2022年考研考博-考博英语-中国传媒大学考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）试卷号63

住在富人区的她2022年考研考博-考博英语-中国传媒大学考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）（图片可根据实际调整大小）题型12345总分得分一.综合题(共50题)1.单选题

Youmayput（）onthewheeltomakeitturnmoreeasily.

问题1选项

A.fat

B.grease

C.oil

D.cream

【答案】B

【解析】考查名词辨析。fat“脂肪”；grease“油脂，润滑油”；oil“石油，油画材料”；cream“奶油，乳脂”。根据句意可知，涂在轮子上的应该是润滑油，所以选项B正确。

2.单选题

Humansareuniquelysmartamongalltheotherspeciesontheplanet.Wearecapableofoutstandingfeatsoftechnologyandengineering.Thenwhyarewesopronetomakingmistakes?Andwhydowetendtomakethesameonestimeandtimeagain?WhenPrimatePsychologistLaurieSantosformtheComparativeCognitionLabatYaleUniversityposedthisquestiontoherteam,theywerethinkinginparticularoftheerrorsofjudgmentwhichledtotherecentcollapseofthefinancialmarkets.Santoscametotwopossibleanswerstothisquestion.Eitherhumanshavedesignedenvironmentswhicharetoocomplexforustofullyunderstand,orwearebiologicallypronetomakingbaddecisions.

Inordertotestthesetheories,theteamselectedagroupofBrownCapuchinmonkeys.Monkeyswereselectedforthetestbecause,asdistantrelativesofhumans,theyareintelligentandhavethecapacitytolearn.However,theyarenotinfluencedbyanyofthetechnologicalorculturalenvironmentswhichaffecthumandecision-making.TheteamwantedtotestwhethertheCapuchinmonkeys,whenputintosimilarsituationsashumans,wouldmakethesamemistakes.

Ofparticularinteresttothescientistswaswhethermonkeyswouldmakethesamemistakeswhenmakingfinancialdecisions.Inordertofindout,theyhadtointroducethemoneystomoney.Themonkeyssooncottonedon,andaswellaslearningsimpleexchangetechniques,weresoonabletodistinguish“bargains”—Ifoneteam—memberofferedtwograpesinexchangeforametaldiscandanotherteam-memberofferedonegrape,themonkeyschosethetwo-grapeoption.Interestingly,whenthedateaboutthemonkey’spurchasingstrategieswascomparedwitheconomist’sdataonhumanbehaviour,therewasasperfectmatch.

So,afterestablishingthatthemonkeymarketwasoperatingeffectively,theteamdecidedtointroducesomeproblemswhichhumansgenerallygetwrong.Oneoftheseissuesisrisk-taking.Imaginethatsomeonegaveyou$1000.Inadditiontothis$1000,youcanreceiveeitherA）anadditional$500orB）someonetossesacoinandifitlands“heads”youreceiveanadditional$1000,butifitlands“tails”youreceivenomoremoney.Oftheseoptions,mostpeopletendtochooseoptionA.Theypreferguaranteedearnings,ratherthanrunningtheriskofreceivingnothing.Nowimagineasecondsituationinwhichyouaregiven$2000.Now,youcanchoosetoeitherA）lose$500,leavingyouwithatotalof$1500,orB）tossacoin;ifitland“heads”youlosenothing,butifitlands“tails”youlose$1000,leavingyouwithonly$1000.Interestingly,whenwestandtolosemoney,wetendtochoosethemoreriskychoice,optionB.Andasweknowfromtheexperienceoffinancialinvestorsandgamblers,itisunwisetotakeriskswhenweareonalosingstreak.

Sowouldthemonkeysmakethesamebasicerrorofjudgment?Theteamputthemtothetestbygivingthemsimilaroptions.Inthefirsttest,monkeyshadtheoptionofexchangingtheirdiscforonegrapeandreceivingonebonusgrape,orexchangingthegrapeforonegrapeandsometimesreceivingtwobonusgrapesandsometimesreceivingnobonus.Itturnedoutthatmonkeys,likehuman,chosethelessriskyoptionintimesofplenty.Thentheexperimentwasreversed.Monkeyswereofferedtheregrapes,butinoptionAwereonlyactuallygiventwograpes.InoptionB,theyhadafifty-fiftychanceofreceivingallthreegrapesoronegrapeonly.Theresultswerethatmonkeys,likehumans,takemorerisksintimesofloss.

