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住在富人区的她2022年考研考博-考博英语-湘潭大学考试名师押题精选卷I(带答案详解)(图片可根据实际调整大小)题型12345总分得分一.综合题(共50题)1.单选题
Becausethemonkeysunderstudyare(
)thepresenceofhumanbeings,theytypically(
)humanobserversandgoabouttheirbusiness.
问题1选项
A.ambivalentabout...welcome
B.inhibitedby...seek
C.unawareof...avoid
D.habituatedto...disregard
【答案】D
【解析】固定短语词义辨析。句意:因为在研究中的猴子们己经习惯了人类的存在,所以它们通常会无视人类观察员而自己弄自己的。A选项ambivalentabout意为“对…是矛盾的”;B选项inhibitedby意为“被…抑制”;C选项unawareof意为“没有意识到”;D选项habituatedto意为“适应于……”。分析题意可知,D选项“适应于”,正确。
2.单选题
NowthereisinAmericaacuriouscombinationofpride(
)toapositionwhereitisnolongernecessarytodependuponmanuallaborforalivinganddelightinwhatoneisabletoaccomplishwithhishand.
问题1选项
A.inhavingrisen
B.tohaverisen
C.havingrisen
D.inrising
【答案】A
【解析】非谓语动词辨析题。首先,pride与in搭配,表示“以……为自豪”,而介词in之后应用动词的ing形式,且这里强调过去发生的事情对现在造成的影响,故应用现在完成时态的分词形式,A选项正确。
3.单选题
Belyinghisearlierreputationfor(
)asanegotiator,Morganhadrecentlyassumedamore(
)stanceforwhichmanyofhiserstwhilecriticspraisedhim.
问题1选项
A.inflexibility...unreasonable
B.impropriety...oscillatory
C.intransigence...tolerant
D.success...authoritative
【答案】C
【解析】名词和形容词词义辨析。A选项的inflexibility“不屈性,顽固”;unreasonable“不合理的,不公正的”;B选项的impropriety“不合适,不恰当”;oscillatory“振动的,动摇的,变动的";C选项的intransigence“不妥协,强硬”;tolerant“忍受的,容忍的,宽容的”;D选项的success“成功,胜利”;authoritative“命令式的,专断的,权威式的”。根据句意‘与他先前亳不让步的谈判者的声誉相反,摩根近来采取了一种更为缓和的立场,所以许多他先前的批判者转而称赞他’确定C选项正确。
4.单选题
Belyinghisearlierreputationfor(
)asanegotiator,Morganhadrecentlyassumedamore(
)stanceforwhichmanyofhiserstwhilecriticspraisedhim.
问题1选项
A.inflexibility...unreasonable
B.impropriety...oscillatory
C.intransigence...tolerant
D.success...authoritative
【答案】C
【解析】名词和形容词辨析题。A选项inflexibility“僵化”;unreasonable“不合理的”;B选项impropriety“不适当,不正确”;oscillatory“振荡的”;C选项intransigence“顽固”;tolerant“宽容的”;D选项success“成功”;authoritative“权威”。根据句意‘因为近期采取的更加宽容的态度掩饰了他之前作为顽固的谈判专家的名声,使得之前批评的人转而开始赞扬他了。’C选项正确。
5.翻译题
Thecollapseofbeliefwehavebeenwitnessingthroughoutthetwentiethcenturycomeswithglobalism.Thepostmodemconditionisnotanartisticmovementoraculturalfadoranintellectualtheory-althoughitproducesallofthoseandisinsomewaysdefinedbythem.Itiswhatinevitablyhappensaspeopleeverywherebegintoseethattherearemanybeliefs,manykindsofbelief,manywaysofbelieving.Postmodernismisglobalism;itisthehalf-discoveredshapeoftheoneunitythattranscendsallourdifferences.
Inaglobal—andglobalizingera,alloftheoldstructuresofpoliticalreality,alltheoldwaysofsayingwhoweareandwhatweareforandwhatweareagainst,seemtobemeltingawayintoair.
Howtohaveanidentityinsuchaworld?Nationalismbecomessemi-obsoletebeforeitevencompletesitsconquest;nationalgovernmentseverywherearechallengedfromfrontandrear,pastandfuture.Theyareforcedtodobattleagainstpre-modemtribalandethnicidentitiesevenastheyresistthethreatstotheirfragilesovereigntiesthatareposedbyinternationalorganizationandmovementsandeconomicforces.Theweakernationalsovereigntyisasanabsoluteprinciple,thelesssecureweareindefiningourselvesaccordingtonationalcitizenship.
Howaboutideology?ThroughouttheeraoftheColdWar,globalideologiesseemedtobereplacingnationalloyaltiesasthesupremedefinersofpoliticalreality.
