的否认直接在其前加否认词【例】Sheapologizedfor____theparty.A.notherbeingabletoattend

B.hernotbeingabletoattendC.herbeingablenottoattend

D.herbeingnotabletoattendnot+doing的动名词否认形式，her为该动名词的逻辑主语。因此，正确答案选B。〔二〕句法功能1.作主语:Workingintheseconditionsisnotapleasurebutasuffer.动名词作主语，有时先用it作形式主语，把动名词置于句末。这种用法在习惯句型中常用。如：Itisnouse/nogoodcryingoverspiltmilk.洒掉的牛奶哭也没用。Itwashardgettingonthecrowdedstreetcar.上这种拥挤的车真难。Itisfunplayingwithchildren.和孩子们一起玩真好。Thereisnojokingaboutsuchmatters.对这种事情不是开玩笑。2.作宾语〔1〕及物动词的宾语Youmustn’tdelaysendingthetractorsover.〔2〕介词的宾语但凡动词+介词、名词+介词或形容词+介词形成的词组，都要求接动名词做宾语，因为所有介词后的动词都要使用动名词形式。【例】Hegivespeopletheimpression____________allhislifeabroad.A)ofhavingspendB)tohavespentC)ofbeingspentD)tospent全句的意思是"他给人的印象是他的一生都在国外度过〞。这是名词＋介词＋动名词〔短语〕的形式。答案是A。3.作表语:Therealproblemisgettingtoknowtheneedsofthepeople.〔三〕动名词的复合构造〔重要考点〕前面带有代词或名词的动名词构造:一个动名词前面可以加一个物主代词(或名词的所有格构造),来表示这个动名词逻辑上的主语Theiringtohelpwasagreatencouragementtous.Doyoumindmyreadingyourpaper"Theyinsistedonmystayingthereforsupper.如果不是在句子开头,这个构造常常可以用名词的普通格(或人称代词宾格),这比用所有格更自然一些.Idon’tmindhimgoing.Shehatespeoplelosingtheirtemper.【例1】__________inanatmosphereofsimplelivingwaswhatherparentswishedfor.A)ThegirlwaseducatedB)ThegirleducatedC)Thegirl'sbeingeducatedD)Thegirltobeeducated全句意思是：让孩子在简朴的生活环境中承受教育中她父母所希望的。答案是C。【例2】Althoughpunctualhimself,theprofessorwasquiteused______lateforhislecture.A)tohavestudentsB)forstudents'beingC)forstudentstobeD)tostudent'sbeing句意：尽管教授很准时，但他对学生迟到已经习惯了。答案是D。当这一构造不处于句首时，逻辑主语用名词的普通格式或代词宾语更自然些。〔四〕只能接动名词的动词、词组、习惯搭配、句型1.后接动名词的动词有些动词只能接动名词做宾语，而不能接不定式。这是考试中常见的考点。请大家务必多练多用多读多说，尽量培养语感，这比单纯死记硬背这些枯燥的词汇要容易得多。这些动词是：acknowledge,advice,admit,anticipate,appreciate,avoid,allow,bear,can'thelp,cease,mence,plete,confess,delay,deny,discourage,detest,dread,endure,enjoy,envy,escape,e*cuse,fancy,favor,figure,finish,imagine,involve,justify,keep,mind,miss,permit,postpone,practice,quit,recall,repent,require,resent,resume,risk,save等等。