Theimplicationsofthisexperimentarethatbecausemonkeysmakethesameirrationaljudgementsthathumansdo,maybehumanerrorisnotaresultofthecomplexityofourfinancialinstitutions,butisimbeddedinourevolutionaryhistory.Itthisisthecase,ourerrorsofjudgementwillbeverydifficulttoovercome.Onamoreoptimisticnotehowever,humansarefullycapableofovercominglimitationsoncewehaveidentifiedthem.Byrecognisingthem,wecandesigntechnologieswhichwillhelpustomakebetterchoicesinfuture.

1.Whatwastheaimoftheexperimentoutlinedabove?

2.Whichofthefollowingstatementsisthebestparaphraseofthehighlightedsentence?Onamoreoptimisticnotehowever,humansarefullycapableofovercominglimitationsoncewehaveidentifiedthem.

3.Thewords“cottonedon“areclosestinmeaningto（）.

4.Whichparagraphaddresseswhymoneyswerechosenfortheexperiment?

5.WhatcanbeinferredaboutLaurieSantos?

问题1选项

A.Toinvestigatewhethermonkeyscouldlearntousemoney.

B.Toinvestigatewherehumanmistakescomefrom.

C.Tofindoutwhetheritisbettertotakerisksintimesofloss.

D.Todeterminewhethermonkeysmakemoremistakesthanhumans.

问题2选项

A.Hopefully,humanswillsoonbeabletosolvetheseproblems.

B.Fortunately,humanscansolveproblemsthatweknowabout.

C.Luckily,humansdonothavemanylimitationswhichhavebeenidentified.

D.Wearehappytonotethatwecansolvetheproblemwhichwehaveidentified.

问题3选项

A.learnt

B.knew

C.completed

D.concluded

问题4选项

A.Paragraph2

B.Paragraph3

C.Paragraph4

D.Paragraph5

问题5选项

A.Shethinksthatbothhumansandmonkeysaregreedy.

B.Herjobfrequentlyinvolvesworkingwithmonkeys.

C.Shebelievesthathumansshouldnevertakerisks.

D.Sheprefersmonkeystohumans.

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:C

第3题:A

第4题:A

第5题:C

【解析】第1题:1.细节题。由题干关键词定位到文章第一、二段“Thenwhyarewesopronetomakingmistakes?Andwhydowetendtomakethesameonestimeandtimeagain?”为什么我们如此容易犯错误？为什么我们会一次又一次地犯同样的错误？“Eitherhumanshavedesignedenvironmentswhicharetoocomplexforustofullyunderstand,orwearebiologicallypronetomakingbaddecisions”，要么是人类设计的环境过于复杂以至于我们无法完全理解，要么是我们在生理上容易做出错误的决定。第二段“Inordertotestthesetheories,theteamselectedagroupofBrownCapuchinmonkeys”，为了验证这些理论，研究小组选择了一组棕色卷尾猴来做实验。由此可知，选项A“为了研究猴子是否能学会用钱”，选项C“为了弄清楚在有损失的时候冒险是否更好”，选项D“为了确定猴子是否比人类犯更多的错误”均与文章不符，因此B选项正确。

第2题:2.推理判断题。由题干关键词定位到文章最后一段“Onamoreoptimisticnotehowever,humansarefullycapableofovercominglimitationsoncewehaveidentifiedthem”，然而，从更乐观的角度来看，一旦我们确定了局限性，人类就完全有能力克服它们。由此可知，选项A“希望人类不久就能解决这些问题”，选项B“幸运的是，人类能够解决我们所知道的问题”，选项D“我们很高兴地注意到，我们可以解决我们所确定的问题”均与文章不符，因此C选项正确。

第3题:3.推理判断题。由题干关键词定位到文章第三段“Themonkeyssooncottonedon,andaswellaslearningsimpleexchangetechniques”，猴子们很快就适应了，并且也学会了简单的交流技巧。由此可知，选项B“了解，知道”，选项C“完成”，选项D“包含”都与题干不符，因此A选项正确。

第4题:4.细节事实题。由题干关键词定位到文章第二段“Monkeyswereselectedforthetestbecause,asdistantrelativesofhumans,theyareintelligentandhavethecapacitytolearn”，猴子被选为测试对象，因为它们是人类的远亲，它们是聪明的，并且有学习的能力。由此可知，题干所表述的“哪一段提到为什么选择猴子进行实验?”应为第二段，因此A选项正确。

第5题:5.推理判断题。由题干关键词可知，这题需要对整篇文章进行分析总结。文章讲述为了查出人类为什么易于犯错，以及易于犯同样错误的原因，研究团队找来了一群猴子做实验，而实验的结果表明，猴子也会做出与人类同样的选择，并且在做选择时受到一定外部条件的限制。由此可知，选项A“她认为人类和猴子都是贪婪的”，选项B“她的工作经常与猴子打交道”，选项D“与人类相比，她更喜欢猴子”文章均未提及，因此C选项正确。

