2022年考研考博-考博英语-燕山大学考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）试卷号79

住在富人区的她2022年考研考博-考博英语-燕山大学考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）（图片可根据实际调整大小）题型12345总分得分一.综合题(共50题)1.单选题

Accordingtotheperiodictable,______stillsomeelementsundiscovered.

问题1选项

A.itseemsthat

B.hereseem

C.thereseemtobe

D.itseemstobe

【答案】C

【解析】【试题解析】考查固定句型。句意：根据元素周期表，似乎仍有一些元素未被发现。A选项itseemsthat放进来that引导的主语从句缺主语，语法错误；B选项hereseem放进来句子缺主语，here不能充当主语成分；C选项thereseemtobe是therebe句型，当seem用于therebe结构时，其通常的表现形式为Thereseemstobe…，tobe可以省略，也可以保留，但以保留为多见；D选项itseemstobe中it指代不明确，用法错误。C选项thereseemtobe符合题意。因此C选项正确。

2.单选题

Atthemeetingbothsidesexchangedtheirviewsonawide______oftopicstheywereinterestedin.

问题1选项

A.extent

B.number

C.collection

D.range

【答案】D

【解析】【试题解析】考查定语从句。A选项extent“程度；大小，面积”；B选项number“数量；号码”；C选项collection“收集物”；D选项range“类”，awiderangeof“大范围的；多种多样的”。句意：双方就感兴趣的______议题交换了意见。根据语境，这里指的是双方有很多感兴趣的议题，D选项range符合题意。因此D选项正确。

3.单选题

Hisproposalis______toallofusandyoudonotneedtotellusmoreaboutit.

问题1选项

A.apparent

B.appearing

C.approaching

D.apart

【答案】A

【解析】【试题解析】考查词义辨析。A选项apparent“明白易懂的；未必真实的”；B选项appearing“表现得；似乎”；C选项approaching“（在距离或时间上）靠近”；D选项apart“（指空间或时间）相隔”。句意：他的建议我们大家都______，你不需要进一步说明。根据语境，这里指大家都明白了他的建议是怎么回事，A选项apparent“明白易懂的”符合题意。因此A选项正确。

4.单选题

Theband______andwerebeginningtothrowtheirinstrumentdown.

问题1选项

A.brokedown

B.brokeoff

C.brokerank

D.brokeout

【答案】A

【解析】【试题解析】考查词组辨析。A选项brokedown“（关系的）破裂”；B选项brokeoff“（折断）脱落；突然停止”；C选项brokerank“打破等级”；D选项brokeout“爆发”。句意：乐队闹翻解体，开始扔掉乐器。根据语境，乐队中的成员扔掉乐器，停止弹奏音乐，是因为成员之间关系破裂，A选项brokedown“（关系的）破裂”符合题意。因此A选项正确。

5.单选题

A______changeinpolicyisneededifrelationsareevertoimprove.

问题1选项

A.strict

B.wide

C.ever

D.radical

【答案】D

【解析】【试题解析】考查词义辨析。A选项strict“严格的”；B选项wide“广阔的”；C选项ever“永远”，副词，不修饰名词；D选项radical“彻底的”。句意：要想改善两国关系，就必须______改变政策。根据语境，D选项radical“彻底的”搭配change比较合理，指的是要改变关系就要在政策上改变。因此D选项正确。

6.翻译题

Thisissupposedtobeanenlightenedage,butyouwouldn’tthinkifyoucouldhearwhattheaveragemanthinksoftheaveragewoman!Womenwontheirindependenceyearsago.Afteralong,bitterstruggle,theynowenjoythesameeducationalopportunitiesasmeninmostpartsoftheworld.(1)Theyhaveprovedrepeatedlythattheyareequalandoftensuperiortomeninalmosteveryfield.Itismen,notwomenwhostillcarryonthesexwarbecausetheirattituderemainsbasicallyhostile.Eveninthemostprogressivesocieties,womencontinuetoberegardedassecond-ratecitizens.Tohearsomementalk,you’dthinkthatwomenbelongedtoadifferentspecies.(2)Thehard-foughtbattleforrecognitionhasbeenwon,butitisbynomeansover.

Onthesurface,thecommentsmadebymenaboutwomen’sabilitiesseemlight-hearted.Thesametiredjokesaboutwomendriversarerepeateddayin,dayout.Thisapparentlight-heartednessdosenotconcealtherealcontemptthatmenfeelforwomen.Howevermuchmensneeratwomen,theirclaimstosuperiorityarenotborneoutbystatistics.(3)Weallknowthatwomencausefarfeweraccidentsthanmen.Theyaretooconscientiousandresponsibletodrivelikemaniacs(疯子).Butthisisaminorquibble.Womenhavesucceededinanyjobyoucaretoname.Aspoliticians,soldiers,doctors,factory-hands,universityprofessors,farmers,companydirectors,lawyers,bus-conductors,scientistsandpresidentsofcountriestheyhaveoftenputmentoshame.Andwemustrememberthattheyfrequentlysucceedbrilliantlyinallthesefieldsinadditiontobearingandrearingchildren.