Foratime,theworldappearedtobedividedintotwoopposedbeliefsystemsratherthanintomanynations.
Buttheinternationalideologiesneverquitemanagedtoseparatethemselvesfromnationalism(Marxismhadaparticularlyhardtimewiththat,waswidelysuspectedofbeingmerelyatoolofRussianambitions),andtodayhardlyanybodyotherthanafewintransigentcommunistsanddie-hardanti-communistsbelievethattheworldispoliticallybipolar.
Religionisstillapotentdefinerofpoliticalrealityandstillanexplosiveone—wemaystillbehavingholywarswhenwehavestoppedhavinganyotherkind—butitisalsothemostvulnerableofalltobeingunveiledasacreationofthehumanmind.
Eachofthesesetsofcategories,eachofthesewaysthatpeopleconstructwhotheyareandwhattheybelieveisincreasinglychimerical,capableofevaporatinginamomentwhenpeoplelookattheworldwithdifferenteyes.
Classandracemayprovetobemoredurabledefinersofreality,morestablemarkersofwhois‘us’andwhois‘them’.Buteachofthose,too,becomesanythingbutpredictableinapostmodernworld.ThewretchedoftheearthmaybeaforceforrebelliouschangebecausetheybelievesomeformofMarxistdoctrineaboutclassconflict,ormerelybecausetheyceasetobelieveinthevarioussocialconstructionsofrealitythatheldtheirconditiontobepartofGod’sownarrangement.Oppressedracesgrowskeptical(astheworldgainsunderstandingofthegamesoppressorsplay)aboutthesocialconstructionsofrealitythatdefinetheirplaceandstrivetokeeptheminit.
【答案】后现代主义正在全球化,据发现,它是以超越我们所有的差异形成统一的半形状形成的。
作为一项绝对原则,国家主权越弱,我们根据国家公民身份对自己的定义就越不安全。
有一段时间,这个世界被划分成两个对立的信仰系统,而不是被划分成许多的国家。
阶级和种族可能被证明是对现实更加持久的定义者,是“我们”和“他们”之间最稳定的标志。
被压迫者对现实的社会结构产生了怀疑(因为世界对压迫者所玩的游戏有了更多的了解),而现实的社会结构定义了他们的位置,并努力将他们留在其中。
6.单选题
Thegeographicallocationofacountryanditsphysical(1)areveryimportanttoitsdevelopmentand
(2)
.TheUnitedStatesisvery
(3)inthis
(4)
.
(5)
,ithasgood
(6)
Inalmostevery
(7)
ofthecountryitispossibletolive
(8)
duringthewholeyear.Itistruethatinthesouthitsometimesgetsveryhotandinthenorthverycold.Butthepeoplewholiveintheseregionsbecome
(9)
totheclimateandnever
(10)
muchwhentheweatheriteitherveryhotorverycold.Inalargecountrythereisusuallyagreat
(11)
ofdifferentphysicalcharacteristics.IntheUnitedStates,therearewideplainsandhighmountains,thousandsoflakesandriversofall
(12)
,coolforestsandhotdeserts,andacoastlineseveralthousandmileslong.Themanylakesandrivers,
(13)
thelongcoastline,havebeen
(14)
greatimportancetothedevelopmentofthecountry,sincetheymadepossibletheeasy(15)
ofthepeopleandallthethingspeople
(16)
.Shipsandboatsarestillnecessaryandimportant.Inmodem
(17)
.
(18)
,trains,automobiles,trucksandairplanesaredoingmuchofthe
(19)
whichwas(20)donebyshipsandboats.