3.单选题

Theterm“folkcustom"isverybroad,butithasbeenusedbyfolkloriststorefertothosesharedpatternsofbehaviorsinaparticularfolkgroup.Thesepatternsofbehaviorsareregardedastraditionalandestablishedwaysofmembersoftheparticularfolkgroup.Folkcustomistotransmitbywordofmouthdemonstrationorimitation.ThefolkloreandfolkcustomsofEnglandarerichandvaried.Manycustomsareancient,passeddown,generationtogenerationfromtheGermanicandCelticancestors.Othersaremoremoderncreations.

Oneofthegreatestproblemsinassessingmostaccountsoffolkcustomsisthattheytendtogiveonlytheantiquary’s(古董商的，收集古物者的)pointofview.Afterall,tomostobservers,thepeopletheywerelookingatweresimpleandilliterate,unmindfulofthetruesignificanceofthecustomstheyhadpreserved.Whyquestionthematlengthiftheydidn’tunderstandtheessentialnatureofwhattheyweredoing?Soafolkloristislikelytoemphasizeaspectsofatraditionwhichreflecthisorherowninterestsorwhichfitinwithpreconceivedideas,whilepossiblyignoringorgivingonlypassingmentiontoaspectswhichmay,infact,beofequalimportance.

Oneaspectwhichgenerallygetsleftoutofaccountsistheviewpointoftheparticipantsthemselves:forinstancewhytheyindulgeinaparticularactivityataparticulartimeofyearoroftheirlivesandwhatfeelingstheyexperiencewhiledoingso.Andnow,ideasderivingfromfolklorestudiesaresowidespreadthattheymayeasilyhavebecomeanintegralpartoftheattitudeoftheparticipantsinacustom.Sothefolkloristisratherlikeamanstaringatasceneinamirrorwhomustbeaware,tofullyunderstandthatscene,thathisownreflectionisamajorpartofwhatheislookingat.

Itis,however,alsotruetosaythatmanycontemporarystudentstofolklorearefullyawareoftheproblemswhichbesettheirenquiries.Liketruescientiststheydrawtheirconclusionbylookingatavailableevidence,ratherthanselectingevidencewhichfitswithexistingtheories.Somehavealsolookedawayfromthe“obviously’’ancientandturnedtheirattentiontofolklorewhereitthrives,inthesociallifeofmoderncitiesindustryandsportetc.Theymay,forexampleenduplookingattheloreofthemotorcar,orofpopularmusic,andatcustomswhich,thoughtheyhavenohintsofpaganismneverthelesshavemuchincommonwitholderactivitieswhichdo.

Manyfolkloristshavegraduallycometotheconclusionthatfolkloreisnotnecessarilyathingofthepast,arelicofancientandoutmodedwaysofthinking,butthemeansbywhichpeopletrytomakesenseoftheworldortoconfrontitslackofsenseandtrytoalleviate(减少，缓和)boredomandsuffering.

1.Whyareearlyaccountsoffolkcustomsunreliable?

2.Whyisitdifficulttostudyfolkloretoday?

3.Whatisnewaboutfolkloriststoday?

4.Whatdoesparticipationinfolkcustomsmeantopeople?

5.Thebesttitleforthepassageprobablyis（）.

问题1选项

A.Becausetheparticipantsdidnotrevealthesignificanceoftheircustoms

B.Becausetheparticipantswerenotawareofthemeaningoftheircustoms

C.Becausefolkloristsundervaluedtheopinionsoftheparticipants

D.Becausefolkloristsdidn’tconsidertheparticipantssmartenoughtoanswerthequestions.