(4)Yetmengoonmaintainingthefictionthattherearemanyjobswomencan’tdo.Top-levelpoliticalnegotiationbetweencountries,businessandbankingarealmostentirelycontrolledbymen,whojealouslyguardtheirso-called“rights”.EveninotherwiseenlightenedplaceslikeSwitzerlandwomenhaven’tevenbeengiventhecote.

Thetruthisthatmenclingtotheirsupremacybecauseoftheirbasicinferioritycomplex.Theyshunrealcompetition.Theyknowintheirheartsthatwomenaresuperiorandtheyareafraidofbeingbeatenattheirowngame.Oneofthemostimportanttasksintheworldistoachievepeacebetweenthenations.(5)Youcanbesurethatifwomenwereallowedtositroundtheconferencetable,theywouldsucceedbrilliantly,astheyalwaysdo,theremenhavefailedforcenturies.

【答案】1.她们一再证明自己几乎在所有领域都与男性平等，甚至往往优于男性。

2.这场为获得认可而进行的艰苦斗争已经取得胜利，但远未结束。

3.众所周知，女性发生的事故比男性少得多。因为她们开车非常认真负责，不会像疯子一样没有理智。

4.然而，男性仍然坚持认定许多工作女性做不了的假象。

5.可以肯定的是，如果允许女性坐在会议桌旁，在这个男性已经失败了几个世纪的地方，女性会如往常一样取得辉煌的成功。

7.单选题

Sheisfondof______,sodon’tapproachherandtellherwhattroublesyou.She’llmakeitknowtoall.

问题1选项

A.speech

B.appraisal

C.comment

D.gossip

【答案】D

【解析】【试题解析】考查名词辨析。A选项speech“演讲”；B选项appraisal“评估；估价”；C选项comment“议论；批评”；D选项gossip“流言飞语，闲言碎语；闲聊”。句意：她喜欢______，所以不要接近她，告诉她你的烦恼。根据语境，这里指她非常喜欢说闲话，所以不要跟她走太近，D选项gossip“流言飞语，闲言碎语”符合题意。因此D选项正确。

8.单选题

Throughoutthislong,tenseelection,everyonehasfocusedonthepresidentialcandidatesandhowthey’llchangeAmerica.Rightlyso.Butselfishly,I’mmorefascinatedbyMichelleObamaandwhatshemightbeabletodo,notjustforthiscountry,butformeasanAfrican-Americanwoman.AsthepotentialFirstLady,shewouldhavetheworld’sattention.AndthatmeansthatforthefirsttimepeoplewillhaveachancetogetupcloseandpersonalwiththetypeofAfrican-Americanwomantheysorarelysee.

Usually,thelivesofblackwomengolargelyunexamined.Theprevailingtheoryseemstobethatwe’reallhot-temperedsinglemotherswhocan’tkeepaman.Evenintheworldofmake-believe,blackwomenstillcan’tescapethestereotypeofbeingeye-rolling,oversexedfemalesraisedbyournever-married,alcoholic(酗酒的)mothers.

Theseimageshavehelpeddefinethewayallblackwomenareviewed,includingMichelleObama.Beforesheevergetsthechancetocommittoacause,charityorfoundationasFirstLady,hermosturgentandperhapsmostcomplicateddutymaybesimplytobeherself.

Itwon’tbeeasy.Becausefewmainstreampublicationshavedonein-depthfeaturesonregularAfrican-Americanwomen,littleisknownaboutwhoweare,whatwethinkandwhatwefaceonaregularbasis.Forbetterorworse,Michellewillrepresentusall.

Justasshewillhavehercritics,shewillalsohavemillionsoffanswhousuallyhavelittleinterestintheFirstLady.ManyAfrican-Americanblogshavewrittenaboutwhatthey’dliketoseeMichellebringtotheWhiteHouse—mainlyshowingtheworldthatablackwomancansupporthermanandraiseastrongblackfamily.Michellewillhavetoworktopleaseeveryone—animpossibletask.ButformanyAfrican-Americanwomenlikeme,justalittleofherpoise(沉着),confidenceandintelligencewillgoalongwayinchanginganimagethat’sbeenaroundforfartoolong.

1.WhydoesMichelleObamaholdastrongfascinationfortheauthor?

2.WhatisthecommonstereotypeofAfrican-Americanwomenaccordingtotheauthor?

3.WhatdomanyAfrican-Americanswriteaboutintheirblogs?

4.WhatdoestheauthorsayaboutMichelleObamaasaFirstLady?