问题1选项
A.position
B.character
C.characteristics
D.differences
问题2选项
A.advance
B.progress
C.marching
D.prospect
问题3选项
A.fortunate
B.luck
C.happy
D.favorable
问题4选项
A.area
B.region
C.meaning
D.respect
问题5选项
A.Inaword
B.Firstofall
C.Afterall
D.Overall
问题6选项
A.climate
B.atmosphere
C.weather
D.air
问题7选项
A.part
B.section
C.expanse
D.sector
问题8选项
A.leisurely
B.idly
C.comfortably
D.pleasantly
问题9选项
A.accustomed
B.co-operative
C.prepared
D.adjustable
问题10选项
A.damage
B.suffer
C.fear
D.frightened
问题11选项
A.variety
B.amount
C.many
D.deal
问题12选项
A.areas
B.sizes
C.bigness
D.volumes
问题13选项
A.aswellas
B.besides
C.exceptfor
D.inadditionto
问题14选项
A.of
B.to
C.in
D.as
问题15选项
A.mobilization
B.extension
C.transportation
D.connections
问题16选项
A.longfor
B.need
C.eat
D.have
问题17选项
A.epoch
B.age
C.times
D.era
问题18选项
A.however
B.whereas
C.otherwise
D.moreover
问题19选项
A.job
B.work
C.occupation
D.profession
问题20选项
A.formally
B.lately
C.recently
D.formerly
【答案】第1题:C
第2题:B
第3题:A
第4题:D
第5题:B
第6题:A
第7题:B
第8题:C
第9题:A
第10题:B
第11题:A
第12题:B
第13题:A
第14题:A
第15题:C
第16题:B
第17题:C
第18题:A
第19题:B
第20题:D
【解析】(1)词义与词形辨析。文章第一句话的意思是“一个国家的地理位置及其环境特征对于这个国家的发展和进步十分重要”,根据句意确定B选项和C选项意思都符合,再根据下文的“hot”和“cold”可知此处表示“环境特征”时应该用复数,所以C选项正确。
(2)词义与词形辨析。And连接的两个词表示并列,与development并列,表示“进步”,B选项的progress最合适。
(3)语法逻辑关系。根据关键词very可知此处应该填入一个形容词,B选项排除。并且根据文章第三句中的关键词good可以推断出此处填入一个积极的词汇,A选项的fortunate“幸运的”,C选项的happy“幸福的”和D选项的favorable“有利的,赞许的”,A选项的fortunate符合题意。
(4)词组及固定搭配。inthisrespect“在这个方面”,D选项正确。
(5)词义与词形辨析。A选项的inaword“总之,简言之”,总结前文所述;B选项的firstofall“首先”,连接上下文;C选项的afterall“毕竟,终究”:D选项的overall“从头到尾”,文章在此处是对美国优越的地理位置及其环境特征进行列举说明,B选项符合题意。
(6)词义与词形辨析。A选项的climate一般指比较长的时间气候状况,B选项的atmosphere侧重于指氛围或者大气,C选项的weather—般指特定地区在一定时间的气象情况,D选项的air常常指空气,根据下文“Itistruethatinthesouthsometimesgetsveryhotandinthenorthverycold”可知此处应指气候。A选项正确。
(7)词义与词形辨析。part和section都可以表示“部分”。section更具体,往往是一个整体分成了几块,而一个section就是其中一块,part可以用的范围更广泛一些,也可以抽象一些,它的大小是很模糊的,所以当表示“在这个国家的每个部分”时应该用section。
(8)词义与词形辨析。A选项的leisurely“悠闲地,从容地”;B选项的idly“无所事事地,懒惰地”;C选项的comfortably“舒适地”;D选项的pleasantly‘‘愉快地,和蔼地”,上文已说明美国的自然特性好,因此这里应指在美国,差不多在每个地区,人们整年都有可能生活得很舒服,C选项的comfortably符合题意。
(9)词组及固定搭配。becomeaccustomedto习惯于”。
(10)词义与词形辨析。A选项的damage“损害”;B选项的suffer“遭受,忍受,受痛苦”;C选项的fear“恐惧,害怕”;D选项的frightened“使吃惊,吓走”,上文说到,南方有时会很热,北方有时会很冷,但生活在那里的人已经习惯了那种气候,当天气非常热或非常冷的时候并不会遭受很多痛苦。所以B选项suffer正确。
(11)词组及固定搭配。A选项的agreatvarietyof“各种各样的”;B选项的agreatamountof“大量的”;;C选项的agreatmanyof“大量的”,D选项的agreatdealof“大量的”此处的句意是“大国家通常有各种各样不同的环境特征”,所以A选项正确。
(12)词组及固定搭配。riversofallsizes“大大小小的湖泊,各种规模的河流”。
(13)词义与词形辨析。A选项的aswellas“也,还,和”,连接两个并列成分;B选项的besides着重于指“另外还有”;C选项的exceptfor多用于在说明基本情况或对主要部分加以肯定,还引出相反的原因或细节,从而部分地修正前面的主要意思,含惋惜意味;D选项的inadditionto“除之外还”。这句话的句意是‘许多湖泊和河流和漫长的海岸线,对国家的发展起到了非常重要的作用。’所以A选项正确。
(14)词组及固定搭配。beof“具有的性质”。
(15)词义与词形辨析。A选项的mobilization‘动员,调动‘;B选项的extension‘延长,扩展’;C选项的transportation‘运输,交通’;D选项的connections‘连接,关系’。上文中提到的湖泊和长长的海岸线是对运输有利的,故此处的意思应该为“使便利的运输成为可能”,所以C选项正确。
(16)词义与词形辨析。A选项的longfor‘渴望’;B选项的need‘需要’;C选项的eat‘吃’;D选项的have‘有’。句子意思为“众多的湖泊、河流以及长长的海岸线使得人的交通和人们所需物品的运输成为可能,故对国家的发展意义重大”,所以B选项正确。
