词汇名词解释

词汇名词解释词汇名词解释词汇名词解释V:1.0精细整理，仅供参考词汇名词解释日期：20xx年X月Lexicology（词汇学）:isabranchoflinguistics,inquiringintotheoriginsandmeaningsofwords.Word（词的定义）:Awordisaminimalfreeformofalanguagethathasagivensoundandmeaningandsyntacticfunction.(1)aminimalfreeformofalanguage(2)asoundunity(3)aunitofmeaning(4)aformthatcanfunctionaloneinasentenceVocabulary（词汇）:allthewordsinalanguagemakeupitsvocabularyThebasicwordstock（基本词汇）:isthefoundationofthevocabularyaccumulatedovercenturiesandformsthecommoncoreofthelanguage.Neologismsmeansnewly-createdwordsorexpressions,orwordsthathavetakenonnewmeanings.(email、microelectronics、futurology、AIDS、internet、freakout)Contentwords/notionalwords(nouns、verbs、adjectives、adverbsandnumerals)Functionalwords/emptywords(Prepositions、conjunctions、auxiliariesandarticles)on、of、upon、butbeatheNativewords（本族语词）:knownasAnglo-Saxonwords(50,000-60,000),arewordsbroughttoBritaininthe5thcenturybytheGermanictribes.(mainstreamofthebasicword-stocks).Borrowedwords/Loanwords（外来语词）:wordstakenoverfromforeignlanguages.(80%ofmodernEV)TheEightGroupsinIndo-EuropeanFamilyofLanguages（8大印欧语群）TheEasternset:（1）TheBalto-slavicGroup：（2）TheIndo-IranianGroup:(3)TheArmenianGroup：Armenian.(4)TheAlbanianGroup：Albanian.TheWesternset:TheHellenicGroup：Greek;.(6)TheItalianGroup：(7)TheCelticGroup;(8)TheGermanicGroup：Terminology:Terminologyistechnicaltermsusedinparticulardisciplinesandacademicareasasinmusic,symphony.Jargon:Jargonisthespecializedvocabulariesbywhichmembersofparticulararts,sciences,tradesandprofessionscommunicateamongthemselvesasinbusiness,bottomlineforunavoidableresult.Slang:Slangisthesub-standardlanguage,whichseemstostandbetweenthestandardgeneralwordsincludinginformalonesavailabletoeveryoneandin-groupwordslikejargonandargot,eg.Doughandbreadmeansmoney.Argot:Argotisthejargonofcriminals.Onlythesub-culturalgroupsuseit,andoutsiderscanhardlyunderstandit,eg,Persuadermeansdagger.dialectalwords:Dialectalwordsiswordsusedonlybyspeakersofthedialectinquestion,eg.BeautyinAustraliameansexcellent.Archaisms:Archaismsarewordsorformsthatwereonceincommonusebutarenowrestrictedonlytospecializedorlimiteduse.Eg,brethrenmeansbrother.Neologisms:Neologismsarenewly-createdwordsorexpressions,orwordsthathavetakenonnewmeanings.Eg,internet.Morpheme(词素):thesmallestfunctioningunitinthecompositionofwordsAllomorph(词素变体):isadifferentvariantformofamorpheme，differinphonologicalandspellingform,butatthesameinfunctionandmeaningfreemorphemes：freemorphemes,alsocalledfreeroot,isthemorphemeswhichhavecompletemeaningandcanbeusedasfreegrammaticalunitsinsentences,eg.cat,walk.boundmorphemes：BoundmorphemesisMorphemeswhichcannotoccurasseparatewords.Theyareboundtoothermorphemestoformwords,eg,recollection=re+collect+ion.boundroot：Boundrootisthatpartofthewordthatcarriesthefundamentalmeaninglikeafreeroot,butitisboundformandhastocombinewithothermorphemestomakewords.Affixes：Affixesisformsthatareattachedtowordsorwordelementstomodifymeaningorfunction.inflectionalaffixes:Inflectionalaffixes,alsocalledinflectionalmorphemes,isaffixeswhichattachedtotheendofwordstoindicategrammaticalrelationshipsareinflectionalderivationalaffixes:Derivationalaffixesareaffixesaddedtoothermorphemestocreatenewwords.Root：isthebasicformofaword,whichcannotbefurtheranalyzedwithouttotallossofidentity,eg,international,therootisnation.Stem：isaformtowhichaffixesofanykindcanbeaddedinwordformation.affixationAffixation,alsocalledderivation,isawaytoaddword