语言学课件讲义整理

Chapter4By:J.W.

-Chapter4By:J.W.-1.Whatissyntax?Syntaxisabranchoflinguisticsthatstudiestherulesthatgoverntheformationofsentences.Sentence:Asetofwordsexpressingastatement,aquestionoranorder,usuallycontainingasubjectandaverb.(------X-ford)2-1.Whatissyntax?Syntaxisab2.Whatisphrasestucturerule?Thespecialtypeofgrammaticalmechanismthatregulatesthearrangementofelementsthatmakeupaphraseiscalledaphrasestucturerule.ThephrasestuctureruleforNP,VP,AP,andpp.NP(Det)N(PP)

theprettygirlVP(Qual)V(NP)often

dreamadreamAP(Deg)A(PP)very

carefulaboutyouPP(Deg)P(PP)inthemiddle

oftheriver3-2.Whatisphrasestucturerule3.Whatiscategory?

Howtodetermineaword'scategory?Categoryreferstoagroupoflinguisticitemswhichfulfillthesameorsimilarfunctionsinaparticularlanguagesuchasasentence,anounphraseoraverb.Wordlevelcategoriesaredividedintotwokinds:majorlexicalcategories:Noun,verb,Adjective.Prepositon.minorlexicalcategories:Determiner.Degreeewords.Qualifier.Auxiliary.Conjunction.Todetermineaword'scategory,threecriteriaareusuallyemployed,namely,meaning,inflectionanddistribution.4-3.Whatiscategory?

Howtodet4.Whatiscoordinatestructureandwhatpropertiesdoesithave?Somestructuresareformedbyjoiningtwoormoreelementsofthesametypewiththehelpofaconjunctionsuchasandoror.Suchphrasesarecalledcoordinatestructures.Coordinationexhibitsthefollowforimportantproperties:Thereisnolimitonthenumberofcoordinatedcategoriesthatcanappearpriortotheconjunction.Acategoryatanylevelcanbeccoordinated.Coordinatedcategoriesmustbeofthesametype.Thecategorytypeofthecoordinatephraseisidenticaltothecategorytypeoftheelementsbeingconjoined.5-4.Whatiscoordinatestructure5.Whatelementsdoesaphrasecontainandwhatroledoeseachelementplay?Syntacticunitsthatarebuiltaroundacertainwordcategoryarecalledphrases.Aphrasecancontainspecifiers,head,complementsandModifiers.Specifiers:Thewordsontheleftsideoftheheadsaresaidtofunctionasspecifiers.Head:Thewordaroundwhichaphraseisformedistermedhead.Complement:Thewordsontherightsideoftheheadsarecomplements.Modifiers,whichspecifiesoptionallyexpressiblepropertiesofhead.xp(spec)(Mod)X(Complement*)(Mod)TheExpandedXPrule6-5.Whatelementsdoesaphrase6.Whatisdeepstructureandwhatissurfacestructure?FormedbytheXPruleinaccordancewiththehead'ssubcategorizationproperties,iscalleddeepstructure(orD-structure).Correspondingtothefinalsyntacticformofthesentencewhichresultsfromappreopriatetransformationsiscalledsurfacestructure(orS-structure).7-6.Whatisdeepstructureandw7.Indicattethecategoryofeachwordinthefollowingsentences.Theoldladygotoffthebuscarefully.Thecarsuddenlycrashedontotheriverbank.Theblindingsnowstormmightdelaytheopeningoftheschools.Thisclothfeelsquitesoft.Det.Adj.N.V.PDet.N.Adv.Det.N.Adv.V.PDet.Adj.N.Det.Adj.N.AuxV.PAdjPDetN.Det.N.V.DegAdj.8-7.Indicattethecategoryofea8.Thefollowingphrasesincludeahead,acomplement,andinsomecasesaspecifier.Drawtheappropriatetreestructureforeachphrase.a)richinminerals.b)oftenreaddetectivestories.c)theargumentagainsttheproposalsd)alreadyabovethewindow.9-8.Thefollowingphrasesincluda)rich

inminerals.

VPNPPVPrich

inmineralscomplementheadxp→(Specifier)X(complement)10-a)richinminerals.