【例1】Markoftenattemptstoescape_______wheneverhebreakstrafficregulations.A)havingbeenfinedB)tohavebeenfinedC)tobefinedD)beingfined动词escape后接动名词，不能接不定式，所以先排除了B和C。fine"罚款〞是及物动词、要用被动语态；而且，句子讲的是经常性动作，应当用一般时态，因此，答案是D。【例2】Peopleappreciate-----withhimbecausehehasagoodsenseofhumor.A)toworkB)tohaveworkedC)workingD)havingworked全句的意思是：因为他很有幽默感，所以大家喜欢和他一起工作。根据句意，动名词动作与句子谓语动作并无时间上的先后，必须用动名词一般时态。答案是C。2.后接动名词的词组〔1〕动名词作介词宾语常用在*些含有介词的词组后面,常见的有:insiston,persistin,thinkof,dreamof,suspect…of,accuse…of,charge…with,hearof,approveof,prevent…from,keep…from,stop…from,refrainfrom,beengagedin,dependon,thank…for,feellike,e*cuse…for,aimat,setabout等.〔2〕特别注意：*些充当介词的to的动词词组、名词词组、形容词词组等后接动名词approachto〔方法〕，admitto〔成认〕，contributeto〔起作用〕，confessto〔成认〕，resortto〔求助于〕，reconcileto〔顺从于〕，revertto〔重新开场〕，submitto〔忍受〕，swearto〔断言〕，taketo〔开场从事〕，beusedto〔习惯于〕，lookforwardto〔盼望〕，opposeto〔反对〕，seeto(负责，注意)，devote…to(把···献给，投入于)等中的to都是介词而不是不定式符号。【例1】Thematchwascancelledbecausemostofthemembers______amatchwithoutastandardcourt.A)objectedtohavingB)wereobjectedtohaveC)objectedtohaveD)wereobjectedtohavingobject在这里是不及物动词，后面的to是介词，在接名词或动名词做宾语。因此，答案是A。【例2】Thetraditionalapproach_______withple*problemistobreakthemdownintosmaller,moreeasilymanagedproblems.A)todealingB)indealingC)dealingD)todeal解决复杂问题的传统方法是把他们分解为更小的、更容易处理的问题。答案是A。3.习惯搭配bebusydoingsth.,benogooddoingsth.,spendsometime/moneydoingsth.,havedifficulty(in)doingsth.,haveahardtime(in)doingsth.,havetrouble/difficulty(in)doingsth，can’thelp,can’tstand,giveup,feellike,putoff都是惯用搭配，其后动名词不能换成to不定式。【例】Jeandidnothavetimetogototheconcertlastnightbecauseshewasbusy_______forhere*amination.A)toprepareB)tobepreparedC)preparingD)beingprepared结合选项来看，全句的意思是："琼做完没有时间去听音乐会，因为她忙于准备考试。〞，所以答案是D)beingprepared。4.句型1〕满足句型"itis+名词或形容词+动名词〞和句型"动词+it+形容词或名词+动名词〞的形容词和名词有：good,nogood,nuisance,nouse,senseless,use,useless,waste,worthwhile。例：Doyouthinkitworthwhileinvestingalargesumofmoneyinthisproject"〔你认为向该工程大量投资值得吗？〕2)Itis+nouse,nogood(fun,agreatpleasure,awasteoftime,abore...)等名词+doingsth.