-formingorderivationalaffixestostemsinwordformation.Prefixation：Prefixationisawaytoaddprefixestostemsinwordformation.Itdoesnotchangetheword-classofthestembutchangeitsmeaning.Suffixation：Suffixationisawaytosuffixestostemsinwordformation,andthesuffixesmainlychangethewordclass.Compounding：Compounding,alsocalledcomposition,isawaytojointwoormorestemsinwordformation.Compoundisproducedinthisway.Compound：Acompoundisalexicalunitconsistingofmorethanonestemandfunctioningbothgrammaticallyandsemanticallyasasingleword.Conversion:istheformationofnewwordsbyconvertingwordsofoneclasstoanotherclass.Blending:istheformationofnewwordsbycombiningpartsoftwowordsorawordplusapartofanotherwordClipping:istoshortenalongerwordbycuttingapartofftheoriginalandusingwhatremainsinsteadAcronymy:istheprocessofformingnewwordsbyjoiningtheinitiallettersofnamesofsocialandpoliticalorganizationsorspecialnounphrasesandtechnicalterms.Initialism:initialismsarewordspronouncedletterbyletter..:BBC(forBritishBroadcastingcorporation)Acronym:Acronymsarewordsformedfrominitiallettersbutpronouncedasanormalword..:TEFL(teachingEnglishasaforeignlanguage)Back-formation：It’sthemethodofcreatingwordsbyremovingthesupposedsuffixes.Reference(所指):Itistherelationshipbetweenlanguageandtheword.Itisthearbitraryandconventional.Itisakindofabstraction,yetwiththehelpofcontext,itcanrefertosomethingspecific.Concept（概念）:whichisbeyondlanguage,istheresultofhumancognition(认识),reflectingtheobjectiveworldinthehumanmind.Sense（意义）:Itdenotestherelationshipinsidethelanguage.‘Thesenseofanexpressionisitsplaceinasystemofsemanticrelationshipswithotherexpressionsinthelanguage.’Motivation：Motivationaccountsfortheconnectionbetweenthelinguisticsymbol/word-formanditsmeaning.onomatopoeicmotivation：OnomatopoeicMotivationisthecharacterofsomewordswhosesoundssuggesttheirmeanings,eg,crowbycocks.Morphologicalmotivation（形态理据）:multi-morphemicwordsandthemeaningofmanyarethesumtotalofthemorphemescombines..:airmail,miniskirt.例外：blackmarket,ect.semanticmotivation：Semanticmotivationisthementalassociationssuggestedbytheconceptualmeaningofaword.Eg,themouthoftheriver.etymologicalmotivation：Themeaningsofmanywordsrelatedirectlytotheirorigins.Grammaticalmeaningsisthepartoftheword’smeaningwhichindicatesgrammaticalrelationshipssuchasspeechofwords,singularandpluralmeaningofnounsandtheirinflectionalformsandsoon.Conceptualmeaning(概念意义):alsoknownasdenotativemeaning(外延意义)isthemeaninggiveninthedictionaryandformsthecoreofword-meaning.Associativemeaning(关联意义):isthesecondarymeaningsupplementedtotheconceptualmeaningaffectivemeaning：Affectivemeaningindicatesthespeaker’sattitudetowardsthepersonorthinginquestion,eg,notorious,meaningfamous,showstheattitudeofdisapproval.collocativemeaning：Collocativemeaningisthatpartoftheword-meaningsuggestedbythewordsbeforeorafterthewordindiscussion.Homonymy（同形同音异义关系）:wordsdifferentinmeaningbuteitheridenticalbothinsoundandspellingoridenticalonlyinsoundorspelling.Perfecthomonyms（完全同音同形异义词）：wordsidenticalbothinsoundandspelling,butdifferentinmeaning.Homographs（同形异义词）:wordsidenticalonlyinspelling,butdifferentinsoundandmeaning.(最多最常见)Homophones（同音异义词）：wordsidenticalonlyinsoundbutdifferentinspellingandmeaning.PolysemyisafactthatawordhasmorethanonemeaningSynonymy(同义关系):oneoftwoormorewordsintheEnglishlanguagewhichhavethesameorverynearlythesameessentialmeaning.Absolutesynonyms（完全同义词）：alsoknownascompletesynonymsarewordswhichareidenticalinmeaninginallaspects,.bothingrammaticalmeaningandlexicalmeaning,includingconceptualandassociativemeanings.