5.WhatdomanyAfrican-AmericanwomenhopeMichelleObamawilldo?

问题1选项

A.SheservesasarolemodelforAfricanwomen.

B.ShepossessesmanyadmirablequalitiesbecomingaFirstLady.

C.ShewillpresenttotheworldanewimageofAfrican-Americanwomen.

D.ShewillpaycloserattentiontotheinterestsofAfrican-Americanwomen.

问题2选项

A.Theyarevictimsofviolence.

B.Theyareofaninferiorviolence.

C.Theyusequitealotofbodylanguage.

D.Theyliveoncharityandsocialwelfare.

问题3选项

A.WhetherMichellecanliveuptothehighexpectationsofherfans.

B.HowMichelleshouldbehaveasapublicfigure.

C.HowproudtheyaretohaveablackwomanintheWhiteHouse.

D.WhatMichelleshoulddoaswifeandmotherintheWhiteHouse.

问题4选项

A.Howevermanyfansshehas,sheshouldremainmodest.

B.Sheshouldn’tdisappointtheAfrican-Americancommunity.

C.Howeverhardshetries,shecan’texpecttopleaseeverybody.

D.ShewillgiveprioritytoAfrican-Americanwomen’sconcerns.

问题5选项

A.Helpchangetheprevailingviewaboutblackwomen.

B.HelpherhusbandinthetaskofchangingAmerica.

C.OutshinepreviousFirstLady.

D.Fullydisplayherfinequalities.

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:B

第3题:D

第4题:B

第5题:A

【解析】1.【试题答案】C

【试题解析】推理判断题。根据第一段Butselfishly,I’mmorefascinatedbyMichelleObamaandwhatshemightbeabletodo,notjustforthiscountry,butformeasanAfrican-Americanwoman…AndthatmeansthatforthefirsttimepeoplewillhaveachancetogetupcloseandpersonalwiththetypeofAfrican-Americanwomantheysorarelysee.（但就我个人而言，我更为米歇尔•奥巴马着迷，以及她可能会为这个国家做些什么，也为我这个非裔美国女性做些什么……这意味着人们将第一次有机会近距离接触他们很少见到的非裔美国女性。），可知作者关心的是非裔美国女性米歇尔可以为国家和非裔美国女性做些什么，因为她是很少见到的非裔美国女性，展示了非裔美国女性的新形象，C选项“她将向世界展示了非裔美国女性的新形象”正确。A选项“她是非洲妇女的榜样”：米歇尔是美国人而非非洲人。B选项“作为第一夫人，她拥有许多令人钦佩的品质”：作者没有具体提到米歇尔的优点。D选项“她将更加关注非洲裔美国妇女的利益”：根据第三段第二句Beforesheevergetsthechancetocommittoacause,charityorfoundationasFirstLady,hermosturgentandperhapsmostcomplicateddutymaybesimplytobeherself.（在她有机会作为第一夫人投身于一项事业、慈善事业或基金会之前，她最紧迫、或许也是最复杂的职责可能就是做自己。），可知米歇尔的当务之急是做好自己，还没有到投身于事业的时候。因此C选项正确。

2.【试题答案】B

【试题解析】推理判断题。根据第二段第二、三句Theprevailingtheoryseemstobethatwe’reallhot-temperedsinglemotherswhocan’tkeepaman.Evenintheworldofmake-believe,blackwomenstillcan’tescapethestereotypeofbeingeye-rolling,oversexedfemalesraisedbyournever-married,alcoholicmothers.（常见的理论似乎是，我们都是脾气暴躁的单身母亲，留不住男人。在人们的想象中，黑人女性仍然无法摆脱成见，在别人看来，她们受人歧视、性欲过度、被未婚酗酒的母亲养大。），前一句对应暴虐的特点，后一句对应粗俗的特点，B选项“她们粗俗暴虐”正确；在非洲裔美国女性的普遍刻板印象中，她们是施暴者而不是受害者，她们性欲过多而非肢体语言过多，A选项“她们是暴力的受害者”和C选项“她们过多使用肢体语言”错误。D选项“她们靠慈善和社会福利生活”：文中没有提到。因此B选项正确。

3.【试题答案】D

【试题解析】事实细节题。根据第五段第二句ManyAfrican-Americanblogshavewrittenaboutwhatthey’dliketoseeMichellebringtotheWhiteHouse—mainlyshowingtheworldthatablackwomancansupporthermanandraiseastrongblackfamily.（许多非裔美国人的博客写了他们希望看到米歇尔给白宫带来什么——主要是向世界展示，一位黑人女性可以支持她的丈夫，养育一个强大的黑人家庭。），可知许多非裔美国人期望米歇尔为白宫做的是展示如何做好妻子和母亲，D选项“作为妻子和母亲米歇尔在白宫应该做什么”正确。A选项“米歇尔是否能达到她的粉丝们的高度期望”和C选项“他们有一个黑人妇女入主白宫是多么的自豪”：文中没有提到。B选项“作为一个公众人物米歇尔应该如何表现”：这里更侧重的是作为女性，尤其是母亲和妻子，米歇尔该怎么做，而非只是作为公众人物。因此D选项正确。

