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住在富人区的她2022年考研考博-考博英语-西南科技大学考试名师押题精选卷I(带答案详解)(图片可根据实际调整大小)题型12345总分得分一.综合题(共50题)1.写作题

WriteontheANSWERSHEETaletterofabout150wordsbasedonthefollowingsituation:

SupposeyouareinterestedinbeingavisitingscholaratNewYorkUniversity,theUnitedStates.Writeanapplicationletter,statingyourpersonalqualities,accomplishmentsandotherreasonswhyyouareamongthosebestsuitedtolearnatthatuniversity.

【答案】略

2.单选题

Shemusthavebeenpretty()tofallforsuchanoldtrick.

问题1选项

A.interested

B.gullible

C.enthusiastic

D.shrewd

【答案】B

【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项interested“感兴趣的”;B选项gullible“易受骗的,轻信的”;C选项enthusiastic“热情的”;D选项shrewd“精明的,狡猾的”。句意:她太容易上当受骗了,才落入这样的老圈套。由选项意思和句意可知,B选项符合句意。

3.单选题

Agreatdealofattentionisbeingpaidtodaytotheso-calleddigitaldivide-thedivisionoftheworldintotheinfo(information)-richandtheinfo-poor.Andthatdividedoesexisttoday.MywifeandIlecturedaboutthisloomingdangertwentyyearsago.Whatwaslessvisiblethen,however,werethenew,positiveforcesthatworkagainstthedigitaldivide.Therearereasonstobeoptimistic.

Therearetechnologicalreasonstohopethedigitaldividewillnarrow.AstheInternetbecomesmoreandmorecommercialized,itisintheinterestofbusinesstouniversalizeaccess…afterall,themorepeopleonline,themorepotentialcustomersthereare.Moreandmoregovernments,afraidtheircountrieswillbeleftbehind,wanttospreadInternetaccess.Withinthenextdecadeortwo,onetotwobillionpeopleontheplanetwillbenettedtogether.Asaresult,Inowbelievethedigitaldividewillnarrowratherthanwidenintheyearsahead.AndthatisverygoodnewsbecausetheInternetmaywellbethemostpowerfultoolforcombatingworldpovertythatwe’veeverhad.

Ofcourse,theuseoftheInternetisn’ttheonlywaytodefeatpoverty.AndtheInternetisnottheonlytoolwehave.Butithasenormouspotential.Totakeadvantageofthistool,someimpoverishedcountrieswillhavetogetovertheiroutdatedanti-colonialprejudiceswithrespecttoforeigninvestment.Countriesthatstillthinkforeigninvestmentisaninvasionoftheirsovereigntymightwellstudythehistoryofinfrastructure(thebasicstructuralfoundationsofasociety)intheUnitedStates.WhentheUnitedStatesbuiltitsindustrialinfrastructure,itdidn'thavethecapitaltodoso.AndthatiswhyAmerica’sSecondWaveinfrastructureincludingroads,harbors,highways,portsandsoon…werebuiltwithforeigninvestment.

TheEnglish,theGermans,theDutchandtheFrenchwereinvestinginBritain’sformercolony.Theyfinancedthem.ImmigrantAmericansbuiltthem.Guesswhoownsthemnow?TheAmericans.IbelievethesamethingwouldbetrueinplaceslikeBraziloranywhereelseforthatmatter.ThemoreforeigncapitalyouhavehelpingyoubuildyourThirdWaveinfrastructure,whichtodayisanelectronicinfrastructure,thebetteroffyou’regoingtobe.Thatdoesn’tmeanlyingdownandbecomingfooled,orlettingforeigncorporationsrununcontrolled.ButitdoesmeanrecognizinghowimportanttheycanbeinbuildingtheenergyandtelecominfrastructuresneededtotakefulladvantageoftheInternet.

1.Digitaldivideissomething().

2.GovernmentsattachimportancetotheInternetbecauseit().

3.ThewritermentionedthecaseoftheUnitedStatestojustifythepolicyof().

4.Itseemsthatnowacountry’seconomydependsmuchon().

5.Theauthor’sattitudetowardsforeigninvestmentseemstobe().

