机械外文翻译文献翻译无级变速器

机械专业中英文文献翻译英文原文SteplessspeedtechnologySteplessspeedtee加ologyUSESbeltandtheworkoftheLorddiametersdrivenpulley,cooperatedwiththepowertodeliver,canrealizetheTRANSMISSIONratioofthecontinuouschange,andgettheTRANSMISSIONandengineconditionthebestmatchbetween.Commonstep-lesstransmissionhavehydraulicmech皿calstep-lesstransmissionandbelttypestep-lesstransmission,thecurrentdomesticmarketofthevehiclesalreadymoreandmore.Editorthissectionstep-lesstransmissionandtheoriginoftheautomatictransmissionAutomatictransmissioniseasytooperate,reducefatiguedriving,bornofthegeardrivesystem,thecontrolmethod,itcanbedividedintothehydrauliccontrolledhydraulicandelectricautomatictransmissionhydraulicautomatictransmission;Accordingtothechangeofthetransmissionwayandcanbedividedintohavelevelsofautomatictransmissionandnolevelsofautomatictransmission.Therefore,step-lesstransmissionisactuallyakindofautomatictransmission,butitthancommonautomatictransmissionismuchmorecomplex,moreadvancedtec血ologies.Step-lesstransmissionandcommonhydraulicautomatictransmissionofthebiggestdifferencesisonthestructure,thelatterisbyhydrauliccontrolgear如vesystemstructure,stillhavethegears,itcanberealizedinbetweenthetwoblockiscontinuouslyvariabletransmission,andistwogroupsplateandabeltspeedofthantraditionalautomatictransmission,simplestructure,smaller.Inaddition,itisfreetochangegearratios,soastorealizethefullspeedsteplessspeedchange,makemoresmoothly,withoutthetraditionaltransmissionshiftatthe'"'feeling.Editorthissectionstep-lesstransmissionclassificationTorealizesteplessspeed,如vingmodecanbeadoptedaccordingtotheliquidtransmission,powertransmissionandmech皿caldrivethreeways.LiquidtransmissionLiquidtransmissionisdividedintotwokinds:onekindishydraulic,mainlyiscomposedbythepumpandmotororthevalveandpumpv缸ablespeedoftransmissiondevice,applytosmallandmedium-sizedpowertransmission.Anotherkindishydraulictype,adoptshydrauliccouplerorhydraulictorqueofvariablespeeddrive,usedinhighpower(kw)TohundredsofthousandsofThemaincharacteristicsofliquidtransmissionis:speedrange,canabsorbtheimpactandbigtopreventtransmissionefficiencyhigh,overload,longlife,easytorealizeautomation:manufacturingprecisiondemandishigh,thepriceismoreexpensive,outputcharacteristicsforconstanttorque,slidingrateisbigger,runningvulnerabletoleak.PowertransmissionPowertransmissionbasicallyisdividedintothreecategories:onekindiselectromagneticslidingtype,itisintheasynchronousmotorinstalledinelectromagneticclutch,slidingbychangingitsexcitercurrenttospeed,thisbelongstoakindofrelativelybackwardspeedadjustmentway.Thecharacteristicsofsimplestructure,lowcost,convenientoperationandmaintenance,sliding,lowefficiency,biggestfever,notsuitableforlong-termseriousloadoperation,thegeneralusedonlyforsmallpowertransmission.Secondisthedcmotortype,changesinthemagneticfluxorchangethearmaturevoltagerealizethespeed.Itscharacteristicisspeedrange,highprecision,largeandcomplex,highcostbutequipment,maintenancedifficulties,areusedformediumpowerrange(dozenstohundredsofkw),hasgraduallybeenacmotortypeinstead.Threekindsofacmotortypeis,throughthechangepole,pressurecontrolandfrequencyconversionforthespeed.Themostpracticalapplicationforvariablefrequencyspeedregulation,namelydeserveusingahorns,andthengetluffingpowerdrivemotorvariablespeed.Itscharacteristicisthespeedperformanceisgood,range,highefficiency,itcanautomaticcontrol,smallvolume,itissuitableforawiderangeofpower:mechanicalpropertiesinsinglereducingspeedconstanttorque,lowefficiencyandlowspeedrunningsmoothenough,thepriceishigher,maintenanceshouldbeprofessional.Inrecentyears,frequencyconverterasanadvanced,excellentvariablespeeddevicerapiddevelopmentofmachinery,step-lesstransmissionproducedacertainimpactMechanicaltransmissionThemaincharacteristicofthemechanicaltransmissionisstable,rotatespeedslidingrate,reliable,andhassmallconstantpowermechanicalproperties,thetransmissionefficiencyishigh,andsimplestructure,convenientmaintenance,thepriceisrelativelycheap;Butpartsprocessingandlubricationtodemandhigherbearingcapacity,lowresistance,resistanceto皿pactoverloadandpoor,sogeneralsuitableformediumandsmallpowertransmission.MTThemanualtransmission(MT:ManualTransmission)gearset,becausethenumberofteethofeachgearisfixed,eachgearratioisafixedvalue(thatis,theso-called"level").Forexample,ablockratioof3.455,thesecondgearis2.056tothefive-speed0 .85,thesefiguresaremultipliedbythemainreductionratioisthetotaltransmissionratioofthepowertrain,5-speedtransmission5value(ie5level),soitisastep-variabletransmission.Themanualtransmissionisthemostcommontransmission,composedofrelativelyATandCVT,itsstructureissimple,themainaxisoftheinputshaft,outputshaftandtheintermediateshaft,theshaftbearings,eachgear,thesynchronizer,theshiftoperatingmechanism.Manualtransmissionfailurerateisrelativelylow,theuseoflowercost.ATAutomatictransmission(AT:AutomaticTransmission)automaticupshiftsanddowns皿sliftinggearcontrol,computerbasedprimarilyonspeedandload(throttlepedalstroke),butalsorefertoavarietyofsignaltransmissionoiltemperature,shiftmode.ThesamepointoftheATandMTbothstep-variabletransmission,onlythattheAThasacontinuousspeedratiovariationintherespectivegear,andthespeedaccordingtothevehiclespeedautomaticallytoachieveagearchangeforhandcanbeeliminatedblockcars"frustrated"variableblockfeeling.(1)ATstructure:Comparedwithmanualwave,hydraulicautomatictransmission(AT)areverydifferentinstructureanduse.Manuallywavesmainlycomposedofgearsandshafts,vE印ablespeedtorquegeneratedbydifferentgearcombinations;ATbythetorqueconverter,aplanetarygearandthehydraulicsteeringsystem,toachieveav印ablespeedhydraulictransmissionandgearcombinationmoment.WhereinthetorqueconverteristhemostcharacteristicpartsoftheAT,itiscomposedbythepumpimpeller,turbineandguidewheelmember,directlyentertheenginepowertransmittingtorqueandclutcheffect.(2)ATadvantagesanddisadvantages:ATwithoutaclutchshift,gearchangeslessstableconnection,sotheoperationiseasy,bothtocar,bringcomforttothecar.Butthedisadvantageisalsooneofthespeedchangesinresponsetoslow,thereisnomanualtransmissionissensitive,somanyplaycarownersliketoopenamanualtransmissioncar;Second,theeconomiccostofoil,thetransmissionefficiencyislowvariabletorquerangeislimited,inrecentyears,theintroductionofelectroniccontroltec血ologyimprove伽sproblem;institutionalcomplex,difficulttorepair.High-Speedcircula血gwithinthetorqueconverterhydraulicoil邓11generateheat,soastousethespecifiedhigh temperaturehydraulicoil.Inaddition,ifthecarcannotbestartedduetobatterypowershortage,youcannotstartwithatruckortrailerbed.Haulingfaultcar,payattentiontothedrivewheelsoffthegroundtoprotecttheAutomaticgearfromdamage.