4.【试题答案】B

【试题解析】推理判断题。根据文章最后一句ButformanyAfrican-Americanwomenlikeme,justalittleofherpoise,confidenceandintelligencewillgoalongwayinchanginganimagethat’sbeenaroundforfartoolong.（但对许多像我一样的非裔美国女性来说，只要她稍稍展现出一点沉着、自信和智慧，就将对改变长久以来人们对非裔美国女性的印象大有帮助。），可知作者希望米歇尔不要让人失望，展现自己的沉着、自信和智慧，B选项“她不应该让非裔美国人社区失望”正确。A选项“不管她有多少粉丝，都应该保持谦虚”：文中没有提到。C选项“不管她怎么努力，都不可能让每个人都满意”：根据文章倒数第二句Michellewillhavetoworktopleaseeveryone—animpossibletask.（米歇尔将不得不努力取悦每个人——一项不可能完成的任务。），可知作者表达的重点是取悦每个人这件事情不可能做到，但是米歇尔必须努力去做，而非再努力也不能让每个人满意。D选项“她将优先考虑非裔美国妇女所关心之事”：根据第三段第二句Beforesheevergetsthechancetocommittoacause,charityorfoundationasFirstLady,hermosturgentandperhapsmostcomplicateddutymaybesimplytobeherself.（在她有机会作为第一夫人投身于一项事业、慈善事业或基金会之前，她最紧迫、或许也是最复杂的职责可能就是做自己。），可知米歇尔不会优先考虑事业，包括非裔美国妇女所关心之事。因此B选项正确。

5.【试题答案】A

【试题解析】推理判断题。根据文章最后一句ButformanyAfrican-Americanwomenlikeme,justalittleofherpoise,confidenceandintelligencewillgoalongwayinchanginganimagethat’sbeenaroundforfartoolong.（但对许多像我一样的非裔美国女性来说，只要她稍稍展现出一点沉着、自信和智慧，就将对改变长久以来人们对非裔美国女性的印象大有帮助。），可知对于非裔美国女性来说，她们最希望的就是米歇尔帮助改变人们对她们的刻板印象，而展示优秀品质只是达成这个目标的方式，不是表达的重点，A选项“帮助改变对黑人妇女的普遍看法”正确，D选项“充分展示她的优秀品质”错误。B选项“帮助她的丈夫完成改变美国的任务”和C选项“超越前第一夫人”：文中没有提到。因此A选项正确。

9.单选题

ShecanspeakFrenchandGerman,to______nothingofEnglish.

问题1选项

A.say

B.speak

C.talk

D.tell

【答案】A

【解析】【试题解析】考查固定搭配。A选项saynothingof“更不用说”；其余选项非固定搭配。句意：她会说法语和德语，英语就______。因此A选项正确。

10.单选题

Thewreckageoftheexplodedcar______thetraffic.

问题1选项

A.interfered

B.interpreted

C.disrupted

D.corrupted

【答案】C

【解析】【试题解析】考查动词辨析。A选项interfered“妨碍（有损害）”；B选项interpreted“解释；作口译”；C选项disrupted“妨碍，扰乱（使维持正常状态有难度）”；D选项corrupted“腐化”。句意：汽车爆炸的残骸______交通。根据语境，这里指汽车爆炸扰乱了正常交通，C选项disrupted“妨碍，扰乱（使维持正常状态有难度）”符合题意。因此C选项正确。

11.单选题

Untilthe1980s,theAmericanhomelesspopulationcomprisedmainlyoldermales.Today,homelessnessstrikesmuchyoungerpartofsociety.Infact,a25-citysurveybytheU.S.ConferenceofMayorsin1987foundthatfamilieswithchildrenmakeupthefastestgrowingpartofthehomelesspopulation.Manyhomelesschildrengatherininnercities;thistransient(变化无常的)andfrequentlyfrightenedstudentpopulationcreatesadditionalproblems—bothlegalandeducational—foralreadyoverburdenedurbanschooladministratorsandteachers.

EstimatesofthenumberofhomelessAmericansrangefrom350,000tothreemillion.Likewise,estimatesofthenumberofhomelessschoolchildrenvaryradically.AU.S.DepartmentofEducationreport,basedonstateestimates,statesthatthereare220,000homelessschool-agechildren,aboutathirdofwhomdonotattendschoolonaregularbasis.ButtheNationalCoalitionfortheHomelessestimatesthatthereareatleasttwotimesasmanyhomelesschildren,andthatlessthanhalfofthemattendschoolregularly.

