新视野大学英语第一册unit1课后单词详解

第一单元rewardvt.givesth.inreturnforgoodandvaluabledoings奖员;回祖Hewasrewardedhandsomelyforhisefforts.他的努力得到了可观的回报。Itisoftennecessarytorewardpeoplefortheirhardwork,ifyouwantthemtocontinueworkinghardforyou.如果你想要人们继续努力工作,就有必要奖励他们的工作。n.[C,U]sth.asareturnforgoodandvaluabledoings奖赏;回报Asarewardforpassingtheexams,shegotanewbikefromherparents.因为通过了考试,父母奖励给她ー辆新自行车。Shegotnorewardforallthehardworkshedid.她辛苦的工作并没有得到嘉奖rewardinga.givingsb.satisfaction,pleasure,orprofit值得做的,有益的,有意义的Doingexercisecanbeveryrewardingforeveryone.锻炼身体对每个人都会有好处。Shefindshercareerveryrewarding.她觉得自己的工作很有意义。frustratevt.1.causesb.tohavefeelingsofdisappointment使沮丧,使灰心Thelackofevidenceinthiscaseisfrustratingthepolice.警方因案件缺乏证据而感到伤脑筋。Thedifficultiesoflearninganewlanguagefrustratedthestudentswhowantedtousethelanguagerightaway.学习ー门新语言的困难使那些想立即使用那种语言的学生沮丧不已。2.causethefailureofsth.使挫败,使受挫折Thebadweatherfrustratedourhopesofgoingout.坏天气使我们打消了外出的念头。Thepolicefrustratedhisattempttoescape.警方挫败了他逃跑的企图。juniora.havingalowposition,level,orrank（地位、水平、层次）较低的Shestartedworkasajuniorreporteronalocalnewspaperbeforeworkingherwayuptohigherpositions.她从本地一家报社当初级记者干起,通过努力职位不断上升。Studentsspendsixyearsinelementaryeducationandthreeyearsinjuniormiddleschool.学生在小学上六年,初中上三年。n.1.[C]sb.whoisyounger年少者Heismyjuniorbyseveralyears.他比我小几岁。Shemarriedamansevenyearsherjunior.她跟ー个比自己小7岁的男人结了婚。[C]sb.ofloworlowerposition（地位或等级）较低者:晚辈Shejoinedthefirmayearagoandisnowmyjunior.她一年前到公司工作,现在是我的下属。Theseniorofficershouldhavebeenawareofwhathisjuniorsweredoing.那位上司早该清楚自己下属的所作所为。positivea.1.helpfulandencouraginginachievingsth.积极的EveryonewenttoMaryforadvice,becauseMarywasknownforhavingapositiveattitudeandbeingabletomakeotherpeoplefeelgood.大家都向玛丽讨教,因为众所周知她总是态度积极,会使大家感觉良好。Weneedtotakepositivestepstoimprovethesituationoffamiliesinpoverty.我们必须采取积极措施改善贫困家庭的处境。definite;allowingnoroomfordoubt确实的，明确的Itseemsunlikelytome,butsheseemedverypositive.这在我看来是不可能的,但她却非常肯定。I'mabsolutelypositiveIhaven'tmadeamistake.我没有错,这一点我绝对肯定。seniora.havingahigherposition,level,orrank（地位、水平、层次）较高的Studentsleavemiddleschoolattheendoftheirsenioryear.学生在中学高年级结束之后离校。Thedelegationconsistsofseniorfiguresfromeducationandbusiness.代表团由教育界和工商界的资深人士组成。n.1.[C]sb.whoisolder较年长者Seniorscangeta10%discountinthisdepartmentstore.老人在该百货店可得到九折的优惠。Herhusbandwasnineyearshersenior.她丈夫比她大9岁。[C]sb.ofhighorhigherposition（地位或等级）较高者;长辈Onlytheseniorsmadethedecisionsamongus.在我们中间只有年资较高的人才有决定权。Thethreeviceministersaremyseniors.三位副部长都是我的上司。formera.ofanearlierperiod在前的,以前的，旧时的Informertimes,peoplewerehangedforstealinginBritain.以前,在英国小偷被处以绞刑。Theparkhasbeenreducedtohalfitsformersize.公园的规模已被缩减到以前的一半大了。n.（the~）thefirstofthetwopeopleorthingsjustmentioned前者Betweensmallchangesandbigchanges,theformerismorelikely.在小变化和大变化两者之中,前者的可能性更大。GiventhechoicebetweenawhiteT-shirtandagreenone,mostpeoplewouldchoosetheformerbecausegreenisnotpopular.如果让大家选择是要白T恤还是绿T恤,大多数会选择前者,因为绿色不流行。unlikeprep,notlike;differentfrom不像;和…不同Hewasfirmandsteadyunlikeothermensheknew.