问题2选项

A.Becauseparticipantsarenowinfluencedbyearlierstudiesoftheiractivities

B.Becauseparticipantsinsistontheaccuracyoftheirowninterpretations

C.Becausefolkloristsaretooconcernedtojustifytheirowntheories

D.Becausefolkloristsareoftenmisledbyunreliableearlierstudies

问题3选项

A.Theynowmorecautiousabouttheevidencetheyaccept

B.Theywanttoinvestigatethemoreobscureareasoffolklore

C.Theyarestudyingthecreationoffolkloreinpresent-daysociety

D.Theywanttodiscoverthelinkbetweenpaganismandsocialcustoms

问题4选项

A.Itcanbeofpsychologicalbenefittothem

B.Itenablesthemtoescapetheproblemsofthemodernworld

C.Itcanbeameansofregainingancientwisdom

D.Itisanattempttoreconstructwhatislostforever

问题5选项

A.FolkloreandFolkCustoms

B.ProblemsandTendencyofFolkCustoms

C.TheRevivalofFolkCustoms

D.FolkloreandFolklorists

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:A

第3题:C

第4题:A

第5题:B

【解析】第1题:1.细节事实题。根据题干信息可定位到原文第二段，由第二段可知，评判这些民俗信息时，最大的问题就是只给出了文物研究者的观点。毕竟，对于民俗研究者而言，他们所研究的群体单纯又没有文化，没有意识到自己保留的这些民俗文化的意义。后面又讲到，民俗研究者很可能依靠自己或者先入为主的观点侧重强调传统的某些方面，进而产生错误的判断因此，C选项表述正确，观察者低估了参与者的意见。A选项表示“因为参与者没有透露他们习俗的重要性”表述错误；B选项表示“因为参与者没有意识到他们习俗的重要性”表述错误，只是研究者自己这样认为而已；D选项表示“因为民俗学家认为参与者不够聪明，无法回答问题”，与原文表述不符，故本题正确答案为C选项。

第2题:2.细节事实题。题干询问：如今民俗研究比较困难的原因是什么？根据题干可定位到原文第三段“Andnow,ideasderivingfromfolklorestudiesaresowidespreadthattheymayeasilyhavebecomeanintegralpartoftheattitudeoftheparticipantsinacustom.”，由此可知，而如今，从民俗学研究中衍生出来的想法非常普遍，它们很容易就会成为习俗参与者态度中不可或缺的一部分。”所以，A选项表述正确，原因就是参与者很容易被之前对他们行为的研究所影响。故本题正确答案为A选项。

第3题:3.细节事实题。题干询问：当今民俗学研究者的新体现在哪里？由原文第四段“Somehavealsolookedawayfromthe“obviously"ancientandturnedtheirattentiontofolklorewhereitthrives,inthesociallifeofmoderncitiesindustryandsportetc.”可知，许多当代民俗学学生充分意识到困扰他们的问题。他们通过观察现有的证据来得出结论，而不是选择符合现有理论的证据。一些人也将目光从“明显的”古代转向了民俗的繁盛之处，比如在现代都市生活、工业以及体育等。由此可知，如今的民俗研究已经发生了转变，民俗研究者开始在现代社会中研究民俗，因此C选项表述正确。故本题正确答案为C项。

第4题:4.细节事实题。题干询问：参与民俗对人们意味着什么？由文章最后一段可知，民俗研究不再只是研究过去的事，不再是指古代遗物或者是过时的思维方式，而是人们想要理解世界或者面对某种观念缺失的方式，也是人们试图缓解无聊和痛苦的途径。由此可知，进行民俗研究可以为人们的心理带来益处，所以A选项正确，而其余三项均与原文表述不符。因此本题正确答案为A选项。

第5题:5.主旨大意题。本文前半部分主要讲述了以往民俗研究中遇到的问题，由于民俗研究者认为参与者头脑简单，又没什么文化，所以低估了民俗参与者的意见，这就导致研究者可能强调的只是某些方面，而忽视了重要的内容。现在，民俗研究发生了转变，不再只是研究过去的事物，也开始关注现代城市生活中的民俗，因此民俗研究的趋势也发生了变化。由此可知，本文主要讲述的是民俗研究的问题和趋势。故本题正确答案为B选项。

4.单选题

CordiaHarringtonwastiredofstandingupalldayandsmellinglikeFrenchfriesatnight.SheownedandoperatedthreeMcDonald’sshopsinIllinois,butasadivorcedmotherofthreeboys,sheyearnedforabusinessthatwouldprovideforherchildrenandletherspendmoretimewiththem.

Herluckymomentcame,strangelyenough,aftershewasnominatedin1992tobeontheMcDonald'sbuncommittee.“Thecompanypickedmeupinacorporatejettoseebakeriesaroundtheworld.”Sherecalls.“EverytimeIwenttoameeting,Ilovedit.Thiswasglobal!”

Theexperienceopenedhereyestobusinesspossibilities.WhenMcDonald’sdecideditwantedanewbunsupplier,Harringtonbecamedeterminedtowinthecontract,eventhoughshehadnoexperiencerunningabakery.

Harringtonstudiedthebakerybusinessandmadesureshewasneveroffexecutives’radar.“Ifyouhaveadream,youcan’twaitforpeopletocallyou,”shesays.“SoI’dvisitamillandsendthemphotosofmyself,inabaker’shatandjacket,holdingasignthatsays“Iwanttobeyourbaker.”Afterfouryearsand32interviews,herpersistencepaidoff.