Onepartofthehomelesspopulationthatisparticularlydifficulttocountconsistsofthe“throwaway”youthswhohavebeencastoftheirhomes.TheElementarySchoolCenterinNewYorkCityestimatesthatthereare1.5millionofthem,manyofwhomarenotcountedaschildrenbecausetheydonotstayinfamilysheltersandtendtolivebythemselvesonthestreets.

Federallaw,theStewartB.McKinneyHomelessAssistanceActof1987,includesasectionthataddressestheeducationalneedsofhomelesschildren.TheeducationalprovisionsoftheMcKinneyActarebasedonthebeliefthatallhomelesschildrenhavetherighttoafree,appropriateeducation.

1.Itisimpliedinthefirstparagraphthat________.

2.TheNationalCoalitionfortheHomelessbelievesthatthenumberofhomelesschildrenis________.

3.Onepartofthehomelesspopulationisdifficulttoestimate.Thereasonmightwellbe________.

4.TheMcKinneyActismentionedinthispassageinordertoshowthat________.

5.Thepassagemainlydealswith________.

问题1选项

A.thereisaseriousshortageofacademicfacilities.

B.homelesschildrenaredeniedtheopportunityofreceivingfreeeducation.

C.thewriterhimselfishomeless,eveninhiseighties.

D.manyolderhomelessresidentsaregoingonstrikein25cities.

问题2选项

A.440,000

B.110,000

C.350,000

D.1,500,000

问题3选项

A.thehomelesschildrenusuallystayoutsideschool

B.somehomelesschildrenaredesertedbytheirfamilies

C.thehomelesschildrenaretooyoungbecountedaschildren

D.thehomelesspopulationisgrowingrapidly

问题4选项

A.theaddressofgradeschoolchildrenshouldbelocated

B.allhomelesspeopleareentitledtofreeeducation

C.theeducationalproblemsofhomelesschildrenarebeingrecognized

D.theestimatesonhomelesschildrenarehardtodetermine

问题5选项

A.thesocialstatusofoldermales

B.estimatesonthehomelesspopulation

C.thelegalproblemsofthehomelesschildren

D.theeducationalproblemsofhomelesschildren

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:A

第3题:B

第4题:C

第5题:D

【解析】1.【试题答案】A

【试题解析】推理判断题。根据第一段最后一句thistransientandfrequentlyfrightenedstudentpopulationcreatesadditionalproblems—bothlegalandeducational—foralreadyoverburdenedurbanschooladministratorsandteachers.（这些四处流浪、饱受惊吓的学生群体给已经不堪重负的城市教学和教学管理带来了法律和教育方面的额外麻烦。），可知第一段表达的是城市教学负担不起那么多学生，A选项“教学设施严重短缺”正确。B选项“无家可归的孩子被剥夺了接受免费教育的机会”，C选项“即使到了八十多岁，作者自己依然无家可归”和D选项“许多无家可归的老人正在25个城市举行罢工”文中没有提到，故错误。因此A选项正确。

2.【试题答案】A

【试题解析】事实细节题。根据第二段第三、四句thereare220,000homelessschool-agechildren…ButtheNationalCoalitionfortheHomelessestimatesthatthereareatleasttwotimesasmanyhomelesschildren（美国有22万无家可归的学龄儿童……但全国无家可归者援助联盟估计,至少有两倍的无家可归的孩子），可知A选项“44万”正确；B选项“11万”，C选项“35万”和D选项“150万”错误。因此A选项正确。

3.【试题答案】B

【试题解析】事实细节题。根据第三段Onepartofthehomelesspopulationthatisparticularlydifficulttocountconsistsofthe“throwaway”youthswhohavebeencastoftheirhomes…manyofwhomarenotcountedaschildrenbecausetheydonotstayinfamilysheltersandtendtolivebythemselvesonthestreets.（在无家可归的人口中，有一部分特别难以统计，那就是被抛弃的青少年……其中许多人没有被算作儿童，因为他们没有住在家庭庇护所，往往自己在街上生活。），所以B选项“有的无家可归的孩子被他们的家人遗弃”正确。A选项“无家可归的孩子通常呆在学校外面”，C选项“无家可归的孩子还太小，不能算孩子”和D选项“无家可归的人口正在迅速增长”文中没有提到。因此B选项正确。