他坚毅、稳健,跟她认识的其他男人不一样。Herrecentreportisquiteunlikeherearlierwork.她最近的报告与以前的大不相同。intimidatevt.createafeelingoffear恐吓,威胁Theyintimidatedhimintodoingwhattheywanted.他们胁迫他干他们要干的事。Johnintimidatedhisbrotherintonottellingtheirparentsthetruth.约翰威胁他弟弟,不准他把真相告诉父母。opportunityn.[C,U]agoodmomentorchancefordoingsth.机会,时机Helovedmusic,butbecausehisfamilywaspoor;hedidn'thaveanopportunitytotakelessons.他喜爱音乐,但因家里太穷,他没有机会去学。Allheneedsisanopportunitytoshowhisability.他需要的只是展现自己才能的机会。onlinea.connectedtoothercomputersthroughtheInternet联线的;联网的;在线的HetookanonlinecoursetoimprovehisEnglish.他选了网上课程以提高英语水平。Theresultoftheonlinesurveyhasprovedtobepositive.在线调查结果证明是积极的。ad.doingsth.online联线地;联网地I'lljustgoonlineandlookupheraddress.我刚好要上网查她的地址。Todaymorethan80%ofcustomer'squestionsareansweredonline.现今,顾客80%以上的咨询都给予在线答复。communicationn.[U]theactionofsendingandexchanginginformation交流;交际;通iHMobilephoneisanimportantmeansofcommunication.手机是重要的通讯工具。Generationgaparisesfromalackofcommunicationbetweentheyoungandtheold.代沟的产生是由于青老年间缺乏交流。mediumn.[C](pl.mediaormediums)amethodforgivinginformation媒介,媒体TVisamediumforgivinginformationandopinions.电视是传递消息和观点的媒体。Lighttravelsthroughthemediumofair.光通过空气传送。a.ofmiddlesize,amount,orquality中等的Theyhaveamedium-sizedhouseintheheartofthecity.他们在市中心有幢中等大小的房子。Whatsizeshirtdoeshewear-mediumorlarge?他适合穿哪个尺码的衬衣——大号还是中号?modemn.[C]调制解调器Heforgottogetamodemwhenheboughthiscomputer.他买计算机时忘记拿调制解调器了。AmodemisnecessaryforconnectingtotheInternet.连接因特网必须用调制解调器。accessn.1.[U]therighttohaveorusesth.享用权Thepeopleintheschoolhaveaccesstothatcomputerlabforfree.这个学校里的人可以免费使用那间电脑室。Studentshaveaccesstomanydifferentcoursestosatisfytheirindividualinterestsandcareerplans.学生可以选择多种课程以满足他们的个人兴趣和职业规划。[U]themeansofenteringaplace通道;入口Thatistheonlyaccessintothebuilding.这是通向大楼的唯一通道。Theroadwastheonlyaccessintoandoutofthesmallvillage.这条路是进出这个小村子的唯一通道。participatevi.takepart参与,参加Somemembersrefusedtoparticipate.有些成员拒绝参加。Onlypersonsaged8yearsorovermayparticipateinthespellingcontest.只有年满8岁或8岁以上的人オ可参加拼写比赛。virtuala.1.createdbythecomputertobesimilartotheexperienceofreallife虚拟的Thisdevicehelpsmakevirtualrealityamoreusableandaccessibletechnology.该设备有助于提高虚拟现实技术的实用性和易用性。Theirrecentonlinestudiesbeganwithanintroductiontothedemandsofthevirtualclassroom.他们新近的在线研究是以对虚拟教室需求介绍开始的。2.almostwhatisstated实质上的;实际上的Itisavirtualcertaintythatyouwillbecomethebeststudentinthisclass;you'vealwaysbeenthebestineverything.事实上已肯定你将是班上最好的学生;你一直在各方面都是最棒的。Findingaparkingspaceinthebusyseasonisavirtualimpossibility.想在旺季找到停车位是不现实的。commitmentn.1.[U]thehardworkandloyaltythatsb.givestoanorganization,activity,etc,投入,致カ,献身Mycommitmenttostudyhasmademethemostsuccessfulpersoninmysmalltown.我对学习的投入使我成为小镇上最成功的人。It'sapart-timeprogram,butit'sstillabigtimecommitment.这虽然不是个全职项目,但却需要投入大量的时间。2.[C]apromisetofollowcertainbeliefsoractions承诺,许诺,保证Marriageisalifelongcommitment.婚姻是终生的承诺。Thegovernorhasmadeastrongcommitmenttocreatingmorejobsinthestate.州长信誓旦旦地保证要给州里创造更多工作机会。