Harringtonsealedthedealwithahandshake,soldhershopsandborrowed$13.5million.Shewasreadytobuildthefaster,mostautomatedbakeryintheworld.

TheTennesseeBunCompanyopenedaheadofschedulein1997intimeforaslumpinUSfast-foodsalesforMcDonald’s.BeforeHarringtonknewit,shewasdowntoherlast$20,000,notenoughtocoverpayroll.AndheragreementwithMcDonald’srequiredthatshesellexclusivelytothecompany.“Icriedmyselftosleepmanynights,”sherecalls.“IreallydidthinkIamgoingtogobankrupt”.

ButHarringtonworkedoutanagreementtosupplyPepperideFarmaswell.“McDonald’scouldseebenefitifourproductionwentupandpriceswentdownandnobenefitifwewentoutofbusiness,”shesays.“Thatdealsavedus.”

Overthenexteightyears,Haringtonbranchedoutevenmore:Shestartedherowntruckingbusiness,addedacold-storagecompany,andnowhasthreebakeriesproducingfreshbunsandfrozendough—allnowknownastheBuncompanies.Speedisstillapriority:Ittakes11peopleatthemainbakerytomakeout60,000bunsanhourforclientsacross40states,SouthAmerica,andtheCaribbean.

Gratefulforthebreaksshe’shad,Harringtonispassionateaboutprovidingopportunitiestoall230employees.“Financialsuccessisthemostfunwhenyoucangiveitaway,”shesays.

Thecurrenteconomyischallenging.Someofherclients’saleshavedeclined,butshe’sfoundnewclientsandimprovedefficienciestohelpsustaintheeconomy’sdouble-digitgrowth.

CordiaHarringtondoesn’thavetostandonherfeetalldayanymore.Twoofherthreesonsnowworkforher.Andshe'smarriedherhusband,Tom,isnowherCFO.

"Thisismorethanajob,”saysHarrington.“It'samission.I'malwaysthinking.Howcanwebestserveouremployees?Ifwesupportthem,they’lldotheirbesttolookafterourclients.That’showitworkshere.”

1.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingwasmostsignificantinHarrington’searlycareer?

2.“Harringtonmadesureshewasneveroffexecutives‘radar’"(ParagraphFour)meansthatshe（）.

3.Howdidshesurvivethecrisisofthebakerybusiness?

4.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisINCORRECTindescribinghercurrentbusiness?

5.AccordingtothepassagewhichofthefollowingisfundamentaltoHarrington’ssuccess?

问题1选项

A.Hertravelandthevisitstobakeriesaroundtheworld.

B.HernominationontheMcDonald’sbuncommittee.

C.Abusinesscontractwithlocalbunsuppliers.

D.Theinterviewsandexperienceinrunningabakery.

问题2选项

A.herselfwantedtobeacompanyexecutive

B.meanttohireexecutivestorunthebusiness

C.meanttokeephermanagementknowledgeandskills

D.focusedonthemanagementofthebakerybusiness

问题3选项

A.Byopeningherbuncompanyaheadofschedule.

B.Bysupplyingbunsforanothercompany.

C.BykeepingsuppliesupforMcDonald.

D.BymakinganewagreementwithMcDonald.

问题4选项

A.Itisfastgrowing.

B.Itisdiversified.

C.Itsclientsarealllocal.

D.Itismoreefficient.

问题5选项

A.Perseveranceandconcernforemployees.

B.Businessexpansionandfamilysupport.

C.Efficiencyandloveforthefamily.

D.Opportunitiesandspeed.

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:C

第3题:B

第4题:C

第5题:A

【解析】第1题:1.判断推理题。根据第三段的首句“Theexperienceopenedhereyestobusinesspossibilities.这次经历使她看到了商机”，也就是说，在哈林顿的早期职业生涯中最重要的是这次经历。再根据上一段的内容可知，这次经历是在她被任命为麦当劳的面包委员会委员后，公司派专机接她去看世界各地的面包房。所以选项A符合原文。本题容易错选B，但被任命后如果没有那些经历，也不能对她的职业产生影响，所以重要的还是“experience”。

第2题:2.判断推理题。根据原文句意“哈林顿学习了怎样经营面包店，并且确保自己从来没有离开过管理层的视线”，由此可知，她这样做是为了保持她的管理知识和技能，所以选项C正确。选项A“她自己想成为一名公司主管”不正确，因为她是想自己经营一家公司而不是成为主管；选项B“打算雇佣管理人员来经营企业”不正确，这时候她自己还没有开公司，所以谈不上雇佣；选项D“专注于面包房业务的管理”也不正确，因为上一段提到她没有经营面包店的经验，所以她学习的是如何经营面包店，而不是业务管理。只有选项C符合原文。