[Absolutesynonymsarerestrictedtohighlyspecializedvocabularyinlexicology.]relativesynonyms（相对同义词）:alsocallednear-synonymsaresimilarornearlythesameindenotation,butembracedifferentshadesofmeaningordifferentdegreesofagivenquality.Antonymy(反义关系):itisconcernedwithsemanticopposition.Antonymscanbedefinedaswordswhichareoppositeinmeaning.contradictoryterms：Contradictorytermsareantonymstrulyrepresentingoppositenessofmeaning,sotheyaremutuallyexclusiveandadmitnopossibilitybetweenthem.Eg,malevsfemale.contraryterms：Contrarytermsareantonymsintermsofascalerunningbetweentwopolesorextremes.Eg,richvspoor.relativeterms：Relativetermsarewordsindicatingsuchareciprocalsocialrelationshipthatoneofthemcannotbeusedwithoutsuggestingtheother.Eg,parentvschild.Hyponymy(上下义关系):Hyponymydealswiththerelationshipofsemanticinclusion.Themeaningofamorespecificwordisincludedinthatofanothermoregeneralword.Forexample,acatishyponymofanimalSuperordinateandSubordinate(上义词和下义词)：usesubordinateswhichareconcreteandprecise,presentingavividverbalpicturebeforethereader.Superordinateswhichconveyonlyageneralandvagueidea.SemanticField(语义场)Viewingthetotalmeaninginthiswayisthebasisoffieldtheory.Thesemanticfieldofthesameconceptmaynothavethesamemembersindifferentlanguage./generalization(词义的扩大):isthenamegiventothewideningofmeaningwhichsomewordsundergo.Itisaprocessbywhichoriginallyhadaspecializedmeaninghasnowbecomegeneralized.:manuscript,fabulous,picture,mill,journal,bonfire,butcher,companion)specialization(词义的缩小)：istheoppositeofwideningmeaning.Itisaprocessbywhichawordofwidemeaningacquiresanarrowerorspecializedsense.Inotherwords,awordwhichusedtohaveamoregeneralsensebecomesrestrictedinitsapplicationandconveysaspecialmeaninginpresent-dayEnglish.:deer,corn,garage,liquor,meat,disease,poison,wife,accident,girl).[whenacommonwordisturnedintoapropernoun,themeaningisnarrowedaccordingly.]/amelioration(词义的升华):referstotheprocessbywhichwordsrisefromhumble（粗陋的）beginningstopositionsofimportance.[nice,marshal,constable,angel,knight,earl,governor,fond,minister,chamberlain]/pejoration(词义的降格):Aprocesswherebywordsofgoodoriginfallintoillreputationornon-affectivewordscometousedinderogatory（贬损的）sense.[boor,churl,wench,hussy,villain,silly,knave,lewd,criticize,lust](词义的转移):Wordswhichwereusedtodesignate指明onethingbutlaterchangedtomeansomethingelsehaveexperiencedtheprocessofsemantictransfer.Contextinitstraditionalsensereferstothelexicalitemsthatprecedeorfollowagivenword.Modernlinguistshavebroadeneditsscopetoincludebothlinguisticandextra-linguisticcontexts.1.Extra-linguisticcontext/Non-linguisticsituation（非语言语境）：Inabroadsense,contextincludesthephysicalsituationaswell,whichembracesthepeople,time,place,andeventhewholeculturalbackground.(lookout,weekend,landlord)context/grammaticalcontext(语言语境)：Inanarrowsense,itreferstothewords,clauses,sentencesinwhichawordappears.Itmaycoveraparagraph,awholechapterandeventheentirebook.分为两类：Lexicalcontext（词汇语境）：Itreferstothewordthatoccurstogetherwiththewordinquestion.:paper,do)Grammaticalcontext（语法语境）：Itrefersthesituationwhenthemeaningofawordmaybeinfluencedbythestructureinwhichitoccurs.:become)Idioms（习语的定义）:areexpressionsthatarenotreadilyunderstandablefromtheirliteralmeaningofindividualelements.Inabroadsense,idiommayincludecolloquialisms（俗语）,Catchphrases（标语）,slangexpressions（俚语）,proverbs（谚语）,etc.Theyforman