(3)AMTAMTtransformation,majorchangesinthemechanicaltransmission(manualtransmission)basedontheoriginalmanualshiftcontrolsection.Inthecaseoftheoveralltransmissionstructureconstantthroughtheinstallationofcomputer-controlledroboticsystemstoachievetheautomationoftheshift.AMTisactuallyarobotsystemtocompletethetwomovementsopera血gtheclutchandthegearselector.AMTistheproductionofmanualwavebasedonthetransformation,productioninheritance,investmentresponsibilitywithlowerproductionplant.AMT'scoretec加ologyiscomputer-controlled,electronictec血ologyandquality呻directlydetenninethequalityoftheperformanceandoperationoftheAMT3,theCVTThecontinuouslyvariabletransmission(CVT:ContinuousVariableTransmission)withastep-typemaindifferenceinthat:itisthespeedratioisnotinterrupted,butaseriesof山scretevalues,forexample,hasbeenchangingfrom3.455to0.85.CVTstructureissimplerthanconventionalautomatictransmission,smaller,neithermanymanualtransmissiongearpair,thereisnoautomatictransmissioncomplexplanetarygearset,itdependsmainlyonthemaindrivenwheelandmetalbandorwheeldialtoachievethespeedratiosteplesschange.Itsprincipleisasseveralsetsofgearsizeswatchedunderthecontrolofanaggregatewithacommongearbox,andad市erentspeedratio,likeabicyclepedaldrivenbythesizeofthewheelandthechainwheelstorotateatdifferentspeeds.Alsochangesduetothedifferentstrengthofthethrustgeneratedbyeachgroupgearsizes,resul血ginthetransmissionoutputspeed,inordertoachievethebradycardiarotation,regardlessofgrade.CVTbeltsandvariable-widthratchetpowertransmission,i.e.,whentheratchetwheelchangesthegroovewidthoftheelbow,correspondingtotheshiftchangethecontactradiusofthedrivewheelandthedrivenwheelonthedrivingbelt,abeltshipswitharubberband,metalbandandmetalchain.CVTistrulystepless,itislightweight,smallsize,fewerparts,andAThasahigh机械专业中英文文献翻译operatingefficiency,lowerfuelconsumption.CVTdisadvantageisobvious,isthetransmissionbeltcanbeeasilydamaged,cannotwithstandagreaterload,lowpowerandlowtorquevehiclescanonlyberestrictedtoabout1litero扭splacement,sotheshareoftheautomatictransmission4.A代erthemajorcarcompaniesvigorouslyresearchinrecentyears,thesituationhasimprovedCVTwillbethedevelopmentdirectionoftheautomatictransmission.DomesticvehiclemodelsequippedwiththeCVT,suchastheNissanTeana,Sylphy,X-Trailfullrangeofmodels,FAW-Volkswagen,Audi,theGuangqiHondaFit,SouthFiatSiena,PaBaclofen,CheryCowinThemainstructureandworkingprincipleoftheCVT(1)steelbeltCVTTheCVTisacombinationofpulleysandasteelstrip,poweristransmittedtoreplacetheconventionalgeardevice.Themaincomponentsofthebasicmemberoftheinclu血gcapstangroup,adrivenwheelset,ametalband,andahydraulicpump,etc..Metalbandbythetwobeamsofmetalringsandhundredsofsheetmetal.Capstangroupandadrivenwheelsetbythemovablediscandthefixedrent,closetoonesideofthepulleyandthecylindercanslideontheshaft,theothersideisfixed.Movableplateandthefixedplateconestructure,theconeformingaV-groovetoengagewiththeV-shapedmetaltransmissionbelt.ThepoweroutputoftheengineoutputshaftisfirstpassedtothecapstanoftheCVT,andthenistransmittedtothedrivenwheelthroughaV-typepowertransmissionbelt,andfinallyviathegearunit,thedifferentialistransmitted