muscular肌肉是机体一种自我组织细胞中蛋白质纤维彼此滑动接触改变细

MUACULARSYSTEM

肌肉系统Muscleisakindofselftissueofanimals.musclecellscontainproteinfilamentsthatslidepastoneanotherproducingacontactionthatchngesboththelengthandtheshapeofthecell.肌肉是机体的一种自我组织，肌肉细胞中蛋白质纤维彼此滑动接触，改变细胞的长度和形状musclefunctiontoproducesforceandmotion.theyareprimarilyresponsibleformaintenanceofandchangesinpostureotionoftheorganimitself,aswellasmovementofinternalorgans.肌肉的功能是产生力和运动。它们的首要责任是保持和变化有机体本身的姿势运动，也包括内部器官运动。MuscularsystemisthesystemofHumanBodythatprovidesmotorpowerforallmovementsofbodyparts.Muscularsystemiscomposedofspecialtissuecalledmusculartissue.Muscleshavetheabilitytocontractactvelytoprovidetheforceformovementsofbodyparts.肌肉系统为身体各部份运动提供原动力，它由肌肉组织组成，肌肉提供机体部分运动的力。Muscularsystemisanimportantsystemofhumanbodybecausewithoutit,lifewillcompletelystop.Musclesproducenotonlythosemovementsthatareunderthecontrolofourwillandthatwecanseeandfeel,butalsothosemovementsthatareresponsibleforactivitieslikebreathing,digestionoffood,pumpingofbloodetc肌肉系统是人体的重要系统，没有它，生命将停息。肌肉不仅提供我们看得见和感受得到，在我们意念支配下的活动，还有其他内在的活动----呼吸，食物消化，泵血。