disciplinen.1.[U]astateoforderandcontrol;self-contro!纪律;自制能力Hedidnotlikethearmybecauseofthestrictdiscipline.因为纪律太严,他不喜欢军队生活。Ittakesalotofdisciplinetoeatlessandloseweight.要做到少吃减肥得遵守许多清规戒律。2.[C]abranchoflearning学科Shehasnotyetdecidedwhichdisciplinetotakeatcollege,butshemightstudyhistory.她没有决定在大学选修哪门学科,但她可能学历史。Thetraditionalacademicdisciplinesarelesspopularamongstudents,whonowprefersubjectssuchasbusinessstudies.传统的学术科目受学生欢迎的程度有所降低,而今工商类的课程更受他们青睐。minimuma.theleast,orthesmallestpossible最低的，最小的Theminimumagetobuycigarettesis18.购买香烟最低年龄是18岁。Theminimumamountofmoneytoopenanaccountatthatbankistendollars.在那个银行开户至少要有10美元。n.[sing.]thesmallestamount最低限度;最少量Youhavetostayforaminimumofsevendays.你起码要呆上フ天。Thepriceisherminimum;sherefusestoloweritanymore.这是她开的最低价,她拒绝再降价。assignmentn.[C]apieceofworkgiventoaparticularperson任务;作业Halftheworkersweregivendifferentassignments.有一半的工人被分配到不同的任务中。Theteacheraskedherstudentstofinishtheirassignmentseveryday.老师要求学生每天完成作业。embarrassvt.makesb.feelashamed,nervous,oruncomfortable使尴尬,使难堪Gettinguponstagewithoutknowingwhattosayembarrassedme.上台不知道说什么使我感到尴尬。IhopeIdidn'tembarrassyouinfrontofyourfriends.但愿我没有让你在朋友面前感到尴尬。embarrassinga.makingsb.feelembarrassed使人尴尬的;令人难堪的Don'taskmesuchembarrassingquestions.别问我这种尴尬的问题。Thesituationisembarrassing.这种情形令人很尴尬。frustrationn.[C,U]thefeelingofbeingdisappointed,annoyed,orupset沮丧;不女;灰心PoetryhelpsmeexpresssomeofthefrustrationsIfeelattheworld.诗歌一定程度上表达了我对世事的挫折感。Iwasclosetotearswithfrustrationwhiletryingtocompletethedifficultmathexam,butIheldback.数学考试很难,做题时我沮丧得差点掉泪,但还是忍住了。postvt.putupsth.onascreen,wall,ornoticeboard发帖子;张贴Couldyouphotocopytheadvertisementandpostitonthenoticeboardforus?你能不能帮我们把广告复印ー份贴到公告栏里?TheypostnoticesontheInternet,recommendingthatallusers,whetherfrequentorcasual,havetheirdiskschecked.他们在网上贴出通知,告诫所有用户检查自己的软盘。continuala.1.continuingwithoutstopping不间断的,不停的Thecontinualnoiseismakingmeangry.噪音不断,我很生气。Despitecontinualpain,herefusedalldrugs.尽管疼痛不止,他仍然拒绝使用任何药物。happeningagainandagain多次重复的;频繁的 Therehavebeencontinualrequestsforimprovedworkingconditions.人们不断要求改善工作环境。Thecontinualnewsreportsabouttheeconomyhavescaredmanymanufacturers.有关经济状况的频繁新闻报道使很多生产厂家担心不已。continuallyad.1.continuingforalongtimewithoutstopping不间断地，不停地TheMuseumiscontinuallydeveloping-there'ssomethingnewtoseeeveryyear.博物馆不断地扩展ーー年年都可看到新东西。Nomatterhowhardyoutrynottothinkaboutpastfailures,theycontinuallycrossyourmind.不管你怎样努力不去想以往的失败,这些事老在心头萦绕。repeatedlyformanytimesandoveralongperiodoftime多次重复地;频频地Thechildwascontinuallychanginghismind.小孩的想法老是在变。reapvt.1.getsth.zesp.sth.good,asaresultofwhatonehasdone获得,得至リNowtheyhavecometoreapthebenefitsoftheirhardwork.现在他们该摘取他们的劳动成果了。Thosewhotakerisksoftenreapgreatrewards.肯冒风险,オ有大收获。 cutandgatheracropofgrain收割;收获Thewomenwerealloutreapingthefields.妇女们都出去收割庄稼了。Summeristhetimeforreapingaharvestoffruitsandvegetables.夏天是收获水果和蔬菜的季节。benefitn.[C]anythingthatbringshelporprofit益处,好处Somecountriesoffernewcomersmanybenefits,suchasjobtrainingandlanguagelessons.