tothewheelstodrivethecar.ThroughthecapstanandthedrivenwheelwhenthemovablediscforaxialmovementtochangetheworkingradiusofthecapstanandthetaperedsurfaceofthedrivenpulleywithaV-typedrivebeltengaging,therebychangingthetransmissionratio.Theamountofaxialmovementofthemovableplatenisneededbythedriverthroughthecontrolsystemtoadjustthecapstan,thefollowerwheelcylinderofthehydraulicpumppressuretoachieve.Continuouslyadjustedinordertoachieveacontinuouslyvariabletransmissioncanbeachievedduetotheworkingradiusofdrivepulleyanddrivenpulley.InthetheCVThydraulicsystem,theroleoftheslavecylindertocontrolthetensionofthemetalband,inordertoensuretheefficientandreliabledeliveryofpowerfromtheengine.ActivecylindertocontrolthepositionofthedrivingbevelwheelmovesaxiallyalongtheV-groovemoveinthethecapstangroupmetalband,duetotheconstantlengthofthemetalstrip,agroupofthedrivenwheelintheoppositedirectiononthemetalstripalongtheV-groovechanges.Changetheradiusofgyrationofthemetalstripinthethecapstangroupandadrivenwheelsetonthecontinuousvariationofthespeedratio.Whenthecarisstarted,thesmallworkingradiusofthedrivingwheel,thetransmissioncangetalargergearratio,thusensuringthedriveaxletohaveenoughtorquetoensurethecarhasahigheraccelerationAsthespeedincreases,thecapstanworkingradiusisgraduallyreduced,theworkingradiusofthedrivenwheelincreasesaccordingly,andtheCVTtransmissionisdecreasedsothatthecarcantravelathigherspeeds.(2)wheelrotaryCVTautomobilesCanbeusedtodelivermorepowerandtorqueapplicableinalargerdisplacementautomobiles加sCVTcombinationofturntableandrollertransferdrivetorqueandchangethetransmissionratio.Itischangedbymovingthepowerrollertransmissionratio,inputclialtothepowerrollerforceisappliedinatimelymanner,sothatCVTgearratiochangeofthereactionfasterthanthestrip-typeCVT,inordertoachievethe如ver'sacceleratorinputofthetransmissionratiochangeslinearly.Inaddition,similartothestrip-driveCVT,thecontinuouschangeofthetransmissionratiosothatthedrivercanenjoyseamlesssmoothshifting,withoutanyshi:ftshock.Enginepowertrans皿ttedtoaninputdialinput 矢口altotherotationalmovementofthetrans皿ttingpowertothewheel,andthenpassedthroughtherollerstotheoutputoftheturntable.Bycontinuouslychangingtheinc血ationangleofthepowerroller,CVTperformsasmoothandcontinuousgearratiochanges.Thesizeofthecontactcirclebetweenthepointsofcontactbetweentheinputwheelandthepowerrollercirclesizeandtheoutputofthe如alandthepowerrollerischangedaccor恤gtothechangeoftheinclinationangleofthepowerroller.Thesizeratioofthecirclecorrespon血gtotheinputtheturntableandoutputrotationalspeedratiooftheturntable,therotationalspeedratioisequaltothedriveratio.Whenthetheoutputdialcircleislarger,therotationoftheoutputclialslowerthantheinputdial,whichisequivalenttothetraclitionallow-endofthetrans皿ssion.Conversely,output中alcirclesmall,therotationoftheoutput山alfasterthantheinputclial,whichisequivalenttothehigh-endofthetraditionaltransmission.Themomentumwheelissupportedonthetruimionconnectedaboveandbelowtheassemblyandthehydraulicservopistoncanmoveupanddown.Powerroller,thisconfigurationallowseachrollerrotatingaroundthetrunnion.Whenthepowerrolleraxisthroughthewheelcenter,doesnotproducetheforceofthetiltofthewheel.Accordingly,sincethewheeltiltremainsunchanged,itisnochangeinthetrans 