第3题:3.细节事实题。根据第七段的最后一句话“那笔交易救了我们”，这里的交易指的是本段首句提到的“达成协议为Pepperide农场供应面包”。所以选项B“向另一家公司供应面包”正确。

第4题:4.细节事实题。根据第八段的最后一句“Ittakes11peopleatthemainbakerytomakeout60,000bunsanhourforclientsacross40states,SouthAmerica,andtheCaribbean.面包店的11个人每小时要为来自40个州、南美洲和加勒比海地区的客户制作6万个面包。”由此可知，她的客户不仅仅是当地的，所以选项C不正确。

第5题:5.判断推理题。根据最后一段的内容“‘这不仅仅是一份工作，’哈林顿说。‘这是一个任务。我总是思考。我们怎样才能更好地为员工服务？如果我们支持他们，他们就会尽力照顾我们的客户。这就是这里的运作方式。’”由此可知，关心员工是哈林顿成功的根本原因之一。除此之外，还有原文前面所提及的她自己付出的努力，以及自己坚持不懈的精神是她事业成功的另一个根本原因。所以选项A正确。

5.单选题

Thetoneofthearticles（）thewriter’smoodatthetime.

问题1选项

A.reproduced

B.reflected

C.imagined

D.imitated

【答案】B

【解析】考查动词词义辨析。reproduce“繁殖，复制”;reflect“反映，表现”，reflectone'smood“反映某人的心情”，符合句意；imagine“想象，设想”；imitate“模仿，仿效”。选项B符合题意。句意：文章的语气反映了作者当时的心情。

6.单选题

Themoderncameralensmaybecoatedwithmorethanten（）foreachpieceofitsglass.

问题1选项

A.levels

B.stories

C.layers

D.formations

【答案】C

【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项level“水平”。B选项story“故事，小说”。C选项layer“层，膜”。D选项formation“形成，构成”。句意：目前相机镜头的每片玻璃可以涂上十层以上的涂层。因此C选项符合题意。

7.单选题

Theyoungemployeehasa(n)（）quality—heistotallyhonest.

问题1选项

A.respectable

B.admirable

C.decent

D.approachable

【答案】C

【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项respectable“值得尊敬的人；相当数量的”；B选项admirable“令人钦佩的；极好的；值得赞扬的”；C选项decent“正派的；得体的；相当好的”；D选项approachable“亲切友善的；易理解的；可接近的”。句意：这个年轻的雇员有一个……品质——他完全诚实。虽然respectable和admirable都是褒义词，但均带有仰视的含义，而本题提及的是一个youngemployee具有的品质，不需要仰视，就用C选项decent修饰足以。

8.单选题

TheheadoftheMuseumwas（）andletusactuallyexaminetheancientmanuscripts.

问题1选项

A.promising

B.agreeing

C.pleasing

D.obliging

【答案】D

【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。A选项promising表示“有希望的；有前途的”，B选项agreeing表示“赞成，同意”，C选项pleasing表示“令人高兴的，合意的”，D选项obliging表示“亲切友善的，乐于助人的”。由后文可知，博物馆负责人让我们查阅了那些古代的手抄本，所以他应该是亲切友善的，故本题正确答案为D选项。

9.单选题

Studentswith（）problemsmayapplyforstudentloans.

问题1选项

A.economic

B.financial

C.nabobery

D.economical

【答案】B

【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项economic“经济上的”。B选项financial“财政的”。C选项nabobery“财主常去的地方”。D选项economical“节约的，合算的”。句意：有财务问题的学生可以申请学生贷款。因此B选项符合题意。

10.单选题

Thepatient'sprogresswasveryencouragingashecould（）getoutofbedwithouthelp.

问题1选项

A.nearly

B.hardly

C.merely

D.barely

【答案】A

【解析】考查副词词义辨析。A选项nearly表示“差不多，几乎”，B选项hardly表示“几乎不，简直不，刚刚”，C选项merely表示“仅仅，只不过，只是”，D选项barely表示“仅仅，勉强，几乎不，贫乏的”。根据句意“这位病人的进步让人兴奋”可知，病人可以不需要别人帮忙就能下床走路，空缺处单词应表示肯定。因此，只有A选项最符合原文语境，故本题正确答案为A选项。

11.单选题

Itis（）thatwomenshouldbepaidlessthanmenfordoingthesamekindofwork.