有些国家为初来者提供许多优惠,如工作培训和语言课程。Tourismhasbroughtmanybenefitstothearea.旅游业给这个地区带来了丰厚的收益。beusefulorhelpfulto有益于Thenewteachingprogramwillbenefitmanystudents.这个新的教学项目会使许多学生受益。Heexpectsstockstocontinuetorisehigher,benefitingfromfallinginterestrates.他指望股票还能持续涨高,这样就可从下跌利率中赚上一把。insightn.[C,U]anaccurateordeepunderstandingofsth.洞悉;深刻的见解Thelectureprovidesnewinsightsintothewayweprocesslanguage.这次讲座使我们对语言处理有了新的认识。Herresearchhasgivenussomeinsightintowhatsparksachild'scuriosity.她的研究使我们对诱发孩子好奇心的因素有所了解。communicateexchangefeelings,opinions,orinformationwithotherpeople交流;交師Heisslowinspeakingandcannotcommunicatewithotherpeopleverywell.他说话慢慢吞吞,与人交流能力比较差。Theycouldn'tcommunicateinwriting,becauseWilliamwasilliterate.他们不能书信交流,因为威廉不识字。vt.make(opinions,feelings,orinformation)knownorunderstoodbyothers传达;传播Ourteacherscommunicatetheirideasveryclearly.我们的老师表达思想非常清楚。Shetriedtocommunicateherfearstohermother.她尽力向母亲表明自己的担忧。favoritea.(BrEfavourite)bestlikedormostenjoyed最喜欢的Ofthemanycolorsinnature,redismyfavoritecolorbecauseitisthemostbeautiful.在自然界的诸多颜色中,我最喜欢红色,它最美。Mostpeopleatthestadiumwillbecheeringontheirfavoriteplayers.在运动场上,大多数人都会为自己喜爱的运动员加油。n.[C]sb.orsth.thatislovedaboveallothers特别喜爱的人或物Ilikeallherbooksbutthisismyfavorite.她写的书我都喜欢,但最喜欢这本。Conflictsinthehomeoftenresultfromonechildbeingthoughtofashisparents'favorite.父母视其中一个孩子为掌上明珠常会引发家庭冲突。gapn.[C]abigdifferencebetweentwoamounts,situations,orgroupsofpeople差距;分歧There'saten-yeargapbetweenKay'stwochildren.凯的两个小孩年龄相差10岁。Theagegapbetweenusdidn'tseemtomatteruntilwedecidedtohavechildren.在我们决定要孩子以前,年龄差距对我们似乎没什么影响。attimessometimesbutnotusually有时，偶尔Heusedtogotothetheatreattimes.他以前偶尔会去看看戏。Attimeshefeelsthathewantstoleavehisjob.有时他真想辞职。beworthsth./doingsth.berewardingenoughforthetime,effort,money,etc.值得...的Thewatchisworthmorethantheprice.这表的价值超出标价。Doingmorningexercisesisworththetime.花点时间做早操是值得的。notonly...butalso...不仅...而且...NotonlydidIfindthegameveryboring,butIalsofeltitwasmeaningless.我觉得这场比赛非常枯燥而且没什么意义。NotonlythestoryisinterestingtousbutalsotheEnglishisgoodforustolearn.这故事不仅有趣,而且其英语地道,值得一学。farfromnot...atall;ratherthan一点都不Thecompositionisfarfromperfect.这篇作文太糟了。Iknowhewashurt,buthewasfarfrombeingthepersonwhowashurtmost.我知道他受了伤害,但他还不是受伤害最深的人。acoupleoftwo;asmallnumberof两个;ー些,几个Iwillneedacoupleofminutestocompletethereporttomyboss.我还需要几分钟时间完成给老板的报告。Imethimacoupleoftimeslastyear.去年我遇见过他几次。get/have/obtainaccesstohavetherighttohaveorusesth,有权享用;可以使用Peoplelivingherehaveaccesstothatswimmingpoolforfree.住在这里的人可以免费去那个游泳池游泳。IfIcouldgetaccesstotheheadoffices,Icouldtellthemanagementmynewideasabouthowtoimprovethiscompany.如果我可以到总部办公室去,我就能向管理部门提出改善公司状况的新主意。participateintakepartin参加WeareexpectedtoparticipateactivelyinEnglishclass.我们要积极参与英语课的活动。Sheparticipatedinseveralsportsinseniormiddleschool.在高中时,她参加过好几项运动项目。keepupwithkeepthesamespeedas赶上;小落后Thesmallchildhadtoruninordertokeepupwithhisbrother.这小孩为了赶上他哥哥只好跑了起来。I'mhavingtroublekeepingupwiththerestoftheclass.我要赶上班上其他人还有困难。