Themuscularsystemisthebody'snetworkoftissuesthatcontrolsmovementbothofthebodyandwithinit(suchastheheart'spumpingactionandthemovementoffoodthroughthegut).Movementisgeneratedthroughthecontractionandrelaxationofspecificmuscles.肌肉系统是机体的组织网络，控制身体和内在运动（如心脏的泵血，咀嚼食物的运动）。肌肉活动是通过特定的肌肉的收缩和放松产生的。Themusclesofthebodyaredividedintotwomainclasses:skeletal(voluntary)andsmooth(involuntary).Skeletalmusclesareattachedtotheskeletonandmovevariouspartsofthebody.Theyarecalledvoluntarybecauseapersoncontrolstheiruse,suchasintheflexingofanarmortheraisingofafoot.Thereareabout650skeletalmusclesinthewholehumanbody.身体的肌肉分为两类：骨骼肌（有偿肌）和平滑肌（无偿肌）。骨骼肌是和骨骼相连，支配身体各个部分的运动，又称为无偿肌，因为人体可以控制它的运动，如屈肘，抬腿。人体内有650块骨骼肌。Smoothmusclesarefoundinthestomachandintestinalwalls,veinandarterywalls,andinvariousinternalorgans.Theyarecalledinvoluntarymusclesbecauseapersongenerallycannotconsciouslycontrolthem.Theyareregulatedbytheautonomicnervoussystem(partofthenervoussystemthataffectsinternalorgans.平滑肌分布于肠壁，胃壁，动静脉壁和各种内部器官上，又称为有偿肌，因为人体不能有意识地控制它，它们由自律神经系统掌控。Thecardiacorheartmuscle(alsocalledmyocardium)isauniquetypeofmusclethatdoesnotfitclearlyintoeitherofthetwoclassesofmuscle.Likeskeletalmuscles,cardiacmusclesarestriated.Butlikesmoothmuscles,theyareinvoluntary,controlledbytheautonomicnervoussystem.心肌是有异于骨骼肌（有偿肌）和平滑肌（无偿肌）的一种特殊类型的肌肉。骨骼肌，心肌是有条纹的，而平滑肌是无偿肌，由自律神经系统支配。Thelongestmuscleinthehumanbodyisthesartorius(pronouncedsar-TOR-ee-us).Itrunsfromthewaistdownacrossthefrontofthightotheknee.Itspurposeistoflexthehipandknee.Thelargestmuscleinthebodyisthegluteusmaximus(pronouncedGLUE-tee-usMAX-si-mus;buttocksmuscles).Itmovesthethighboneawayfromthebodyandstraightensoutthehipjoint人体最长的肌肉是缝匠肌，它从腰部一直延展到大腿和膝盖，作用是弯曲臀部和膝部关节。人体内最大的肌肉是臀大肌，它把股骨远离身体，并且和臀关节成一条直线。TYPEOFTISSUES组织的类型骨骼肌平滑肌心肌Muscletissueisasofttissueandisoneofthefundamentaltypesoftissuepresentintheanimals.肌肉组织是基础的组织类型therearethreetypesofmuscletissuesrecognizedinvertebrates。脊椎动物有三种.1)skeletalmuscleorvoluntarymuscleisanchoredbytendonstoboneandisusedtoeffectskeletalmovementsuchaotionandmaintainedasanunconsciousreflex.anaverageadultmaleismadeupof42%infemale36%ofofskeletalmuscles(ofthemassbody).骨骼肌（有偿肌）固定在韧带和骨头上，用来影响骨骼的活动，作为一种下意识的维持。成年男性骨骼肌占整个身体42%，成年女性36%2)Smoothmuscleor"involuntarymuscle"isfoundwithinthewallsoforgansandstructuressuchastheesophagus,stomach,intestines,bronchi,uterus,urethra,bladder,bloodvessels,andthearrectorpiliintheskin(inwhichitcontrolserectionofbodyhair).Unlikeskeletalmuscle,smoothmuscleisnotunderconsciouscontrol平滑肌（无偿肌）广布于器官壁和组织上，如食道管，胃，肠，支气管，子宫，尿道，膀胱，血管，和竖毛肌（控制人体直立的毛孔）。区别于骨骼肌，平滑肌不是在意识控制下的3)Cardiacmuscleisalsoan“involuntarymuscle”butismoreakininstructuretoskeletalmuscle,andisfoundonlyintheheart.心肌也是无偿肌，他的构造更像骨骼肌，只是只存在于心脏部分。心脏骨架包括围绕纤维环的膜肺动脉瓣大动脉半月瓣三尖瓣右心室心肌Themuscularsystemconsistsofallthemusclespresentinasinglebody.Thereareapproximately650skeletalmusclesinthehumanbody,[11]butanexactnumberisdifficulttodefine.Thedifficultyliespartlyinthefactthatdifferentsourcesgroupthemusclesdifferentlyandpartlyinthatsomemuscles,suchaspalmarislongus,arenotalwayspresent.肌肉系统包括身体所有的肌肉，人体内有将近650块骨骼肌，确切的数据很难统计。因为，事实上，很多肌肉群很难明确的归类，有些部分是重叠的，也会随着机体的增长而变化，如掌长肌FunctionsofMuscularSystem:肌肉系统的功能MOVEMENTSOFBODYPARTS:Skeletalmusclesareresponsibleforallvoluntarymovementsofhumanbodyparts.Theyprovidetheforcebycontractingactivelyattheexpenseofenergy.Inotherwords,musclesaremotorsofbodywherechemicalenergyoffoodisconvertedintomechanicalwork.人体部分的活动，骨骼肌支配人体部分所有的有偿运动。通过能量的消耗，提供收缩力。换句话说，肌肉是人体把食物的化学能量转化为机械能的原动力。STABILITYANDPOSTURE:Skeletalmusclesstabilizehumanskeletonandgiveaproperposturetohumanbeings.Somejointsofhumanbodyareweakandtheyrequirethesupportofmuscularsystemtoachievestability.Skeletalmusclesareveryimportantforsuchjoints.稳定和姿势：骨骼肌稳定人体骨骼，给人类合适的姿势。一些人体关节是脆弱的，需要肌肉系统的支撑来获得稳定，肌肉系统对这样的关节很关键。HEATPRODUCTION:Alargeshareofbody’senergyisusedbymuscularsystem.Asaresultofhighmetabolicrate,musclesproducegreatamountofheatinthebody.Heatproducedbymusclesisveryimportantincoldclimates.产生热：肌肉系统消耗身体的大部分能量，提升代谢率，肌肉也产生机体内的大部分热能，在冷的气候肌肉产生热能非常重要。CIRCULATION:Cardiacmusclesprovidethemainforceforcirculationofbloodthroughouthumanbody.Theregularpumpingofheatkeepsthebloodinmotionandnutrientsarereadilyavailabletoeverytissueofhumanbody.循环：心肌提供人体血液循环的力。心脏常规的泵血和人体组织营养的容易吸收。HELPINDIGESTION:Smoothmusclesoforganslikestomachandintestinehelpthedigestivesystemintheprocessofdigestionoffood有助于消化：平滑肌器官如胃和肠帮助消化系统食物的消化。SmoothMuscle平滑肌-SkeletalMuscle骨骼肌-CardiacMuscle心肌Energyconsumption能量消耗Muscularactivityaccountsformuchofthebody'senergyconsumption.Allmusclecellsproduceadenosinetriphosphate(ATP)moleculeswhichareusedtopowerthemovementofthemyosinheads.MusclesconserveenergyintheformofcreatinephosphatewhichisgeneratedfromATPandcanregenerateATPwhenneededwithcreatinekinase.Musclesalsokeepastorageformofglucoseintheformofglycogen.Glycogencanberapidlyconvertedtoglucosewhenenergyisrequiredforsustained,powerfulcontractions.肌肉活动占机体能量消耗的大部分，所有的肌肉细胞产生三磷酸（ATP)分子—用于肌球蛋白头运动的力，肌肉以来自ATP产生的磷酸肌酸的形式保存能量，当需要磷酸肌酸时能再产生ATP.肌肉以糖原的形式储存葡萄糖，Adenosinetriphosphate