(17)词义与词形辨析。A选项的epoch正式用词,侧重指以某重大事件或巨大变化为起点的新的历史时期;B选项的age常指具有显著特征或以某杰出人物命名的历史时代或时期;C选项的times侧重某一特定时期,inmodemtimes表示“当今,现代”;D选项的era书面语用词,指历史上的纪元、年代,可与epoch和age互换。C选项正确。
(18)语法逻辑关系。文章最后两句的意思是说“船舶在运输方面起到了重要作用,但是在现代,火车、汽车、卡车和飞机在做很多以前由船舶所做的工作”,两个句子是一个转折的关系,所以A选项‘however’符合题意。
(19)词义与词形辨析。A选项的job指具体的职业或零工,是可数名词;B选项的work指人们日常生活和工作中从事的体力或脑力劳动,是不可数名词;C选项的occupation指一个人经常担任的工作,不论是否领取工资;D选项的profession指人的职业。句子意思是“火车、汽车、卡车和飞机在做很多以前由船舶所做的工作”,B选项符合题意。
(20)词义与词形辨析。A选项的formally“正式地,形式上”;B选项的lately“近来,不久前”;C选项的recently“最近”;D选项的formerly“以前,原来”,句子意思是“火车、汽车、卡车和飞机在做很多以前由船舶所做的工作”,D选项符合题意。
7.单选题
Thelatterisnolessimportantthantheformer,andifbibliographicaldecisionsaremadewrongly,noamountoflogisticinformationcan(
)thesituation.
问题1选项
A.envisage
B.disperse
C.diffuse
D.redeem
【答案】D
【解析】动词辨析题。A选项envisage“正视,面对”;B选项disperse“分散,分开,使传播”;C选项diffuse“扩散”;D选项redeem“赎回,挽救”。根据句意‘后者比前者更重要,并且如果最终书目决定错了,即使再多的逻辑信息也无法挽救这个局面。’D选项正确。
8.单选题
Aman,withhismind(
)bypersonaltrivia,cannotpossiblyaccomplishanythingatanypost.
问题1选项
A.presumed
B.preceded
C.preoccupied
D.prescribed
【答案】C
【解析】动词词义辨析。根据句意‘一个只专注于个人琐事的人是无论如何也不可能完成任何事情的。’可知这里是指“只专注于个人琐事的人”,A选项presume“假定”;B选项precede“领先,优于”;C选项preoccupy“抢先占有,使…全神贯注”;D选项prescribe“规定,开处方”。C选项的preoccupiedby...“专注于…”正确。
9.单选题
Ricci,45,isnowstrikingoutonperhapshisboldestventureyet.HeplanstomarketanEnglishlanguageeditionofhiselegantmonthlyartmagazine,FMR,intheUnitedStates.OnceagaintheskepticsaremurmuringthatthesuccessfulRiccihasheadedforabigfall.AndonceagainRicciintendstoprovethemwrong.
Ricciissoconfidentthathehaschristenedhisquest“OperationColumbus”andhassethissightsondiscoveringanAmericanreadershipof300,000.Thatgoalmaynotbetoofar-fetched.TheItalianeditionofFMR—theinitials,ofcourse,standforFrancoMariaRicci—isonly18monthsold.Butitisalreadythesecondlargestartmagazineintheworld,withacirculationof65,000andaprofitmarginofUS$500,000.TheAmericaneditionwillbepatternedaftertheItalianversion,witheach160issuecarryingonly40pagesofadsandnomorethanfivearticles.Butthecontentswilloftendiffer.TheEnglish-languageeditionwillincludemoreAmericanworks,Riccisays,tohelpAmericansgetover“aninferioritycomplexabouttheirart,”Healsohopesthatthemagazinewillbecomeavehicleforatwo-wayculturalexchange—whathelikestothinkofasamarriageofbrains,cultureandtastefrombothsidesoftheAtlantic.
Torealizethisvision,Ricciismountingoneofthemostlavish,enterprising—andexpensive-promotionalcampaignsinmagazine-publishinghistory.BetweenNovemberandJanuary,eightjumbojetswillfly8millioncopiesofasample16editionofFMRacrosstheAtlantic.FromawarehouseinMichigan,6.5millioncopieswillbemailedtoAmericansubscribersofvariouscultural,artandbusinessmagazines.SomeoftheremainingcopieswillcirculateasaspecialSundaysupplementintheNewYorkTimes.ThecostoflaunchingOperationColumbusisastaggeringUS$5million,butRicciishopingthat60%ofthepricetagwillbefinancedbyItaliancorporations.“TolandinAmericaColumbushadtouseSpanishsponsors,”readsonesentenceinhispromotionalpamphlet.“WewouldlikeItalians.”