feellikesth./doingsth.wanttohaveordosth.想要;想做Ifeellikeacupoftea.我想要杯咖啡。Ijustdon'tfeellikedoinganythingtonight.今晚我什么事情都不想干。giveupstopdoingorstoptryingtodosth,停止,放弃Myteachertoldmenottogiveupnomatterhowdifficultthingsbecome.老师要我无论如何困难都不要放弃。I'vegivenuptryingtogethertochangehermind.我已不再争取让她改变主意。thinkoutconsideralltheaspectsanddetailsofsth.beforedoingit仔细考虑;推敲;琢磨Ineedtimetothinkthingsout.我需要时间好好想一下。Shehadn'tthoughtoutwhatshewasgoingtosayattheparty.她还没有想清楚自己在聚会上要说些什么。comeacrossmeet,find,ordiscoversb.orsth.bychance偶然遇到;偶然发现I'venevercomeacrossanyonelikeherfatherbefore.我从来没有遇到像她父亲那样的人。WhileIwascleaningthehouse,IcameacrosssomeoldbabypicturesofmyfatherthatIhadneverseenbefore.在打扫房间时,我偶然发现了几张我父亲还是婴儿时的老照片,这些照片我过去从未见过。reapthebenefit(s)getsth.asarewardforsth.done获得益处,得到好处Onlyapartofthepeoplehavereapedthebenefitsfromthenewpolicy.只有一部分人从新政策中受益。Buttheteenagersshouldreapthebenefitsofamorepersonal,better-runservice.然而青少年应该享受到更加个性化、实施质量更好的服务。tradeforexchangefor用...换...Itradedmyoldcarforanewone.我把旧车换成了新车。Inordertopayoffhisdebts,hehadtotradehispianoformoney.为了还债,他只好把钢琴拿去换钱。givesb.insight(s)intogivesb.adeepunderstandingofsth,深刻理解Thediscussiongaveusarealinsightintothecausesofthepresenteconomiccrisis.这场讨论使我们对当前经济危机的原因有了真正的认识。Thestorygaveusinsightintohisdeterminationtowinandhisdesiretobecomethebest.这件事使我们对他决心获胜、渴望完美的心情有了深刻的认识。nowthatbecauseofsth.orasaresultofsth•既然,由于Nowthatyouhavecome,youmaystayhere.你既然来了,就留在这里吧。Nowthatweknoweachotherbetter;wegetalongfine.既然大家相互了解更深了,相处也就融洽了。insteadof而不是;代替Theyraisedpricesandcutproductioninsteadofcuttingcosts.他们又是提价，又是减产,却没有降低成本。HetookEnglishashismajorinsteadofJapanese.他选择学英语,而没选日语。reachouttocommunicatewith;contact接触,联糸Onlinelearninghelpsusreachouttonewfriends.网络学习使我们接触新朋友。Irealizedatthesametimehewasreachingouttome；hewasalsoaskingforhelp.我同时也察觉到他正在联系我:他在寻求帮助。communityn.1.[C]agroupofpeoplewhohavethesameinterests,religion,race,etc.团体;界Therearefourwaysyoucanhelpprovidethisimportantservicetoouracademiccommunity.你可以通过四种方式协助向我们学会提供这项重要服务。AccordingtoMr.Ellison,businessonlinewillquicklyevolveintoaWeb-basedbusinesscommunity.艾立森先生认为,网上交易会很快演变为基于网络的商务社团。2.[C]thepeoplewholiveinthesamearea,town,etc,社区居民;社区Themurderhasshockedthelocalcommunitywhoneverexpectedsuchathingtohappenintheirsmalltown.这桩凶杀案让当地居民很震惊,他们谁都没想到在这小镇上会发生这样的事。Theymaderegulationstobettermanagethecommunity.他们确立规章制度,以更好地管理社区。expandv.makeorbecomelargerinsize,number,oramount（使）变大;（使）扩张;（使）膨胀Eversincehestartedschool,hehastriedtoexpandhismindwithnewinformation.从开始上学起,他就想用新知识充实头脑。Pepsihasaggressiveplanstoexpandoverseas.百事可乐雄心勃勃,计划拓展海外市场。awarea.havingknowledgeorunderstanding意识到的;知道的Newbabiesaresometimesnotawareofotherpeople.新生儿有时意识不到他人的存在。Wewerenotawareoftherainuntilwewentoutside.直到我们走出门オ意识到下雨了。uniquea.1.unusuallygoodandspecia（极不寻常的,极好的Wehavedevelopedauniquemethodforpreparingbeef.我们发明了一种加工牛肉的好方法。Theexhibitionprovidedauniqueopportunitytoseetheartist'swork.这次展览是一次欣赏该艺术家作品的好机会。beingtheonlyoneofitstype唯一的,独特的,独ー无二的Themusicisuniquetothatcountry.