血ssionratio.Sincethehigh-speedrotationoftheturntable,aslongasthewheelmovesupordown.0.1mmto1.0mm,canbetilted.Thisimmediateresponsetoagearratiochangeinstruction,theEXT ROIDCVTcausep血cularlyrapidtransmissionratiochange.Theinclinationangleofthepowerrollerhydraulicmechanismformanipulation.Despitethetransmissionratioischangedbytiltingthepowerroller,butnotdirectlytothewheelafterburner.Instead,theforcegeneratedusingtheturntablesothattheinclinedrollerwhentheverticalmovementofthewheelfromthecenteraxis,theturntableontherollertilt.Asthehigh-speedrotarydial,如1theforcesgeneratedbythewheelmovementandforcethehoursimme小atelytilt,sowecanquicklyfeelthetransmissionratiochangessignificantly.Whenthedriver'sacceleratorinput,andthelinearaccelerationanddeceleration.机械专业中英文文献翻译中文译文无级变速器无级变速技术，它采用传动带和工作直径可变的主、从动轮相配合来传递动力，可以实现传动比的连续改变，从而得到传动系与发动机工况的最佳匹配。常见的无级变速器有液力机械式无级变速器和金属带式无级变速器自动变速器，按齿轮变速系统的控制方式，它可以分为液控液压自动变速器和电控液压自动变速器；按传动比的变化方式又可分为有级式自动变速器和无级式自动变速器。因此无级变速器实际上是自动变速器的一种，但它比常见的自动变速器要复杂得多，技术上也更为先进无级变速器与常见的液压自动变速器最大的不同是在结构上，后者是由液压控制的齿轮变速系统构成，还是有挡位的，它所能实现的是在两挡之间的无级变速，而无级变速器则是两组变速轮盘和一条传动带组成的，比传统自动变速器结构简单，体积更小。另外，它可以自由改变传动比，从而实现全程无级变速，使车速变化更为平稳，没有传统变速器换挡时那种“顿”的感觉为实现无级变速，按传动方式可采用液体传动、电力传动和机械传动三种方式。液体传动液体传动分为两类：一类是液压式，主要是由泵和马达组成或者由阀和泵组成的变速传动装置，适用千中小功率传动。另一类为液力式，采用液力耦合器或液力矩进行变速传动，适用千大功率（几百至几千千瓦）。液体传动的主要特点是调速范围大，可吸收冲击和防止过载，传动效率较高，寿命长，易千实现自动化制造精度要求高，价格较贵，输出特性为恒转矩，滑动率较大，运转时容易发生漏油电力传动电力传动基本上分为三类：一类是电磁滑动式，它是在异步电动机中安装一电磁滑差离合器，通过改变其励磁电流来调速，这属千一种较为落后的调速方式。其特点结构简单，成本低，操作维护方便：滑动最大，效率低，发热严重，不适合长期负载运转，故一般只用千小功率传动。 二类是直流电动机式，通过改变磁通或改变电枢电压实现调速。其特点是调速范围大，精度也较高，但设备复杂，成本高，维护困难，一般用千中等功率范围（几十至几百千瓦），现已逐步被交流电动机式替代。三类是交流电动机式，通过变极、调压和变频进行调速。实际应用最多者为变频调速，即采用一变幅器获得变幅电源，然后驱动电动机变速。其特点是调速性能好、范围大、效率较高，可自动控制，体积小，适用功率范围宽：机械特性在降速段位恒转矩，低速时效率低且运转不够平稳，价格较高，维修需专业人员。近年来，变频器作为一种先进、优良的变速装置迅速发展，对机械无级变速器产生了一定的冲击。机械传动机械传动的特点主要是：转速稳定，滑动率小，工作可靠，具有恒功率机械特性，传动效率较高，而且结构简单，维修方便，价格相对便宜；但零部件加工及润滑要求较高，承载能力较低，抗过载及耐冲击性较差，故一般适合千中、小功率传动1、MT手动变速器（MT：ManualTransmission）采用齿轮组，由千每挡齿轮组的齿数是固定的，所以各挡速比是个固定值（也就是所谓的”级”）。比如，一挡速比是3.455,二挡是2.056,再到五挡的0.85,这些数字再乘上主减速比就是汽车动力传动系统的总传动比， 5机械专业中英文文献翻译挡变速器共有5个值(即有5级)，所以说它是有级变速器。手动变速器是最常见的变速器，相对AT和CVT而言，它的结构最简单，主要由输入轴轴出轴和中间轴、各轴轴承、各挡齿轮、同步器、换挡操纵机构组成。手动变速器故障率相对较低，使用成本也较低。2、AT自动变速器(A:AitonaticTransmission)可以自动升挡和降挡，电脑主要根据车速和负荷(油门踏板的行程)进行升降挡控制，同时还要参考变速器油温、换挡模式等多种信号。AT与MT的相同点就是二者都是有级式变速器，只不过AT在各个挡位都有一段连续的速比变化，而且能根据车速的快慢来自动实现挡位的增减，可以消除手挡车“顿挫"的变挡感觉。AT的结构与手动波相比，液力自动波(AT)在结构和使用上有很大的不同。手动波主要由齿轮和轴组成，通过不同的齿轮组合产生变速变矩 而AT是由液力变扭器、行星齿轮和液压操系统组成，通过液力传递和齿轮组合的方式来达到变速变矩。中液力变扭器是AT最具特点的部件，它由泵轮、涡轮和导轮等构件组成，直接输入发动机动力传递扭矩和离合作用。AT的优缺点AT不用离合器换档，档位少变化大，连接平稳，因此操作容易，既给开车人带来方便，也给坐车人带来舒适。但缺点也多，一是对速度变化反应较慢，没有手动波灵敏，因此许多玩车人士喜欢开手动波车； 二是费油不经济，传动效率低变矩范围有限，近年引入电子控制技术改善了这方面的问题；三是机构复杂，修理困难。在液力变扭器内高速循环流动的液压油会产生高温，所以要用指定的耐高温液压油。另外，如果汽车因蓄电池缺电不能启动，不能用推车或拖车的方法启动。如果拖运故障车，要注意使驱动轮脱离地面，以保护自动波齿轮不受损害。(3)AMT崩T在机械变速器(手动波)原有基础上进行改造，主要改变手动换档操纵部分。即在总体传动结构不变的情况下通过加装微机控制的自动操纵系统来实现换挡的自动化。因此从IT实际上是由一个机器人系统来完成操作离合器和