LikeColumbus,Riccicannotknowwhathisreceptionwillbeonforeignshores.InItalyhegambled—andwon—onasimpleconcept:itismoreimportanttoshowartthantowriteaboutit.Hence,oneissueofFMRmightfeature32full-colorpagesof17th-centurytapestries,followedby14pagesofoutrageouseyeglasses.Heisgamblingthattheconceptisexportable.“Idon’texpectthatmorethan30%ofmyreader...willactuallyreadFMR,”hesays.“Themagazineissuchavisualdelightthattheydon’thaveto.”Still,heisliningupanimpressivestableofwritersandprofessorsfortheAmericanedition,includingNoamChomsky,AnthonyBurgess,EricJongandNormanMailer.Inaddition,heseemstobepursuinghisowneclecticvisionwithoutgivingamoment’sthoughttosuchestablishedcompetitorsasConnoisseurandHorizon.“TheAmericanscandoalmosteverythingbetterthanwecan,”saysRicci,“Butwe(theItalians)havea2,000yearedgeontheminart.”
1.RicciintendshisAmericaneditionofFMRtocarrymoreAmericanartworksinorderto(
).
2.RicciiscomparedtoColumbusinthepassagemainlybecause
(
).
3.WegettheimpressionthattheAmericaneditionofFMRwillprobably(
).
问题1选项
A.boostAmericans’confidenceintheirart
B.followthepatternsetbyhisItalianedition
C.helpItaliansunderstandAmericanartbetter
D.expandthereadershipofhismagazine
问题2选项
A.theybothbenefitedfromItaliansponsors
B.theywereexplorersintheirownways
C.theyobtainedoverseassponsorship
D.theygotawarmreceptioninAmerica
问题3选项
A.carrymanyacademicarticlesofhighstandard
B.followthestyleofsomefamousexistingmagazines
C.bemadbyonethirdofAmericanmagazinereaders
D.pursueadistinctiveeditorialstyleofitsown
【答案】第1题:A
第2题:B
第3题:D
【解析】1.细节事实题。本题是问Ricci为什么计划在美国版的FMR上登载更多的美国艺术品。根据本文的第二段倒数第二句“TheEnglish-languageeditionwillincludemoreAmericanworks,Riccisays,tohelpAmericansgetover‘aninferioritycomplexabouttheirart’.里奇说,英文版将包括更多的美国作品,以帮助美国人克服“对自己艺术的自卑情结”。’’由此可知,登载更多美国艺术品是为了帮助美国人树立自信心,因为他们对其没有太长历史的文化艺术而感到自卑。A选项正确。
2.推理判断题。本题是问本篇文章将Ricci和哥伦布相比的主要原因是什么。分析文章第二段‘OperationColumbus”andhassethissightsondiscoveringanAmerican’以及常识可知,哥伦布是一位探险家,他发现了美洲大陆,而Ricci是想要开拓美国的艺术杂志市场,是一位商业探索者,因此他们同是探索者。B选项正确。
3.推理判断题。本题是问对美国杂志FMR的印象如何。由本文最后一段“Inaddition,heseemstobepursuinghisowneclecticvisionwithoutgivingamoment’sthoughttosuchestablishedcompetitorsasConnoisseurandHorizon.此外,他似乎在追求自己的折衷主义视野,而没有考虑到像鉴赏家和地平线这样的老牌竞争对手。”可知该杂志的编辑方式不同于其他艺术杂志,所以D选项D“追求自己独特的艺术风格”正确。
10.单选题
Eversinceitsdiscovery,Plutohasneverreallyfittedin.AfterthepaleandglowinggiantNeptune,itislittlemorethanacosmicdustmite,sweptthroughthefarthestreachesofthesolarsystemonaplanewildlytiltedrelativetotherestoftheplanets.ItissmallerthanNeptune'slargestmoon,andthearcofitsorbitissoovalthatitoccasionallycrossesitsmassiveblueneighbor’spath.
Foryears,ithasbeenseenasoursolarsystem'soddestplanet.Yesterday,however,scientistsreleasedperhapsthemostconvincingevidenceyetthatPluto,infact,isnotaplanetatall.Forthefirsttime,astronomershavepeeredintoabeltofrocksbeyondPlutounknownuntil10yearsago—andfoundaworldthatrivalsPlutoinsize.Thescientistspositthatlargerrocksmustbeoutthere,perhapsevenlargerthanPluto,meaningPlutoismorelikelythekingofthisdistantrealmofspacedetritusthanthetiniestofthenineplanets.