这是那个国家特有的音乐。Eachperson'sfingerprintsareunique.每个人的指纹都是独ー无二的。ideala.1.thebestormostsuitablethatsth.couldpossiblybe最好的;理想的Anidealplaceforahomewouldbenearapark.理想的家居应靠近公园。I'mafraidtheworkingconditionsherearefarfromideal.恐怕这里的工作条件不够理想。asgoodasonecanimagine,butnotlikelytoberea!想象的;理想化的Theidealdesignwouldneverbeputintopractice.脱离实际的设计永远不会付诸实施。Platodreamedofanidealsociety.柏拉图梦想有一个理想社会。forumn.[C]aplacewherepeoplepubliclydiscusssth.论坛;讨论会Theassociationbeganasaforumforsharingideasaboutmanagementproblems.那个协会开始时是个论坛,交流关于管理方面的问题。Italsoprovidedaforumforthelatestresearchresults.它还为最新研究成果提供了一个论坛。removevt.1.getridofsth.sothatitdoesnotexistanylonger消除Ican'tremovethisstainfromthecarpet.我去不掉地毯上的污渍。Itwouldbebestforthegovernmenttoremove,ratherthanreduce,thetaxburdenplacedonpoorfarmers.最好是由政府免除贫困农民的缴税负担,而不是减轻负担。2.takesth.awayfromtheplacewhereitis移开,挪走Tompausedtoremovehissunglasses.汤姆略作停顿,取下了太阳镜。Removethepotfromtheheatandallowittocool.把罐子从火上拿开,使其冷却。visuala.relatingtoseeing视觉的Childrenlearntoreadbyunderstandingvisualsymbols.儿童是通过理解视觉符号来学会阅读的。Evenifyoudon'tbuyanything,shoppingisenjoyableforthevisualexperiencealone.你就是不买东西,逛逛商场也大饱眼福。barriern.[C]sth.thatpreventssb.fromdoingsth.,orlimitswhattheycando障碍Danceisanentertainmentwithoutalanguagebarrier.舞蹈是ー种没有语言障碍的娱乐形式。Alackofeducationisabarriertoagoodjob.受教育程度不够是找好工作的一大障碍。hindervt.makeitdifficultforsb.todosth.,orforsth.todevelop阻碍,妨碍，阻止Thehighcostofthevaccinehasseverelyhindereditsuse.疫苗价格昂贵严重影响了它的使用。Theprojecthasbeensomewhathinderedbyfinancialrestraintsandmuchremainstobedone.项目在一定程度上受到资金限制,许多事仍然没做。additionn.1.[U]theactofaddingsth.tosth.else添加Theadditionofmoremeatintomydiethascausedmetogainweight.在饮食中添加肉食使我体重增加。In1987,thehousewasrebuiltwiththeadditionofasecondfloor.1987年房子翻修了一次,增加了一个楼层。2.[C]sth.thatisaddedtosth.else增加物Abottleofwinewouldmakeapleasantadditiontothemeal.这顿饭要再有一瓶葡萄酒可就锦上添花了。Additionsaremadetothenamelistfromtimetotime.那份名单在不断进行补充。reflectv.1.thinkquietlyanddeeply深思,考虑,反省Thingswereverydifferentbeforethewar;hereflected.他想,战前的局势真是大不一样。Shereflectedforamomentandthendecidedtochangehermindaboutgettingmarriedatsuchayoungage.她考虑了一阵子,最后决定改变主意,不那么年轻就结婚。2.showorbeasignofaparticularsituationorfeeling反映,体现Afterlisteningtoherfriends,shebelievedthattheirangerdidnotreflecttheirrealattitudes.听了朋友的话后,她相信他们生气并不说明他们的真正态度。Hisideasreflectedtheinfluenceofhisfamilybackground.他的想法反映了家庭背景的影响。environmentn.[C,U]thephysicalandsocialconditionsinwhichpeoplelive环境;周边状况;自然环境Dogirlslearnbetterinanall-femaleenvironment?女孩在纯女性的环境下学习状况是否会更好呢?lt*snotaverysafeenvironmentforchildrenthere.儿童处在那样的环境下不太安全。criticala.1.veryimportant极为重要的,关键性的Hishelpiscriticaltooursuccess.他的帮助对我们的成功非常关键。Practiceisacriticalfactorinlearningalanguage.练习是学习ー门语言的关键因素。givingacarefuljudgmentofthequalitiesofsth.评论的Hisassignmentwastowritea20criticalreviewofJaneAustin.他的作业是写ー篇20页的文章评论简•奥斯汀。Hemadeacriticalanalysisoftheevent.他对这ー事件作了评论性的分析。perspectiven.[C]awayofthinkingaboutsth.