4.【试题答案】C

【试题解析】语义推测题。根据文章最后一段Federallaw,theStewartB.McKinneyHomelessAssistanceActof1987,includesasectionthataddressestheeducationalneedsofhomelesschildren.TheeducationalprovisionsoftheMcKinneyActarebasedonthebeliefthatallhomelesschildrenhavetherighttoafree,appropriateeducation.（1987年的联邦法律《斯图尔特•B•麦金尼无家可归者救助法案》中有一部分专门针对无家可归儿童的教育需求。《麦金尼法案》的教育条款是基于这样一种信念，即所有无家可归的儿童都有权利接受免费、合适的教育。），可知无家可归儿童的教育问题受到社会关注，C选项“越来越多人意识到无家可归儿童的教育问题”正确；A选项“小学儿童应该被安置下来”和B选项“所有无家可归的人都有权接受免费教育”是法案的部分内容，不是表达的重点。D选项“无家可归儿童的估计数量很难确定”：在这一段没有体现。因此C选项正确。

5.【试题答案】D

【试题解析】主旨大意题。文章第一段提出无家可归的儿童没有足够的教育资源，第二、三段讲无家可归的儿童的教育和生活状况，第四段讲法律帮助这些儿童，所以整篇文章在讲无家可归的儿童的教育问题，D选项“无家可归儿童的教育问题”正确。A选项“年长男性的社会地位”：只有在文章第一句出现以引出下文。B选项“对无家可归人口数量的估计”和C选项“无家可归儿童的法律问题”：是文章的部分内容，不足以概括全文。因此D选项正确。

12.单选题

His______personalityprovidesgoodmaterialforcritics.

问题1选项

A.mature

B.considered

C.literate

D.dual

【答案】D

【解析】【试题解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项mature“成熟的”；B选项considered“经过深思熟虑的”；C选项literate“能读会写的”；D选项dual“双重的”。句意：他的______人格为评论家提供了很好的素材。根据语境，这里D选项dual“双重的”比较符合题意，意思指他的双重人格有很多可讨论的话题。因此D选项正确。

13.翻译题

Parentsofwailingbabies,takecomfort:Youarenotalone.Chimpanzeebabiesfuss.Seagullchickssquawk.Buryingbeetlelarvaetaptheirparents’legs.Throughouttheanimalkingdom,babiesknowhowtogettheirparents’attention.Exactlywhyevolutionhasproducedallthisfussing,squawkingandtappingisaquestionmanybiologistsaretryingtoanswer.

(1)Someday,thatanswermayshedsomelightonthemysteryofcryinginhumanbabies.“Itmaypointresearchersintherightdirectiontofindthecausesofexcessivecrying,”saidJosephSoltis,abioacousticsexpertatDisney’sAnimalKingdominLakeBuenaVista,Florida.SoltispublishedanarticleontheevolutionofcryinginthecurrentissueofBehavioralandBrainSciences.

Younganimalsvaryinhowmuchtheycry,squawkorotherwisecommunicatewiththeirparents,andstudieswithmice,beetlesandmonkeysshowthatthisvariationispartlybasedongenes.

Somelevelofcryinginhumans,ofcourse,isbasedongaspainsandmessydiapers.(2)Butasforthegeneticcontribution,youmightexpectthatnaturalselectionwouldfavorgenesfornoisierchildren,sincetheywouldgetmoreattention.

Beforelong,however,thissortofdeceptionmayberuinous.Ifthesignalsofoffspringbecametotallyunreliable,parentswouldnolongerbenefitfrompayingattention.(3)Someevolutionarybiologistshaveproposedthatnaturalselectionshouldthereforefavorso-calledhonestadvertisements.

Somebiologistshavespeculatedthatthesehonestadvertisementsmaynotjusttellaparentwhichoffspringarehungry.Theymightalsoshowtheirparentthattheyarehealthyandvigorousandthereforeworthsomeextrainvestment.

Thebabiesofrhesusmacaquemonkeyscryouttotheirmothersandtendtocryevenmorearoundthetimetheirmotherswean(断奶)them.Themothers,inresponse,begintoignoremostoftheirbabies’distresscalls,sincemostturnouttobefalsealarms.

“Initially,mothersrespondanytimeaninfantcries,”saidDarioMaestripieri,aprimatologistattheUniversityofChicago,(4)“Butasthecriesincrease,theyrespondlessandless.Theybecomemoreskeptical.Soinfantsstartcryingless.Sotheygothroughthesecycles,adjustingtheirresponses.”

KimBard,aprimatologistattheUniversityofPlymouthinEngland,hasspentmorethanadecadeobservingchimpanzeebabies.“Chimpscancryforalongtimeifsomethingterribleishappeningtothem,butwhenyoupickthemup,theystop,”Bardsaid.“I’veneverseenanychimpanzeesinthefirstthreemonthsoflifebeinconsolable.”

Maestripieriandotherresearcherssaytheseevolutionaryforcesmayhavealsoshapedthecriesofhumanbabies.“Allprimateinfantscry,”Maestripierisaid.(5)“It’saveryconservedbehavior.It’snotsomethinghumanshaveevolvedontheirown.”