Itisnousecrying.哭没有用。Itisagreatfunplayingfootball．打篮球很有趣。

3)Itis+useless(nice,good，interesting,e*pensive等形容词)+doingsth．

Itisniceseeingyouagain．真快乐又遇到了你。

Itisgoodplayingchessaftersupper．晚饭后弈棋挺好。

Itise*pensiverunningthiscar．开这种小车是浪费。〔五〕既可用动名词,也可用不定式作宾语的动词1.有时两种构造之间意义差异不大,有时却有不同的意思。trytodo努力、企图做*事trydoing试验、试一试*种方法meantodo打算，有意要…meandoing意味着goontodo继而〔去做另外一件事情〕goondoing继续〔原先没有做完的事情〕proposetodo打算〔要做*事〕proposingdoing建议〔做*事〕【例】IfIhadremembered________thewindow,thethiefwouldnothavegotin.A)tocloseB)closingC)tohaveclosedD)havingclosed本句的意思是："我要是记得把窗子关起来的话，小偷就进不来了。"remember后接动名词表示记得过去曾做过*事，接不定式则表示记得要做*事。本句说的是："记得把窗子关起来"。因此A〕toclose是答案。有些考生误选了C)tohaveclosed。注意remember后面不能用动词不定式的完成式。2．dislike,dread,hate,like,love,prefer这些词加动名词时，表示喜欢或讨厌一般性、习惯性或发生过的*事、*物；加不定式时，表示喜欢或讨厌的、偶然一次的、打算做的*事、*物。prefer的用法稍微复杂一点，它后面加不定式还是加动名词通常是由它的固定构造或习惯用法决定的。常见的构造是：wouldprefer+todo〔更想做*事〕;preferdoingAtodoingB〔比起做B来说，更喜欢做A。特别注意：这里的比拟使用的不是than，而是to〕。【例】Mr.Johnsonpreferred_____heavierworktodo.A)tobegivenB)tobegivingC)tohavegivenD)havinggiven全句意思应是："约翰逊先生宁可有〔被给予〕更重的活干〞。可见，答案是A)tobegiven。〔六〕deserve,need,require,want这几个词的共同特点是：它们后面既可加不定式，也可加动名词，意义一样。但是，表示被动时，动名词依然使用主动形式，不定式则变成被动形式。其中，这几个词后面加动名词的形式是常考工程之一。【例】Yourhairwants_________.You'dbetterhaveitdonetomorrow.A)cutB)tocutC)cuttingD)beingcut此题的want等于need，是一种口语习惯用法，后面接动名词主动形式表被动。因此，此题答案是C)cutting。三.分词分词包括现在分词和过去分词〔presentparticiple&pastparticiple〕两种形式。〔一〕分词形式1.现在分词形式现在分词可分为一般式和完成式两种；在语态上可分为主动语态和被动语态。时态语态主动被动一般式doingbeingdone完成式havingdonehavingbeendone1〕一般式在时间上表示一个正在进展；或与谓语动词同时发生或存在的动作和状态Theboysinginginthehallisoneofthetopsingersfromtheuniversity.Hearingthenews,hejumped.2〕完成式分词的完成式主要用在状语中,表示这动作在谓语所表示的动作之前发生.Havingbeentheremanytimes,heofferedtobeourguide.Havingfoundthecause,theywereabletoproposearemedy.Havingbeencriticizedbytheteacher,hedecidedtostudyhard.3〕被动式现在分词的被动式〔进展的被动〕可以用来作定语,宾语补足语,状语及用于独立构造中.Thisisoneofthee*perimentsbeingcarriedoninourlaboratory.You’llfindthetopicbeingdiscussedeverywhere.Beingaskedtogiveaperformance,shecouldn’tverywellrefuse.Thesearesoldatreducedprices,thedefectsalwaysbeingpointedouttothecustomers.4〕完成被动式现在分词的完成被动式一般用来作状语或用于独立构造中.Havingbeengivensuchagoodchance,howcouldsheletitslipaway"Thedecisionhavingbeenmade,thene*tproblemwashowtomakeagoodplan.Allthepositionshavingbeenwrittenandcollected,theteachersentthestudentshome.2.过去分词形式过去分词只有一种形式，即：done形式。它表示一个被动、或完成、或完成与被动的动作。Thefallenleavesmeanstheautumn’sing.〔完成〕Thebuildingbuiltlastyearisourlibrary.〔完成、被动〕3.分词的否认形式not+分词Nothavingreceivedhisletter,hedecidedtocallhim.Notknowinghisaddress,shecannotgetintouchwithhim.