Vb)often

read

detectivestories.

Deg.V.AdjN.VPNPxp→(Specifier)X(complement)b)often

read

detectivestories.

head11-b)oftenreaddetectivestoriec)the

argument

againsttheproposals

DetNVDetNNPNPVPc)the

argument

againsttheproposalsxp→(Specifier)X(complement)head12-c)theargumentagainsttheprd)alreadyabovethewindow.

APDetNNPPPd)alreadyabovethewindow.xp→(Specifier)X(complement)head13-d)alreadyabovethewindow.9.Thefollowingsentencescontainmodifiersofvarioustypes.Foreachsentence,firstidentifythemodifier(s),thendrawthetreestructures.Acrippledpassengerlandedtheairplanewithextremecaution.Ahugemoonhungintheblacksky.Themanexaminedhiscarcarefullyyesterday.Awoodenhutnearthelakecallapsedinthestorm14-9.ThefollowingsentencesconAcrippledpassengerlandedtheairplanewithextremecaution.Det.AdjNVDetNpAdj.NNPNPNPPPVPSModModNPVPCPCInflPst15-AcrippledpassengerlandedthAhugemoonhungintheblacksky.DetAdjNVPDetAdjNModModNPPPNPVPSInflNonPstCPC16-AhugemoonhungintheblackThemanexaminedhiscarcarefully

yesterday.DetNVDetNAdvAdvNPNPVPVPSInflPstModMod17-ThemanexaminedhiscarcarefAwoodenhutnearthelakecallapsedinthestormDetAdjNPDetNVPDetNNPPPVPNPNPPPNPSInflPstMod18-Awoodenhutnearthelakecal10.Thefollowingsentencesallcontainconjinedcategories.Drawatreestructureforeachofthesentences.Jimhaswashedthedirtyshirtsandpants.Helenputonherclothesandwentout.Maryisfondofliteraturebuttiredofstatistics.19-10.ThefollowingsentencesallNInflVDetAdjNPNJimhaswashedthedirtyshirtsandpants.PPNPVPNPSCPC20-NInflVDeNVPDetNCVAdvb)Helenputonherclothesandwentout.NPPPVPNPSVPCPCNPNSCPInflPstInflNonPst21-NVPDetNInflVPNCVPNc)Maryisfondofliteraturebuttiredofstatistics.NPNPVPSVPPNScpInflPstcpC22-NInflVP11.Thefollowingsentencesallcontainembeddedclausesthatfunctionascomplementsofaverb,anadjective,aprepositionoranoun.Drawatreestructureforeachsentence.YouknowthatIhatewar.GerrybelievesthefactthatAnnaflunkedtheEnglishexam.ChriswashappythathisfatherboughthimaRoll-Royce.Thechildrenarguedoverwhetherbatshadwings.23-11.ThefollowingsentencesallNVCNVNYouknowthatIhatewar.VPNPNPVPSNPVPCPSCPCInflInflNonPstNonPst24-NVCNVNVDetNCNVDetAdjNGerrybelievesthefactthatAnnaflunkedtheEnglishexam.NPVPNPSCPNPNPVPSCPCInflInflNonPstPst25-NVDetNCNvAdjCDetNVNDetNChriswashappythathisfatherboughthimaRoll-Royce.NPNPVPNPSVPVPSCPCPCPstInflInflPst26-NvAdjCDetNVDetNVPCNVNThechildrenarguedoverwhetherbatshadwings.NPVPSVPNPSCPCPCInflPstInflPstPP27-DetNV12.Eachofthefollowingsentencescontainsarelativeclause.Drawthedeepstructureandthesurfacestructreforeachofthesesentences.TheessaythathewrotewasexcellentHerbertboughtahousethatshelovedThegirlwhomheadoresmajorsinlinguistics.28-12.EachofthefollowingsenteDetNCDetVVAdj.TheessaythathewrotewasexcellentVPNPSNPSCPCPCVP29-DetNCDeNVDetNNNVHerbertboughtahousethatshelovedNPVPNPVPSNPVPNPNeSCPCNPCPCInflPstInflPst30-NVDDetNNNVVPNThegirlwhomheadoresmajorsinlinguistics.PPCNPNPvpeCSCPSCPvpInflNonPstInflNonPst31-DetNNNV13.Thederivationsofthefollowingsentencesinvolvetheinversiontransformation.Givethedeepstructureandthesurfacestructureofeachsentence.Wouldyoucometomorrow?WhatdidHelenbringtotheparty?Whobrokethewindow?32-13.ThederivationsofthefollAuNVAdvWouldyoucometomorrow?vpNPInfleInflSCPCWouldyou_______cometomorrow?WhMovement33-AuNNInflNVPDetNWhatdidHelenbringtotheparty?NPPPVPNPSWhatdidHelen____bring____totheparty?NPCPCWhMovementInversioneInflNVP34-NInflNVDetNWhobrokethewindow?NPVPVPNPSInflNonPstCPCWho______brokethewindow?WhMovementeNNP35-VDetNWhoChapter4By:J.W.