Whendiscoveredin1930,’’Plutoatthatpointwastheonlything(thatfar)outthere,sotherewasnothingelsetocallitbutaplanet,"saysMikeBrown,anastronomerattheCaliforniaInstituteofTechnologyinPasadena.“Nowitjustdoesn'tfit.”Inonesense,thequestionofPluto’splanetarystatusisarcane,theprovinceofpocket-protectedscientistsandsun-deprivedpenpushersdeterminedtodecidesomeofficialdesignationforaballofdustandice3billionmilesaway.
Yetitisalsounquestionablysomethingmore.Fromsciencefairdioramastogovernmentfunding,planetsholdaspecialplaceinthepublicimagination,andhowPlutoiseventuallyseen—bykidsandCongressalike—couldshapewhatfuturegenerationslearnaboutthismysteriousoutpostontheedgeofthesolarsystem.Thedebatehasspilttheastronomicalcommunityfordecades.EvenbeforethedistantbandofrocksknownastheKuiperBeltwasfound,Pluto'sunusualbehaviormadeitsuspicious.
Elsewhere,thesolarsystemfitintonearfamilies:therockyinnerplanets,theasteroidbelt,thehugeandgaseousouterplanets.Pluto,though,waspeculiar.WiththediscoveryoftheKuiperBelt~countlessbitsofrockandiceleftunusedwhenthewheelofthesolarsystemfirstformed—Plutosuddenlyseemedtohavecousins.Yetuntilyesterday,itheldtoitsplanetarydistinctionbecauseitwasfarlargerthananythinglocatedthere.
TherubnowisQuaoar(pronouncedKWAH-oar),1billionmilesbeyondPlutoandroughlyhalfaslarge.NamedafterthecreationforceofthetribethatoriginallyinhabitedtheLosAngelesbasin,Quaoarforecastsproblemsfortheerstwhileninthplanet,saysdiscovererDr.Brown:"ThecaseisgoingtogetalothardertodefendthedaysomebodyfindssomethinglargerthanPluto."
Tosome,theproblemisnotwithPluto,butthedefinitionof"planet".Inshort,thereisnone.TotheGreeks,whocoinedtheterm,itmeant’wanderer”,describingthewaythattheplanetsmovedacrossthenightskydifferentlyfromthestarsbehindthem.Today,withourmorenuancedunderstandingoftheuniverse,thewordnolongerhasmuchscientificmeaning.
NewYork’sHaydenPlanetariumcausedacommotiontwoyearsagobysupposedlydemotingPluto,lumpingitwiththeKuiperBeltobjectsinitshugemobileofthesolarsystem.“Inreality,however,theplanetariumwasmakingamuchbroaderstatement,’’saysNellDegrasseTyson,anastrophysicistthere.Thetextbooksofthefutureshouldfocusmoreonfamiliesoflikeobjectsthan”planets,’.ThediscoveryofQuaoarstrengthensthisidea:"Everyoneneedstorethinkthestructureofoursolarsystem,"hesays,“We'vejuststoppedcountingplanets."
Still,manyareloathtopartwiththeplanetPluto.TheynotethatPluto,infact,isdistinctfrommanyKuiperBeltobjects.Ithasathinatmosphere,forone.Itreflectsagreatdealoflight,whilemostKuiperBeltobjectsareverydark.AndunlikeallbutahandfulofknownKuiperBeltobjects,ithasamoon.”MaybePluto,then,shouldberepresentativeofanewclassofplanets,"saysMarkSykes,anastronomerattheUniversityofArizonainTucson,nIt*sthefirstexample,andwearejustbeginningtofindthiscategory?'
1.Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothepassage?
2.FromwhenwasPlutoseriouslyquestionedaboutitsplanetarystatus?
3.Thesentence"Inshort,thereisnone."(Para.7)canbeparaphrasedaswhichofthefollowing?
4.WhichofthefollowingdoesNOTsupportthestatementthatPlutoisour”solarsystem’soddestplanet”?
5.Theword’’commotion”intheexpression"NewYork’sHaydenPlanetariumcausedacommotiontwoyearsago”(Para.8)canbereplacedby(
).
问题1选项
A.RockslargerthanPlutohavebeenfoundintheKuiperBelt
B.TheKuiperBeltdidnotexistwhenPlutowasfirstdiscovered
C.TheastronomersaredividedwithregardtothestatusofPluto
D.ThereisalmostnodifferencebetweenPlutoandotherKuiperBeltobject
问题2选项
A.Asearlyas1930.
B.Morethanadecadeago.
C.WhentheKuiperBeltwasdiscovered.