〔二〕句法功能1．分词构造作定语分词作定语时有下面特点：现在分词表示主动意义，过去分词一般表示被动含意；现在分词表示正在进展，过去分词表示状态或做完(完成)的事。 1〕现在分词作定语Herushedintotheburninghouse．他冲进了正在燃烧着的房子。Thechildstandingoverthereismybrother．站在那儿的男孩子是我弟弟。Theroomfacingsouthisourclassroom．朝南的房间是我们的教室。【例】Asearlyas1647,Ohiomadeadecisionthatfree,ta*supportedschoolsmustbeestablishedineverytown______50householdsormore.A)havingB)tohaveC)tohavehadD)havinghad答案是A。 2〕过去分词作定语distinguishedguest贵宾,unknownheroes无名英雄,cannedfood罐头食品,boiledwater开水,steamedbread馒头,strickenarea灾区。来自不及物动词的过去分词很少能单独用作前置修饰语,在此情形下仅表示完成意义,不表示被动意义。如：therisensun,fallenleaves,retiredworkers,escapedprisoners,thevanishedjewels,newly-arrivedvisitors用作后置修饰语的过去分词一般都带有修饰语或其他成分,在意义上相当于一个定语从句。Mostofthepeopleinvitedtothereception〔=whowereinvitedtothereception〕wereoldfriends.【例】IfIcorrectsomeone,Iwilldoitwithasmuchgoodhumorandself-restraintasifIweretheone________.A)tocorrectB)correctingC)havingcorrectedD)beingcorrected结合选项来看，全句的意思是："如果我去更正别人的看法，我会尽可能用幽默和自我抑制的态度去做，就象是我被别人更正一样〞。这里，要求填入一个表示"正在被人更正〞的意思的选项，答案是D)。〔注意：分词短语做后置定语的情况，在阅读理解的文章中随处可见，考生要在掌握该语法理论的同时，活学活用、运用自如，快速理解阅读中的复杂句子。〕2.分词构造作宾语补足语1〕现在分词可以在see,hear,notice,watch,feel,find,keep,get,have等动词后作宾语补足语.Thewordsimmediatelysetusalllaughing.Hisremarkleftmewonderingwhathewasdrivingat.在see,hear,feel,watch,notice等动词后,既可用现在分词,也可用不定式构成宾语补足语.用现在分词时,表示动作正在发生,用省略to的不定式时表示动作发生了.Doyouhearsomeoneknockingatthedoor"Yes,Idid.Iheardhimknockthreetimes.2〕过去分词作宾语补足语的动词有以下几种情形。第一种情形：see,hear,feel,find,think等表示感觉和心理状态的动词.Isawthestudentsassembledinthehall.第二种情形：make,get,have,keep等表示〞致使〞意义的动词:Shegotherbadtoothpulledout.Pleasekeepusinformedofthelatestdevelopments.第三种情形：like,want,wish,order等表示希望,要求,命令等意义的动词:Idon’twantanyofyou(tobe)involvedinthescandal.Hewon’tlikesuchquestions(tobe)discussedatthemeeting.3.分词作表语分词做表语有两种情况，一种是现在分词做表语，一种是过去分词做表语，这两者区别是考试中经常考到的地方。一般来说，表示心理状态的动词如e*cite，interest等都是及物动词，汉语意思不是"冲动〞，"快乐〞，而是"使冲动〞、"使快乐〞，因而现在分词应该是"令人冲动的〞、"令人快乐的〞，过去分词则是"感到冲动的〞和"感到快乐的〞。所以，凡表示"令人……的〞都是-ing形式，但凡表示"感到……〞都用-ed形式。这类词常见的有：amazing,amazed,amusing,amused,convincing,confusing,confused,disappointing,disappointed,encouraging,encouraged,e*citing,e*cited,contented,inviting,missing,misunderstanding,ine*perienced等。这些词源自动词，这些分词没有严格意义上的被动、静态、动态、已完成或正在进展这样的含义。Thepupilswillgetconfusediftheyaremadetolearntoomuch．如果要学生学得太多，他们会感到糊涂的。4.分词构造作状语1〕现在分词、过去分词作状语的区别现在分词作状语表示主动，过去分词〔短语〕作状语表示被动，要注意这两者的区别。现在分词作状语时，现在分词的动作就是句子主语的动作，它们之间的关系是主动关系。Hewentoutshuttingthedoorbehindhim.Notknowingwhattodo,hewenttohisparentsforhelp.