-Chapter4By:J.W.-1.Whatissyntax?Syntaxisabranchoflinguisticsthatstudiestherulesthatgoverntheformationofsentences.Sentence:Asetofwordsexpressingastatement,aquestionoranorder,usuallycontainingasubjectandaverb.(------X-ford)37-1.Whatissyntax?Syntaxisab2.Whatisphrasestucturerule?Thespecialtypeofgrammaticalmechanismthatregulatesthearrangementofelementsthatmakeupaphraseiscalledaphrasestucturerule.ThephrasestuctureruleforNP,VP,AP,andpp.NP(Det)N(PP)

theprettygirlVP(Qual)V(NP)often

dreamadreamAP(Deg)A(PP)very

carefulaboutyouPP(Deg)P(PP)inthemiddle

oftheriver38-2.Whatisphrasestucturerule3.Whatiscategory?

Howtodetermineaword'scategory?Categoryreferstoagroupoflinguisticitemswhichfulfillthesameorsimilarfunctionsinaparticularlanguagesuchasasentence,anounphraseoraverb.Wordlevelcategoriesaredividedintotwokinds:majorlexicalcategories:Noun,verb,Adjective.Prepositon.minorlexicalcategories:Determiner.Degreeewords.Qualifier.Auxiliary.Conjunction.Todetermineaword'scategory,threecriteriaareusuallyemployed,namely,meaning,inflectionanddistribution.39-3.Whatiscategory?

Howtodet4.Whatiscoordinatestructureandwhatpropertiesdoesithave?Somestructuresareformedbyjoiningtwoormoreelementsofthesametypewiththehelpofaconjunctionsuchasandoror.Suchphrasesarecalledcoordinatestructures.Coordinationexhibitsthefollowforimportantproperties:Thereisnolimitonthenumberofcoordinatedcategoriesthatcanappearpriortotheconjunction.Acategoryatanylevelcanbeccoordinated.Coordinatedcategoriesmustbeofthesametype.Thecategorytypeofthecoordinatephraseisidenticaltothecategorytypeoftheelementsbeingconjoined.40-4.Whatiscoordinatestructure5.Whatelementsdoesaphrasecontainandwhatroledoeseachelementplay?Syntacticunitsthatarebuiltaroundacertainwordcategoryarecalledphrases.Aphrasecancontainspecifiers,head,complementsandModifiers.Specifiers:Thewordsontheleftsideoftheheadsaresaidtofunctionasspecifiers.Head:Thewordaroundwhichaphraseisformedistermedhead.Complement:Thewordsontherightsideoftheheadsarecomplements.Modifiers,whichspecifiesoptionallyexpressiblepropertiesofhead.xp(spec)(Mod)X(Complement*)(Mod)TheExpandedXPrule41-5.Whatelementsdoesaphrase6.Whatisdeepstructureandwhatissurfacestructure?FormedbytheXPruleinaccordancewiththehead'ssubcategorizationproperties,iscalleddeepstructure(orD-structure).Correspondingtothefinalsyntacticformofthesentencewhichresultsfromappreopriatetransformationsiscalledsurfacestructure(orS-structure).42-6.Whatisdeepstructureandw7.Indicattethecategoryofeachwordinthefollowingsentences.Theoldladygotoffthebuscarefully.Thecarsuddenlycrashedontotheriverbank.Theblindingsnowstormmightdelaytheopeningoftheschools.Thisclothfeelsquitesoft.Det.Adj.N.V.PDet.N.Adv.Det.N.Adv.V.PDet.Adj.N.Det.Adj.N.AuxV.PAdjPDetN.Det.N.V.DegAdj.43-7.Indicattethecategoryofea8.Thefollowingphrasesincludeahead,acomplement,andinsomecasesaspecifier.Drawtheappropriatetreestructureforeachphrase.a)richinminerals.b)oftenreaddetectivestories.c)theargumentagainsttheproposalsd)alreadyabovethewindow.44-8.Thefollowingphrasesincluda)rich