视角;观点Lawyersandeconomistsoftenapproachproblemsfromdifferentperspectives.律师与经济学家看待问题的角度往往是不同的。Wemustlookattheproblemintherightperspectiveifwearetomakepositivechangeinthewaywedothings.如果要积极地改变我们做事的办法,必须以正确的眼光看待这个问题。peern.[C]apersonofthesameage,class,orposition同龄人;同等地位的人Theboywaspopularwithhispeers.那个男孩很受同龄人的欢迎。AmericanchildrendidnotdoaswellinmathastheirpeersinChina.美国儿童在数学方面的表现不如中国儿童。instructvt.1.teachsb.sth.,orshowthemhowtodosth.教育,指导Withoutanyonetoinstructmeonvalues,Ilearnedthedifferencebetweenrightandwrongbymyself.没有人教,我自己就学会了判断价值的正误。Hewassenttoinstructtheworkersinoperatingthenewmachine.他被派去教工人们操作新机器。2.officiallytellsb.whattodo指示,命令;通知Touristsareinstructednottotakepicturesinsidethebuilding.游客被告知楼内禁止拍照。Themanagerinstructedhissecretarytocancelallhisappointments.经理要秘书取消他所有的预约。instructorn.[C]ateacher教师;指导者HeworkedasadanceinstructorinLondon.他在伦敦担任舞蹈教师。Teachingmethodsandtechniquesmayvarybyinstructors.教授方法和技巧因教师而异。arisevi.(arose,arisen)comeintobeing;appear;happen出现;发生Whatcanteachersdowhenlegalproblemsarise?如果出现法律问题,老师们能做些什么呢?Allstaffmembersareexpectedtoworkovertime,iftheneedarises.如果有需要,全体员工都要加班工作。(from)comefrom(由…)引起,(由…)产生Errorsandmistakesoftenarisefrompoorjudgment.差错与过失往往来自于判断失误。Thecivilwararosefromthesocialinjusticespresentinthecountry.内战的爆发是因为该国存在社会不公现象。pleteortota!完全的;十足的Therewasabsolutecertaintyinhisvoiceandnodoubtabouttheactionsheshouldtakenext.他的口气绝对的肯定,下一步怎么办是不容置疑的。Hehasabsoluteconfidenceinwhatwasabouttohappen.他对即将发生的事完全有信心。pletelyandineveryway完全地;十足地Thisstatementshouldbeabsolutelyclearinthemindsofeveryoneconcernedandshouldnotbemisunderstoodunderanycircumstances.所有相关人员必须对该声明做到心中完全有数,在任何情况下都不允许曲解。Theworkofthesalesteamwasabsolutelycriticaltothemissionofthecompany.销售组的工作对完成公司的任务至关重要。explicita.expressedinaclearanddirectway清楚的;直截了当的He'snotbeingveryexplicitabouthisplans,ishe?他对他的计划有意含糊其辞,是吗?Mr.Smithleftexplicitinstructionsthathewasn'ttobedisturbed.史密斯先生明确指示不允许任何人打扰他。commentn.[C]anopinionaboutsb.orsth.后、见;评论Theauthorgivesusefulcommentonmanyoftheideasdiscussed.作者对于许多议题都给予了有用的意见。Hewasnewtotheteamandwasn'tsurewhetherornotheshouldgivehiscommentsontheirdirection.他是新来的,不知道是否应该对他们的指示发表意见。vi.expressanopinionaboutsb.orsth.评论Officialsforthosecompaniesrefusedtocommentonthisissue.负责那些公司事务的官员拒绝对此事发表评论。Iaminnopositiontocommentonthematter.我无权对此事发表评论。reinforcevt.makesth.stronger强化;加固Culturalandfamilyvaluesoftenreinforcetraditionalbeliefs.文化和家庭价值观往往强化传统信仰。Whenthewallbegantofallapart,itbecameclearthatsomebodyshouldreinforceitwithnewmaterials.大墙开始倒塌,显然要用新材料来加固。requirementn.sth.thatisneededornecessary要求；要求的东西Iknewthatconcentrationwasthefirstrequirementforlearning.我知道专心致志是学习的首要条件。Thefacultyagreedonachangeintherequirements.系里同意对要求进行修改。bably可能地Heverylikelydoesnotunderstandthenatureoftheriskthathedescribes.他很有可能并不理解自己所谈的风险的实质。Profitwillmostlikelyhaverisenbyabout$25million.利润极有可能要增加2,500万美元左右。bablygoingtohappen,orprobablytrue可能的;有希望的Itislikelythatinvestorswillfacelosses.投资者有可能受到损失。Anunsuitablebedisthemostlikelycauseofbacktrouble.