【答案】1.有一天，也许这个答案会解开人类婴儿哭泣之谜。

2.但说到基因方面的原因，你可能会认为自然选择会倾向于吵闹的孩子的基因，因为他们会得到更多的关注。

3.因此，有的进化生物学家提出，自然选择会倾向于所谓的诚实宣传。

4.但随着叫声越来越多，母亲的反应也越来越少，因为她们开始怀疑哭声的真实性。所以婴儿的嗷叫随之变少。

5.“这是一种非常保守的行为。这不是人类自己进化出来的。”

14.单选题

Dowomentendtodevaluetheworthoftheirwork?Dotheyapplydifferentstandardstorewardingtheirownworkmorecriticallythantheydotorewardingtheworkofothers?ThesewerethequestionsaskedbyMichiganStateUniversitypsychologistsLawrenceMesseandCharleneCallahan-Levy.Pastexperimentshadshownthatwhenwomenwereaskedtodecidehowmuchtopaythemselvesandotherpeopleforthesamejob,theypaidthemselvesless.Followinguponthisfinding,MesseandCallahan-Levydesignedexperimentstotestseveralpopularexplanationsofwhywomentendtogetlessinpaysituations.

Onetheorythepsychologiststestedwasthatwomenjudgetheirownworkmoreharshlythanthatofothers.ThesubjectsfortheexperimenttestingthistheoryweremenandwomenfromtheMichiganStateundergraduatestudentbody.Thejobthesubjectswereaskedtoperformforpaywasanopinionquestionnairerequiringanumberofshortessaysoncampus-relatedissues.Aftercompletingthequestionnaire,somesubjectsweregivensixdollarsinbillsandchangeandwereaskedtodecidepaymentforthemselves.Othersweregiventhesameamountandwereaskedtodecidepaymentforanothersubjectwhohadalsocompletedthequestionnaire.

Thepsychologistsfoundthat,asinearlierexperiments,thewomenpaidthemselveslessthanthemenpaidthemselves.Theyalsofoundthatthewomenpaidthemselveslessthantheypaidotherwomenandlessthanthemenpaidthewomen.Thedifferencesweresubstantial.Theaveragepaidtowomenbythemselveswas$2.97.Theaveragepaidtomenbythemselveswas$4.06.Theaveragepaidtowomenbyotherswas$4.37.Inspiteofthedifferences,thepsychologistsfoundthatthemenandthewomenintheexperimentevaluatedtheirownperformancesonthequestionnaireaboutequallyandbetterthantheexpectedperformancesofothers.

Onthebasisofthesefindings,MesseandCallahan-Levyconcludedthatwomen'sattachmentofacomparativelylowmonetaryvaluetotheirworkcannotbebasedentirelyontheirjudgmentoftheirownability.

1.Theexperimentdesignedinthepassagewouldbemostrelevanttotheformulation(表述)ofatheoryconcerningthe________.

2.HowistheresearchofMesseandCallahan-Levyrelatedtoearlierexperimentsinthesamefield?

3.Whichofthefollowingstatementsissupportedbythefactsstatedinthepassage?

4.TheworkofMesseandCallahan-Levytendstosupportwhichofthefollowingnotions?

5.Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthat________.

问题1选项

A.generallylowersalariesreceivedbywomenworkersincomparisontomen

B.reluctanceofsomewomentoenterprofessionsthataretraditionallydominatedbymen

C.anxietyexpressedbysomewomenworkersindealingwithmalesupervisors

D.prejudicesoftensufferedbywomeninattemptingtoentertheworkforce

问题2选项

A.Itsuggestsaneedtodiscardmethodsusedinearlierexperiments.

B.Ittendstoweakentheassumptionsonwhichearlierexperimentsweredesigned.

C.Itsuggeststhattheproblemrevealedinearlierexperimentsmaybemorewidespreadthanpreviouslythought.

D.Ithelpstoexplainaphenomenonrevealedinearlierexperiments

问题3选项

A.Mentendtopaythemselvesmorethantheypayothermenforthesamework.

B.Womentendtopaymenmorethantheypayotherwomenforthesamework.

C.Mentendtopaywomenlessthantheypayothermenforthesamework.

D.Noneoftheabove.

问题4选项

A.Womenaregenerallylessconcernedwithfinancialrewardsfortheirworkthanmenare.

B.Menarewillingtopaywomenmorethanwomenarewillingtopaythemselves.

C.Paymentforworkshouldgenerallybedirectlyrelatedtothequalityofthework.

D.Womenjudgetheirownworkmorecruciallythantheyjudgetheworkofmen.