三磷酸（ATP)Adenosine-5‘-triphosphate(ATP)isanucleosidetriphosphateusedincellsasacoenzyme.Itisoftencalledthe“molecularunitofcurrency”ofintracellularenergytransfer.[1]ATPtransportschemicalenergywithincellsformetabolism.Itisoneoftheendproductsofphotophosphorylation,cellularrespiration,andfermentationandusedbyenzymesandstructuralproteinsinmanycellularprocesses,includingbiosyntheticreactions,motility,andcelldivision三磷酸核

是细胞中的一种辅酶，常称为

“目前的分子单元”是细胞内的能量交换。ATP在细胞内运输化学能量供给代谢。是一种交叉反应，细胞呼吸，发酵，整个过程需要酶和组织蛋白，包括生物合成反应，机动性和细胞分离。

Musclecellsalsocontainglobulesoffat,whichareusedforenergyduringaerobicexercise.TheaerobicenergysystemstakelongertoproducetheATPandreachpeakefficiency,andrequiresmanymorebiochemicalsteps,butproducessignificantlymoreATPthananaerobicglycolysis.Cardiacmuscleontheotherhand,canreadilyconsumeanyofthethreemacronutrients(protein,glucoseandfat)aerobicallywithouta‘warmup’periodandalwaysextractsthemaximumATPyieldfromanymoleculeinvolved.Theheart,liverandredbloodcellswillalsoconsumelacticacidproducedandexcretedbyskeletalmusclesduringexercise.肌肉细胞包括有氧运动中提供能量的脂肪球，有氧能量系统花费更长产生ATP,到达性能的巅峰，需要更多的化学生物的步骤，也产生比有氧糖原更多的ATP。另一方面，心肌更易消耗三种营养物——蛋白质，葡萄糖，脂肪。有氧运动没有一个热身期，就要从细胞中摄取更多的ATP，心，肝和红细胞消耗运动中骨骼肌产生的乳酸。The"strongest"humanmuscleInordinaryparlance,muscular"strength"usuallyreferstotheabilitytoexertaforceonanexternalobject—forexample,liftingaweight.Bythisdefinition,themasseterorjawmuscleisthestrongestThestatementthat"thetongueisthestrongestmuscleinthebody"appearsfrequentlyinlistsofsurprisingfacts,butitisdifficulttofindanydefinitionof"strength"thatwouldmakethisstatementtrue.Notethatthetongueconsistsofeightmuscles,notone.Thehearthasaclaimtobeingthemusclethatperformsthelargestquantityofphysicalworkinthecourseofalifetime.Estimatesofthepoweroutputofthehumanheartrangefrom1to5watts.[14]Thisismuchlessthanthemaximumpoweroutputofothermuscles;forexample,thequadricepscanproduceover100watts,butonlyforafewminutes.Theheartdoesitsworkcontinuouslyoveranentirelifetimewithoutpause,andthusdoes"outwork"othermusclesHumansaregeneticallypredisposedwithalargerpercen