过去分词作状语时，过去分词表示的动作是句子主语承受的动作，它们之间的关系是被动关系。

Givenmoreattention,thetreescouldhavegrownbetter.

2〕分词短语作状语的几种情形第一种情形：起到一种伴随状语的功能。现在分词作状语表示主语正在进展的另一动作,来对谓语表示的主要动作加以修饰或作为陪衬.DrivingtoChicagothatnight,Iwasstruckbyasuddenthought.过去分词作状语，很多都说明动作发生的背景或情况.Guidedbytheseprinciples,theywentonwiththework.第二种情形：现在分词短语表示原因，相当于一个表示原因的状语从句.Notknowingheraddress,wecouldn’tgetintouchwithher.Havingalreadyseenthefilmtwice,shedidn’twanttogotothecinema.Influencedbyhise*ample,theyperformedcountlessgooddeeds.第三种情形：分词短语表示时间,相当于表示时间的状语从句:Seeingthosepictures,hecouldn’thelpthinkingofthosememorabledaystheyspenttogether.Thismethod,triedinareasnearShanghai,resultedinamarkedriseintotalproduction.如果两个动作是完全同时发生的,多用when或while加分词这种构造.Becarefulwhencrossingthestreet.Whenleavingtheairport,theywavedagainandagaintous.ShegottoknowthemwhileattendingaconferenceinBeijing.第四种情形：间或也可表示一个假设的情况,相当于一个条件从句.Givencloseranalysis,wecanseethisistotallywrong.【例1】_____theearthtobeflat,manyfearedthatColumbuswouldfalloftheedgeoftheearth.A)HavingbelievedB)BelievingC)BelievedD)Beingbelieved正确答案选B。【例2】Thereseemedlittlehopethatthee*plorer,________inthetropicalforest,wouldfindhiswaythroughit.A)tobedesertedB)havingdesertedC)tohavebeendesertedD)havingbeendeserted答案是D)havingbeendeserted。这是现在分词的完成式〔被动态〕在句中做状语，具有原因和时间意义。5.分词悬垂修饰构造分词作状语时,正常情况下表示的必须是主语的一个动作或状态。如果分词句子的*个成分〔多是主语〕不存在逻辑上的主谓关系，就构成悬垂构造，这在语法上是不被允许的。Walkingthroughthepark,wesawalotofflowers.(walking是we的动作,正确)Walkingthroughthepark,theflowerslookedverybeautiful.(错误)Standingonthetower,wecouldseethewholecity.(正确)Standingonthetower,thewholevillagecouldbeseen.(错误)四．独立主格构造"独立主格构造〞〔absoluteconstruction〕又叫"独立构造〞。由于在语法上有自己的逻辑主语，构造上与主句不发生关系，因此传统语法叫做"独立主格构造〞。独立主格构造可放于句首、句尾，用逗号和主句隔开。〔一〕独立主格构造形式独立主格构造可以分为两局部，形式为：根本形式是：名词普通格/代词主格+现在分词/过去分词/不定式/名词/形容词/副词/介词短语。1．名词/代词+现在分词现在分词表示前面的名词或代词主动进展的动作或状态等。例：Themanlaythere,hishandstrembling.Somanystudentsbeingabsent,themeetinghadtobeputoff.注："独立构造〞中的being或havingbeen有时可以省去，形成一种名词或代词+名词、形容词、副词、介词短语的构造形式。2．名词/代词+过去分词过去分词表示前面的名词或代词被动完成的动作或所处的一种状态。例：Theboylayonhisback,hishandscrossedunderhishead.Thejobnotfinished,wecouldn’tseethefilm.Hershirtcaughtonanail,shecouldnotmove.3．名词/代词+不定式不定式表示的是将来的动作。Thesearethefirsttwobooks,thethirdonetoeoutne*tmonth.Weshallgettogetherat7:30,theprocession〔游行〕tostartmovingat8sharp.4.名词/代词+名词名词一般做前面名词或代词的同位语。例：Manypeoplejoinedinthework,someofthemwomenandchildren.Hefoughtthetiger，astickhisonlyweapon.5．名词/代词+形容词短语形容词〔短语〕说明前面名词或代词的性质，状态，原因等。例：Thefloorwetandslippery,wehadtostayoutsideforawhile.Iheardthatshegotinjuredintheaccident，myheartfullofsorry.这两个句子也可以看成是省略了being,如果加上，就变成了现在分词分句。6．名词/代词+副词副词说明前面名词或代词的状态。例：Themeetingover,weallwenthome.Nobodyin,heleftamessageontheboard.7.名词/代词+介词短语介词短语说明伴随前面名词或代词的方式或者状态。