D.WhenQuaoarwasdiscovered.
问题3选项
A.ThereisnoproblemwithPluto'splanetarystatus
B.ThereisnotmuchdifferencebetweenPlutoandotherplanets.
C.Thereisyetnoscientificdefinitionoftheterm"planet*'.
D.Thereisnocleardistinctionbetweenplanetsandstars.
问题4选项
A.Itsorbitistoooval.
B.Itisunusuallysmall.
C.Itisfarthestfromthesun.
D.Itmainlyconsistsofdustandice.
问题5选项
A.exchangeofopinions
B.wildimagination
C.thoroughinvestigation
D.agitatedconfusion
【答案】第1题:C
第2题:C
第3题:C
第4题:D
第5题:D
【解析】1.细节事实题。题干询问‘根据短文,下列哪个选项是正确的?’。A选项“在柯伊伯带已发现比冥王星更大的岩石”和B选项“在冥王星被首次发现时,柯伊伯带是不存在的”在文中没有提及,排除;由最后一段第二句“TheynotethatPluto,infact,isdistinctfrommanyKuiperBeltobjects.他们注意到冥王星实际上不同于许多柯伊伯带的天体。”确定D选项“冥王星与其它柯伊伯带物体之间几乎没有差异”错误。由第三段第二句“Inonesense,thequestionofPluto'splanetarystatusisarcane,在某种意义上,冥王星的行星地位问题是晦涩难解的”和第四段中“Thedebatehasspilttheastronomicalcommunityfordecades.十年来,这个争论一直困扰着天文学界,让天文学界分成了持不同观点的派系。”确定C选项“关于冥王星的地位,天文学家们出现了分歧”正确。
2.推理判断题。题干询问‘冥王星的行星地位从什么时候开始受到严肃的质疑?’。
文章第一段第一句“Eversinceitsdiscovery,Plutohasneverreallyfittedin.自从发现它以后,冥王星事实上一直未能融入太阳系。”根据第二段第二句“Yesterday,however,scientistsreleasedperhapsthemostconvincingevidenceyetthatPluto,infact,isnotaplanetatall.Forthefirsttime,astronomershavepeeredintoabeltofrocksbeyondPluto…然而,昨天,科学家们发布了可能是迄今为止最令人信服的证据,证明冥王星实际上根本不是一颗行星。天文学家们第一次观测到冥王星以外的岩石带。”和第四段最后一句“EvenbeforethedistantbandofrocksknownastheKuiperBeltwasfound,Pluto'sunusualbehaviormadeitsuspicious.甚至在遥远的柯伊伯带被发现之前,冥王星的异常行为就已经让人产生了怀疑。”,确定C选项“当凯伯带被发现时”符合题意,正确。
3.推理判断题。题干询问‘他说:“简而言之,没有。”(第7段)可改述为下列哪一项?’,所以答案在第七段。由第七段第一句“Tosome,theproblemisnotwithPluto,butthedefinitionof’’planet’.在一些人看来,这个问题(即冥王星是否是行星的问题)与冥王星无关,而是与对‘行星’的定义有关。”、第七段第二句“TotheGreeks,whocoinedtheterm,itmeant'wanderer",describingthewaythattheplanetsmovedacrossthenightskydifferentlyfromthestarsbehindthem.对于创造了“漫游者”一词的希腊人来说,它的意思是“漫游者”,描述行星在夜空中移动的方式与它们背后的恒星不同。”及第七段最后一句“Today,withourmorenuancedunderstandingoftheuniverse,thewordnolongerhasmuchscientificmeaning.今天,随着我们对宇宙更加细致入微的理解,这个词不再有太多的科学意义。”确定C选项“对术语‘行星’仍没有科学定义”正确。
4.细节事实题。题干询问‘下面哪个选项不支持冥王星是我们“太阳系中最奇怪的行星”的说法?’。由第一段第二句“AfterthepaleandglowinggiantNeptune,itislittlemorethanacosmicdustmite,sweptthroughthefarthestreachesofthesolarsystem...苍白,发光的巨头海王星之后,它只不过是一个宇宙尘螨,横扫最远到达太阳系的……”确定B选项“它非常小”和C选项“它离太阳最远”与原文一致;由第一段最后一句“thearcofitsorbitissoovalthatitoccasionallycrossesitsmassiveblueneighbor'spath.它的轨道呈椭圆形,偶尔会穿过它巨大的蓝色邻居的轨道。”确定A选项“它的轨道是很椭圆形的”与原文一致;所以用排除法,确定D选项“它主要地由尘埃和冰构成”符合题意。
5.词汇题。题干询问‘“纽约的海登天文馆在两年前引起了一场骚乱”(第8段)中的“骚动”一词可以被替换为…’。由第八段第一句“supposedlydemotingPluto,lumpingitwiththeKuiperBeltobjectsinitshugemobileofthesolarsystem.据推测,冥王星将被降级,并与柯伊伯带的巨大移动星系中的物体放在一起。”和第九段第一句“Still,manyareloathtopartwiththeplanetPluto.尽管如此,许多人还是不愿与冥王星分离。”确定D选项“公开争论不休的混淆”符合语境,正确。
11.单选题
Beforesittingfortheentranceexaminationforpostgraduatestudents,manycandidatestrytofamiliarizethemselveswiththeformulaoftheexambydoing(
)tests.