问题1选项

A.allergic

B.amateur

C.annual

D.absurd

【答案】D

【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。allergic“对……极讨厌”；amateur“业余的，外行的”；annual“每年的，年度的”；absurd“荒谬的，可笑的”。根据后面提到的“做同样的工作，女性获得的报酬比男性的少”，可知这种做法是荒谬的，因此选项D符合题意。句意：做同样的工作，女性获得的报酬比男性的少，这是很荒谬的。

12.单选题

Manymembersofthewomen’sliberationmovementadvocatethatmenshould（）someoftheresponsibilitiesofchildcareandhouseholdwork.

问题1选项

A.takeup

B.taketo

C.takein

D.takeon

【答案】D

【解析】考查词组辨析。takeup“拿起，占据，开始从事”；taketo“喜欢，走向”；takein“吸收，领会”；takeon“承担，呈现，穿上”。句意：许多妇女解放运动的成员主张男人应该承担一些照顾孩子和做家务的责任。选项D符合句意。

13.单选题

Asyouallknow,theUnitedStatesisacountryonwheels.Nearlyeightmillionnewcarsaremadeeachyear;fourhouseholdsoutoffiveownatleastoneear,andmorethanaquarterhavetwoeach.Yetyou’llbesurprisedtolearnthatsomeofthecar-ownersevensufferfrommalnutrition.

In1968,anation-widesurveyofmalnutritionwasmadeforthefirsttime.Itfoundthat10millionpeoplearesufferinginhealththroughinadequatefeeding;thecausesoftheirplightwerevaried.Unemploymentoveralongperiodshouldbeconsideredasthemainfactor.Andunemployment,strangetosay,ninetimesoutoftenresultsfromautomation,bothinindustrialandagriculturalareas.Forexample,intheruralSouthwhenacottonplantationsuddenlycutsitsforcefrom100peopletothree,theproblemtohelpthedisplacedarises.Soisthecasewithindustrialautomation.Infact,probably2millionjobsaremadeunnecessaryeachyearinthewholecountryasaresultoftheautomationprocess,thusmakingunemploymentachiefsocialconcern.Accordingtogovernmentstatistics,thenumberofpeopleunemployedwasover5percentfortheperiodfrom1958to1963.InJuly1981,itroseto7.8percent.Asamatteroffact,ithaslongbeenknownthatevenduringthemostprosperousperiodstherehavebeenpeoplewithoutenoughtoeat.SoIthinkthat’swhyPresidentKennedysaidinhisinaugurationspeechin1961,ifthegovernmentdidnothelpthepoor,itcouldnotsavetherich.

In1966,theSocialSecurityAdministrationcalculatedthatafamilyoffourneededanincomeof$3,355ayeartobeabovethelineofpoverty.Andin1977,theaveragepovertylineofthecountrywasslightlymorethan$6,200annualincomeforanon-farmfamilyoffour.AccordingtotheSocialSecurityAct,familiesofthatsizebelowpovertylineareeligibletoreceivebenefitsfromthespecialwelfareprogram.Theaverageweeklypaymentofbenefitsnowisequivalentto36percentoftheworker’snormalwage.Andthenumberofpeoplewhoreceivegovernmentbenefitsisincreasing.In1973,socialinsurancepaymentsbygovernments,mainlytooldagepensionersandpeoplewhohadlosttheirjobsorwereoffworkthroughillness,amountedto$86,000million.Thosenotfullyqualifiedforinsurancepaymentsreceived$29,000millioninpublicaid.

Butproblemsstillexist.Manypeoplearenotreachedbytheanti-povertyprogram,becauselocalauthoritiesandagenciesdonotwanttoplaytheirpartordonotgavetheresourcestodoso.Somepoorpeoplewillnotaccepthelpforvariousreasons.Ofcourse,therearesomemoreimportantfactorswhichlieinthestructureofthesociety,butIdon’tconsideritnecessarytodigintothemhere.Yetwewillperhapsagreethatsocialwelfareprogramshavesolvedtosomeextenttheproblemsoffeeding,clothingandhousingthosebelowthepovertyline.Onthewhole,itperhapsmightbesaidthatAmericanpeoplearelivingabetterlifethanpeopleinmostothercountries.

1.TheUnitedStatesiscalledacountryonwheelsbecause（）.

2.Accordingtoa1968survey,tenmillionAmericansfoundthemselvesinadifficulthealthsituationchieflydueto（）.

3.Theauthoruse“thedisplaced”(Para.2,Line6)torefertothosewhoare（）.

4.Theword“eligible”(Para.3,Line4)issynonymouswith（）.