例：Theteachercamein,abookunderhisarm.Nobodyathome,thethieftookalotofthingsaway.〔二〕with引导的复合构造with引导的复合构造，相当于在前述各种独立主格构造前加上with，因此，一般认为这也是一种独立主格构造【例】Awomangotonthebus，withababyaroundherarms.Theteachercameinwithseveralstudentsfollowingbehind.Withalotofthingstodealwith,hewillhaveadifficulttime.Helefttheofficewiththelightson.Maryrushedoutofthehousewiththedooropen.【例】AftertheArabstateswonindependence,greatemphasiswaslaidone*pandingeducation,withgirlsaswellasboys____________togotoschool.A)tobeencouragedC)beingencouragedB)beenencouragedD)beencouraged介词with引出分词独立构造，表示一种陪衬性动作或补充说明。所以，答案是C)beingencouraged。选项A)tobeencouraged是动词不定式，forhertodo是动词不定式短语，常做目的状语，不能引出陪衬性动作。选项B)beenencouraged和D)beencouraged这两种形式都不能与with构成分词独立构造做补语。非谓语动词与独立主格构造综合练习1.________prettylate,wedecidedtoleaveatonce,aswedidn’twanttoriskmissingthelastbus.A.ItbeingB.BeingC.AsisbeingD.Itwasbeing2.Thearticleopensandcloseswithdescriptionsoftwonewsreports,each________onemajorpointincontrastwiththeother.A.makesB.istomakeC.makingD.made3.Nowhereinnatureisaluminumfoundfree,owingtoitsalways________withotherelements,mostmonlywitho*ygen.A.bineB.binedC.beingbinedD.havingbined4.Anyonewithhalfaneyeontheunemploymentfiguresknewthattheassertionabouteconomicrecovery________justaroundthecornerwasuntrue.A.wasB.beingC.wouldbeD.tobe5.Thepressure_______causesAmericanstobeenergetic,butitalsoputsthemunderaconstantemotionalstrain.A.topeteB.petingC.tobepetedD.havingpeted6.ThereisamanatthereceptiondeskwhoseemsveryangryandIthinkhemeans_______trouble.A.makingB.tomakeC.tohavemadeD.havingmade7.Theproject________bytheendof2000wille*pandthecity’stelephonenetworktocover1,000,000users.A.acplishedB.beingacplishedC.tobeacplishedD.havingbeenacplished8.Withthedevelopmentinscienceandtechnologymancanmakevariousflowers_________beforetheirtime.A.bebloomedB.bloomC.bloomedD.blooming9._______inanatmosphereofsimplelivingwaswhatherparentswishedfor.A.ThegirlwaseducatedB.ThegirleducatedC.Thegirl’sbeingeducatedD.Thegirltobeeducated10.Whatalovelyparty!Itisworth_______allmylife.A.rememberingB.torememberC.toberememberedD.beingremembered11.Asearlyas1647Ohiomadeadecisionthatfree,ta*-supportedschoolsmustbeestablishedineverytown_________50householdsormore.A.havingB.tohaveC.tohavehadD.havinghad12.Thiscrophassimilarqualitiestothepreviousone,________bothwind-resistantandadaptedtothesametypeofsoil.A.beingB.beenC.tobeD.havingbeen13.While_______thesun,thesatellitehassentmorethanfourbillionsofinformationbacktoearth.A.havingorbitedB.beingorbitedC.havingbeenorbitedD.orbiting14.Thehousewasveryquiet,_______itwasonthesideofamountain.A.isolatedB.isolatingC.beingisolatedD.havingbeenisolated15.Youwillseethisproduct________whereveryougo.A.tobeadvertisedB.advertisedC.advertiseD.advertising16.Allthings_______,theplannedtripwillhavetobecalledoff.A.consideredB.beconsideredC.consideringD.havingconsidered17.Apartfromcaringforherchildren,shehastotakeonsuchheavy_________houseworkascarryingwaterandfirewood.A.time-consumedB.timely-consumedC.time-consumingD.timely-consuming18.ProfessorWang,_______forhisinformativelectures,waswarmlyreceivedbyhisstudents.A.knowingB.tobeknownC.knownD.havingknown19.Weleftthemeeting,thereobviously________nopointinstaying.A.wereB.beingC.tobeD.having20.__________theirworkwillgiveusamuchbetterfeelforthewidedifferencesbetweenthetwoschoolsofthought.A.TohavereviewedB.HavingreviewedC.ReviewingD.Beingreviewed21.Idon'tmind____thedecisionaslongasitisnottoolate.A.youtodelaymakingB.yourdelayingmakingC.yourdelayingtomakeD.youdelaytomake22.Yourhairwants______.You'dbetterhaveitdonetomorrow.A.cutB.tocutC.cuttingD.beingcut23.Theprofessorcouldhardlyfindsufficientgrounds_____hisargumentsinfavorofthenewtheory.A.tobebasedonB.tobaseonC.whichtobaseonD.onwhichtobase24.______theearthtobeflat,manyfearedthatColumbuswouldfallofftheedgeoftheearth.A.HavingbelievedB.BelievingC.BelievedD.BeingBelieved25._______ateacherinauniversity,itisnecessarytohaveatleastamaster'sdegree.A.TobeeB.BeeC.OnebeesD.Onbeing26.Realizingthathehadn'tenoughmoneyand____toborrowfromhisfather,hedecidedtosellhiswatch.A.notwantedB.notowantC.notwantingD.wantingnot27.___itornot,hisdiscoveryhascreatedastirinscientificcircles.A.BelieveB.TobelieveC.BelievingD.Believed28.Theyaregoingtohavetheserviceman____anelectricfanintheofficetomorrow.A.installB.toinstallC.tobeinstalledD.installed29.Afterafewroundsoftalks,bothsidesregardedtheterritorydispute______.A.beingsettledB.tobesettledC.hadsettledD.assettled30.Hisremarksleftme_____abouthisrealpurpose.A.wonderedB.wonderC.towonderD.wondering31.WhenIcaughthim______meIstoppedbuyingthingsthereandstarteddealingwithanothershop.A.cheatingB.cheatC.tocheatD.tobecheating32.Thesaleusuallytakesplaceoutsidethehouse,withtheaudience_____onbenches,chairsorbo*es.A.havingseatedB.seatingC.seatedD.havingbeenseated33.Thesesurveysindicatethatmanycrimesgo_____bythepolice,mainlybecausenotallvictimsreportthem.A.unrecordedB.tobeunrecordedC.un-recordingD.tohavebeenunrecorded34.Ihavenoobjection_______yourstoryagain.A.tohearB.tohearingC.tohavingheardD.tohaveheard35.Thetraditionalapproach____withple*problemsistobreakdownintosmaller,moreeasilymanagedproblems.A.todealingB.indealingC.dealingD.todeal36.Themaninthecornerconfessedto_____alietothemanagerofthepany.A.havetoldB.betoldC.beingtoldD.havingtold37.Heinsistedonthewindows_____openwhilehewassleeping.A.leftB.beingleftC.leavingD.beleft38.Michaelusedtolookhurtandsurprisedwhen______.A