问题1选项
A.simulated
B.imitated
C.stimulated
D.illustrated
【答案】A
【解析】动词辨析题。A选项simulated“模拟的,模仿的,仿造的”,simulatedtest“模拟试题”;B选项imitated“模仿的,仿造的(强调对某物的仿造或对某人的模仿)”;stimulate“受刺激的”;D选项illustrated“有插画的”。根据句意在参加研究所入学考试之前,很多应试者已经通过做很多模拟试题来使自己更熟悉考试了。A选项表示‘模拟试题’正确。
12.单选题
Aftersuchaconfrontationbetweenthetwoparties,anyreconciliationwouldbe(
).
问题1选项
A.outofthequestion
B.withinquestion
C.withoutquestion
D.outofquestion
【答案】A
【解析】介词短语辨析题。A选项outofthequestion“不可能的”B选项;withinquestion“在….的问题”;C选项withoutquestion“毫无疑问,确凿无疑”,用作副词;D选项outofquestion“毫无疑问”,用作副词。根据句意‘在两个党派之间如此的对抗之后,任何和解都将是不可能的。’只有A选项可以用作形容词作be的表语,正确。
13.单选题
Iremembermeetinghimoneeveningwithhispushcart.Ihadmanagedtosellallmypapersandwascominghomeinthesnow.IthasthatstrangehourindowntownNewYorkwhentheworkerswerepouringhomewardinthetwilight.Imarchedamongthousandsoftiredmenandwomenwhomthefactorywhistleshadunyoked.Theyflowedinriversthroughtheclothingfactorydistricts,thendownalongtheavenuestotheEastSide.
ImetmyfathernearCooperUnion.Irecognizedhim,ahunched,frozenfigureinanoldovercoatstandingbyabananacart.Helookedsolonely;thetearscametomyeyes.Thenhesawme,andhisfacelitwithhissad,beautifulsmile——CharlieChaplin'ssmile.
“Arch,it’sMikey,”hesaid.“Soyouhavesoldyourpapers!Comeandeatabanana.”
Heofferedmeone.Irefusedit.Ifeltitcrucialthatmyfathersellhisbananas,notgivethemaway.HethoughtIwasshy,andcoaxedandjokedwithme;andmademeeatthebanana.Itsmelledofwetstrawandsnow.
“Youhaven’tsoldmanybananastoday,pop,Isaidanxiously.
Heshruggedhisshoulders.
“WhatcanIdo?Nooneseemstowantthem.
Itwastrue.Theworkcrowdspushedhomemoroselyoverthepavements.TherustyskydarkenedoverNewYorkbuildings,thetallstreetlampswerelit,innumerabletrucks,streetcarsandelevatedtrainsclatteredby.Nobodyandnothinginthegreatcitystoppedformyfather’sbananas.
“Ioughttoyell,”saidmyfatherdolefully.66Ioughttomakeabignoiselikeotherpeddlers,butitmakesmythroatsore.Anyway,I’mashamedofyelling.Itmakesmefeellikeafool.’’
Ihadeatenoneofhisbananas.MysickconsciencetoldmethatIoughttopayforitsomehow.Imustremainhereandhelpmyfather.
“I’llyellforyou,pop.”Ivolunteered,
“Arch,no,’’hesaid,“gohome;youhaveworkedenoughtoday.JusttellmommaI’llbelate.”
ButIyelledandyelled.Myfather,standingby,spokeoccasionalwordsofpraise,andsaidIwasawonder&lyeller.Nobodyelsepaidattention.Theworkersdriftedpastuswearily,endlessly;adefeatedarmywrappedindreamsofhome.Elevatedtrainscrashed;theCooperUnionclockburnedaboveus;theskygrewblack,thewindpoured,theslushburnedthroughourshoes.Therewerethousandsofstrange,silentfigurespouringoverthesidewalksinsnow.Noneofthemstoppedtobuybananas.Iyelledandyelled,butnobodylistened.
Myfathertriedtostopmeatlast.“Nu,”hesaidsmilingtoconsol
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