inminerals.

VPNPPVPrich

inmineralscomplementheadxp→(Specifier)X(complement)45-a)richinminerals.

Vb)often

read

detectivestories.

Deg.V.AdjN.VPNPxp→(Specifier)X(complement)b)often

read

detectivestories.

head46-b)oftenreaddetectivestoriec)the

argument

againsttheproposals

DetNVDetNNPNPVPc)the

argument

againsttheproposalsxp→(Specifier)X(complement)head47-c)theargumentagainsttheprd)alreadyabovethewindow.

APDetNNPPPd)alreadyabovethewindow.xp→(Specifier)X(complement)head48-d)alreadyabovethewindow.9.Thefollowingsentencescontainmodifiersofvarioustypes.Foreachsentence,firstidentifythemodifier(s),thendrawthetreestructures.Acrippledpassengerlandedtheairplanewithextremecaution.Ahugemoonhungintheblacksky.Themanexaminedhiscarcarefullyyesterday.Awoodenhutnearthelakecallapsedinthestorm49-9.ThefollowingsentencesconAcrippledpassengerlandedtheairplanewithextremecaution.Det.AdjNVDetNpAdj.NNPNPNPPPVPSModModNPVPCPCInflPst50-AcrippledpassengerlandedthAhugemoonhungintheblacksky.DetAdjNVPDetAdjNModModNPPPNPVPSInflNonPstCPC51-AhugemoonhungintheblackThemanexaminedhiscarcarefully

yesterday.DetNVDetNAdvAdvNPNPVPVPSInflPstModMod52-ThemanexaminedhiscarcarefAwoodenhutnearthelakecallapsedinthestormDetAdjNPDetNVPDetNNPPPVPNPNPPPNPSInflPstMod53-Awoodenhutnearthelakecal10.Thefollowingsentencesallcontainconjinedcategories.Drawatreestructureforeachofthesentences.Jimhaswashedthedirtyshirtsandpants.Helenputonherclothesandwentout.Maryisfondofliteraturebuttiredofstatistics.54-10.ThefollowingsentencesallNInflVDetAdjNPNJimhaswashedthedirtyshirtsandpants.PPNPVPNPSCPC55-NInflVDeNVPDetNCVAdvb)Helenputonherclothesandwentout.NPPPVPNPSVPCPCNPNSCPInflPstInflNonPst56-NVPDetNInflVPNCVPNc)Maryisfondofliteraturebuttiredofstatistics.NPNPVPSVPPNScpInflPstcpC57-NInflVP11.Thefollowingsentencesallcontainembeddedclausesthatfunctionascomplementsofaverb,anadjective,aprepositionoranoun.Drawatreestructureforeachsentence.YouknowthatIhatewar.GerrybelievesthefactthatAnnaflunkedtheEnglishexam.ChriswashappythathisfatherboughthimaRoll-Royce.Thechildrenarguedoverwhetherbatshadwings.58-11.ThefollowingsentencesallNVCNVNYouknowthatIhatewar.VPNPNPVPSNPVPCPSCPCInflInflNonPstNonPst59-NVCNVNVDetNCNVDetAdjNGerrybelievesthefactthatAnnaflunkedtheEnglishexam.NPVPNPSCPNPNPVPSCPCInflInflNonPstPst60-NVDetNCNvAdjCDetNVNDetNChriswashappythathisfatherboughthimaRoll-Royce.NPNPVPNPSVPVPSCPCPCPstInflInflPst61-NvAdjCDetNVDet