背部的不适极有可能是因为床铺选用不当。commitvt.1.decidetouseforaparticularpurpose《吏用;用于TheycalledonWesternnationstocommitmoremoneytothepoornations.他们呼吁西方国家向贫穷国家投入更多资金。Alotofmoneyandtimehasbeencommittedtothisproject.大量资金和时间都已投入到该项目。2.dosth.wrongorillegal犯（错误、罪行等）;干（蠢事、坏事等）Thecrimehadbeencommittedincoldblood.这宗犯罪真是残酷。Hesaidthiswastheworstmistakethathehadevercommitted.他说这是他犯的最大的错误。assimilatevt.takeinnewideas,information,etc.吸收,理解,掌握Itwilltaketimetoassimilateallthesenewideas.消化吸收这些新想法需要时间。Thepersonwearelookingformustbeflexible,creative,andabletoassimilatenewideas.我们在物色的人必须能随机应变,有创造カ,能吸收新想法。providevt.givesth.tosb.ormakesth.availabletosb.提供NewHorizonCollegeEnglishprovidesanewwayoflearningEnglishanditsWebsiteisdefinitelyworthvisiting.新视野大学英语教材为英语学习提供了新模式,其网站无疑值得访问。Themoneywillbeusedtoprovidetheschoolwithnewcomputerequipment.这笔资金将用于为学校添置新的计算机设备。inputn.[U]informationorsomeotherkindsofresourcesthatareputin/into输入;投入Anyinformationthatyouputintoacomputeristakenasinput.输进计算机的任何信息均被视为输入。Almosteveryoneinvolvedhadsomeinputintowhatwentwrong,sotheyshouldallsharetheblame.几乎所有人都参与了,所以都要对出现的错误承担一定责任。pletelynecessary必不可少的,非常重要的Itisessentialtoremembereverydetail.记住每个细节非常重要。Summarizeyouressentialpointsononepage.把你的要点总结在ー张纸上。n.[C]（usu.pl.）sth,necessary要素;•要点 theessentialsofEnglishgrammar英语语法要点Detailsmayhidetheessentials.细节会使要点难以辨认。challengevt.1.questiontherightnessofsth.质疑,对..•表示怀疑Theychallengedtheauthorityofwhathesaid.他们对其发言的权威性提出了质疑。Sixstateshavechallengedthelawinfederalcourt.有六个州已就该法律向联邦法院提出质疑。2.invitesb.tocompeteagainstoneself向...すK战Toprovethathewasfasterthanhisfriend,Johnchallengedhimtoarace.为了证明他比他的朋友跑得快,约翰提出与他赛跑。Growingforcesofoppositionarechallengingthisgovernment.反对派力量不断增长,对这届政府正形成威胁。n.[C,U]sth.thatneedsalotofskill,effortanddeterminationtoachieve挑战,考验Ilikethechallengeoflearningnewthings.我喜欢了解新事物要面临的挑战。Youmayfindyourfirstcoupleofmonthsonthejobquiteachallenge.在工作的头几个月,你会感到巨大的挑战。heusualwayortotheusualdegree通常;正常地Themuseumisn'tnormallyascrowdedasthis.博物馆通常不像这样拥挤。Althoughtheynormallyworka40-hourweek,muchovertimeisoftenrequired.尽管他们一般一周工作40小时,还是常常被要求加班。sequencen.1.[C,U]aseriesofrelatedevents,actions,etc.thathappenoraredoneinaparticularorder连续;ー连串asequenceofgoodnewsー连串的好消息thesequenceofeventsleadingtothewar导致战争的ー连串事件[C,U]theorderthatsth.happensorexistsin次序,顺序Thechairsarenumberedinsequence.椅子按顺序编号。Thenumbersareoutofsequence.这些号码顺序乱了。sequentiala.connectedwithorhappeninginaparticularorder连续的Thenumbersarearrangedinsequentialorder.这些号码是按顺序排列的。It'snotsequential;it'smorelikeaweb.这不是连续的,而更像ー个网络。vitala.1.veryimportant极其重要的Hisevidencewasvitaltothedefensecase.他的证词对辩护案件极其重要。Inthisjob,theabilitytoremaincalmisvital.在这个工作岗位上,保持镇静的能力非常重要。fulloflifeandforce有生命的,充满生机的Heisastrong,vitalman.他是ー个身体强壮、充满活力的人。Themusicsoundsfreshandvital.这种音乐听起来清新且富有活力。personallyad.byoneself亲自ThePresidentwrotetouspersonallytothankusforourhardwork.总统亲自写信给我们,感谢我们所付出的艰辛劳动。Theteacherwantstotalktoyoupersonally.老师想亲自和你谈谈。effectivea