问题5选项

A.itisnotalwaysreliabletomeasurewomen’sabilitybyhowmuchtheyearn

B.womenwouldratherattachimportancetosacrificesthanaskforrepaymentfortheirwork

C.womentendtoassesstheirabilityofworkbytheirownself-worthratherthanmonetaryvalues

D.womengenerallyremainindifferenttohowmuchmoneytheyshouldobtainfromtheirwork

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:D

第3题:D

第4题:B

第5题:A

【解析】1.【试题答案】A

【试题解析】事实细节题。根据第一段最后一句MesseandCallahan-Levydesignedexperimentstotestseveralpopularexplanationsofwhywomentendtogetlessinpaysituations（Messe和Callahan-Levy设计了一些实验，以检验为什么女性的薪酬往往较低的几种流行学说），可知实验是为了验证女性工资普遍较低的相关话题，A选项“与男性相比，女性员工的工资普遍较低”正确。B选项“一些女性不愿意进入传统上由男性主导的职业”，C选项“一些女性员工在与男性主管打交道时表现出焦虑”和D选项“在试图进入职场时，女性经常遭受偏见”：文中没有提到，属于无中生有。因此A选项正确。

2.【试题答案】D

【试题解析】推理判断题。根据第一段最后两句Pastexperimentshadshownthat…Followinguponthisfinding,MesseandCallahan-Levydesignedexperimentstotestseveralpopularexplanationsofwhywomentendtogetlessinpaysituations.（过去的实验表明……在这一发现的基础上，Messe和Callahan-Levy设计了一些实验，以检验为什么女性的薪酬往往较低的几种流行学说），结合第三段第一句asinearlierexperiments…Theyalsofoundthat…（与之前的实验一样……他们还发现……），可知Messe和Callahan-Levy的实验是为了解释之前实验现象的原因，结果与之前的实验结果如出一辙，并且有进一步的发现，可以为先前的实验提供进一步的解释，D选项“有助于解释在之前实验中发现的现象”正确。A选项“表明有必要抛弃在之前实验中使用的方法”：文中没有提到早期实验的方法以及对此的看法，属于无中生有。B选项“倾向于削弱之前实验设计所依据的假设”：其结果印证了之前的假设，属于反向干扰。C选项“表明早期实验揭示的问题可能比以前认为的更广泛”：文中没有提到在早期实验之前的观点，属于无中生有。因此D选项正确。

3.【试题答案】D

【试题解析】推理判断题。A选项“做同样的工作，男性付给自己的报酬往往比别人的多”：文中没有对比男性给自己的和给其他人的金钱差异，属于无中生有。B选项“做同样的工作，女性往往付给男性的钱比给其他女性的多”：根据第三段第一二句thewomenpaidthemselveslessthanthemenpaidthemselves…womenpaidthemselveslessthantheypaidotherwomenandlessthanthemenpaidthewomen.（女性给自己的报酬低于男性给自己的报酬……女性给自己的报酬低于其他女性，也低于男性给女性的报酬），文中没有对比女性给其他女性和男性的报酬，属于无中生有。C选项“做同样的工作，男性付给女性的钱往往比给其他男性的少”：文中没有提到，属于无中生有。D选项“以上都不是”：A、B、C选项都不正确，因此D选项正确。

4.【试题答案】B

【试题解析】推理判断题。根据第三段第二句thewomenpaidthemselves…lessthanthemenpaidthewomen（女性付给自己的钱比男性付给女性的少），可知男性付给女性的报酬比女性给自己的报酬高，B选项“男性愿意支付给女性的薪水要高于女性愿意支付给自己的薪水”正确。A选项“与男性相比，女性一般不太关心工作的经济报酬”：根据最后一段women'sattachmentofacomparativelylowmonetaryvaluetotheirwork（女性对其工作相对较低的金钱价值依恋），可知女性没有男性那么渴望较高的报酬，但不代表女性不关心自己得到的报酬是多少，属于推理过度。C选项“工作报酬一般应与工作质量直接相关”和D选项“女性评判自己的工作比男性的工作更重要”：文中没有提到，属于无中生有。因此B选项正确。

5.【试题答案】A

【试题解析】推理判断题。根据最后一段women'sattachmentofacomparativelylowmonetaryvaluetotheirworkcannotbebasedentirelyontheirjudgmentoftheirownability（女性对其工作相对较低的金钱价值依恋，不能完全基于她们对自己能力的判断），可知女性不那么追求高报酬，并不是因为能力低，A选项“用收入多少来衡量女性的能力并不总是可靠的”正确。B选项“妇女宁愿重视牺牲，也不愿要求对她们工作的回报”和D选项“女性通常对她们应该从工作中获得多少钱漠不关心”：虽然女性没有要求那么高的报酬，但不至于对钱漠不关心，愿意做出巨大的牺牲，属于推理过度。C选项“女性倾向于通过自我价值而不是金钱价值来评估自己的工作能力”：文中没有提到，属于无中生有。因此A选项正确。

15.单选题

Hewascompletely______byherstoryofhardship.

问题1选项

A.takenaway

B.takendown

C.takenup

D.taken