5.Americansarelivingabetterlifethanthoseinmostofothercountriesbecause,tosomedegree,（）.

问题1选项

A.aboutone-fourthAmericansowntwocars

B.abitoveroneoutoffourhouseholdsaretheownersoftwocars

C.nearly8millionnewcarsdriveinthecountryeveryyear

D.80%Americanshaveatleastonecar

问题2选项

A.inadequatefeeding

B.malnutrition

C.unemployment

D.automation

问题3选项

A.unemployed

B.disabled

C.sick

D.poor

问题4选项

A.necessary

B.urgent

C.needed

D.worthy

问题5选项

A.manyAmericansreceivebenefitsfromthespecialwelfareprogram

B.somepoorpeoplecanreceivehelpforsomereasonorother

C.thereistheanti-povertyprogramintheU.S.

D.socialwelfareprogramshavesomemeasuresettledtheproblemsofthosebelowthepovertyline

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:C

第3题:A

第4题:D

第5题:D

【解析】第1题:1.细节事实题。文章第一段说到了原因“Nearlyeightmillionnewcarsaremadeeachyear…”，不仅汽车产量大，平均家庭持有量也很大，这就是原因。B选项“超过四分之一的家庭拥有两辆车”由“morethanaquarterhavetwoeach”得出。

第2题:2.细节事实题。本题要求找出“一千万美国人发现自己的健康状况很糟糕”的主要原因。文章第二段第三句说到“Unemploymentoveralongperiodshouldbeconsideredasthemainfactor”，长期失业应被视为主要因素，C选项正确。

第3题:3.词义推测题。第二段是在说造成一千万美国人健康状况糟糕的原因，且说到失业是主要因素，关键词所处句子只是个例子，为了说明上一句中“十分之九的失业是由工业和农业领域的自动化造成的”，说明thedisplaced就是指由自动化导致失业的人。A选项正确。

第4题:4.词义推测题。该词出现在第三段第三句中“AccordingtotheSocialSecurityAct,familiesofthatsizebelowpovertylineareeligibletoreceivebenefitsfromthespecialwelfareprogram”，本句表示“根据《社会保障法》，贫困线以下的家庭……从特别福利计划中获得福利”，既然是《社会保障法》中的条款，则保障的对象应为贫困线以下的家庭，及这些家庭是“有资格的”，D选项worthy“配得上的；值得的”更合适。

第5题:5.推理判断题。本题问的是美国人比大多数其他国家人生活更好的原因，这一结论出现在文章最后一段最后一句，其前面一句给出了原因“socialwelfareprogramshavesolvedtosomeextenttheproblemsoffeeding,clothingandhousingthosebelowthepovertyline”，社会福利项目在一定程度上解决了贫困人口的衣食住行问题，D选项“社会福利项目在一定程度上解决了贫困人口的问题”符合文意。

14.单选题

Youmustinsistthatstudentsgiveatruthfulanswer（）withtherealityoftheirworld.

问题1选项

A.relevant

B.simultaneous

C.consistent

D.practical

【答案】C

【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。A选项relevant表示“相关的；中肯的”，常与介词to搭配，B选项simultaneous表示“同时的，同时发生的”，C选项consistent表示“一致的；连续的”，常与介词with搭配，D选项practical表示“实际的；实践的”。由题干信息可知，原文空缺处单词需与with构成搭配，表示“与……一致”，因此，本题最佳选项为C选项。句意：你必须坚持要求学生的真实回答要与他们的现实世界一致。

15.单选题

Itwilltakeustwentyminutestogettotherailwaystation,（）trafficdelays.

问题1选项

A.acknowledging

B.affording

C.allowingfor

D.accountingfor

【答案】C

【解析】考查动词词义辨析。acknowledge表示“承认，答谢”；afford表示“提供，供应得起”；allowfor“考虑到；顾及”；accountfor“对……负有责任”。句意：考虑到交通拥堵，我们到火车站可能需要20分钟。

16.单选题

Wewatchedtheshipuntilitbecameonlya（）inthedistance.

问题1选项

A.point

B.jar

C.dot

D.stove

【答案】C

【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项point“要点；得分”；B选项jar“罐；广口瓶”；C选项dot“点，圆点；嫁妆”；D选项stove“火炉；窑”。句意：我们一直看着轮船，直到它变成远处的一个圆点。根据前半句句意“我们一直看着轮船”以及until可知，C符合题意。

17.单选题

Thewind（）thelightoftheoillamp.

问题1选项

A.swayed

B.vibrated

C.shook

D.flickered

【答案】D

【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项sway“影响；统治”；B选项vibra