问题1选项

A.gettingworsebecauseoftheInternet

B.therichcountriesareresponsiblefor

C.theworldmustguardagainst

D.consideredpositivetoday

问题2选项

A.offerseconomicpotentials

B.canbringforeignfunds

C.cansoonwipeoutworldpoverty

D.connectspeopleallovertheworld

问题3选项

A.providingfinancialsupportoverseas

B.preventingforeigncapital’scontrol

C.buildingindustrialinfrastructure

D.acceptingforeigninvestment

问题4选项

A.howwelldevelopeditiselectronically

B.whetheritisprejudicedagainstimmigrants

C.whetheritadoptsAmerica’sindustrialpattern

D.howmuchcontrolithasoverforeigncorporations

问题5选项

A.positive

B.negative

C.indifferent

D.pessimistic

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:A

第3题:D

第4题:A

第5题:A

【解析】1.事实细节题。题干:数字鸿沟是_______。通过题干关键词“digitaldivide”定位到第一段。第一句是对“数字鸿沟”所下的一个定义。其后作者提到MywifeandIlecturedaboutthisloomingdangertwentyyearsago(他和妻子20年前就谈到这种隐伏的危险),这里的loomingdanger指的就是“thedigitaldivide”,即在世界范围内产生信息富裕和信息贫乏的两类国家。当时,作者就认为前途是乐观的,因为早在20年前就已经出现了一些防止产生这种分化的积极因素,只是当时这些因素还不太明显。同时定位到第二段,作者提到了“因特网的普及使这种鸿沟正得到缩小”,可见,A选项“因为因特网而变得糟糕”与原文意思相反,是错误的。B选项“富裕国家应该承担责任”,此内容文中没有提到,属于无中生有,所以B选项不正确。D选项“今天被认为是积极的”,根据第二段最后一句AndthatisverygoodnewsbecausetheInternetmaywellbethemostpowerfultoolforcombatingworldpovertythatwe’veeverhad.(网络的普及能帮助世界战胜贫困。),在作者看来,这种鸿沟是不好的现象。D选项的说法显然是错误的,因为作者就是要消除这个鸿沟。综上所述,C选项“全世界都要警惕”,是正确的。

2.事实细节题。题干:政府重视因特网是因为它_______。通过题干关键词“government”“internet”定位到第二段,文中提到AndthatisverygoodnewsbecausetheInternetmaywellbethemostpowerfultoolforcombatingworldpovertythatwe’veeverhad.(政府之所以大力推广因特网是出于因特网可能成为消除贫困的最好的工具的考虑)。第三段更是提到“Butithasenormouspotential”(因特网可能具有巨大的潜力)。因此可以判断A选项“提供很多经济可能”是正确的。B选项“可以带来海外投资”。在第四段ThemoreforeigncapitalyouhavehelpingyoubuildyourThirdWaveinfrastructure,whichtodayisanelectronicinfrastructure,thebetteroffyou’regoingtobe.(在建设“第三次浪潮”的基础设施上利用外资越多,你将变得越富裕。)。作者建议贫穷国家在利用外资方面放弃一些过时的偏见—如殖民、侵犯主权等概念,积极利用外资建立自己的电子基础设施,以便充分利用国际互联网提供的机遇,走向富裕。这里的逻辑并不是互联网带来外资,而是利用外资发展网络工程,所以B选项不正确。C选项“能很快消灭世界贫困”。虽然作者提到了国际互联网的利用可能是战胜贫困的工具,但这仅仅是一种潜在的力量,把这种力量转化为现实则取决于不同国家的努力,并没有说能够很快消除贫困,C选项不正确。D选项“将世界人民连到一起”。正像上面所分析的,政府关注国际互联网是因为它为经济的发展带来的巨大潜力,而不仅仅是它将世界连成一片这个事实,D选项过于片面。综上所述,A选项为正确答案。

3.作者意图题。题干:作者提到美国的案例是为了证明_________政策是对的。在第四段,美国和巴西的例子都被作者用以说明拋弃过去的在那种在利用外资上的过时的反殖民偏见,提出充分利用外资建立电子基础设施的重要性,并且指出,哪个国家在建设“第三次浪潮”的基础设施上利用外资多,哪个国家就将变得更富裕。因此可以判断正确选项是D“接受外国投资”。A选项“为海外提供资金支持”,把吸收外资的重要性和美国提供海外资金混淆起来。B选项“防止外资的控制”,第四段最后两句指出,利用外资并不意味着缴械或受愚弄,也不意味着放任外国公司肆意妄为,此说法无法从美国这个案例中推断出来。C选项“建立工业基础设施”。由以上的分析可以看出,本文提到的不是建立“工业”基础设施的问题。C选项错在“工业”这个概念上。综上所述,本题的正确答案为D选项。

4.推理判断题。题干:现在,一个国家的经济看起来极大地依赖于_________。文章最后一段提到哪个国家在建设“第三次浪潮”的基础设施上利用外资多,哪个国家就将变得更富裕。这里的“第三次浪潮”指的就是“电子基础建设”。因此选项A“它的电子发展程度”是正确的。其他三个选项中,B选项“它是否歧视移民”和D选项“它对外国公司的控制有多大”,在文中都没有提到,属于无中生有,排除。C选项“它是否采用美国的工业模式”,再次出现“工业模式”,因此不正确。综上所述,本题的正确答案为A选项。

5.观点态度题。题干:作者对于外国投资的态度是______。文中作者提到,哪个国家在建设“第三次浪潮”的基础设施上利用外资多,哪个国家就将变得更富裕。说明作者对外国投资属于积极的态度,选项A“肯定的,积极的”是正确选项。B选项“消极的,否定的”,C选项“冷漠的”,和D选项“悲观的”,均不符合题意。综上所述,本题的正确答案为A选项。

4.单选题

TheWorldBankhasfundedmanyimprovementschemes(),includingshantytownandtransportimprovements.

问题1选项

A.global

B.overall

C.worldwide

D.universally

【答案】C

【解析】考查词义辨析。A选项global“全球的,总体的”;B选项overall“全部的,全体的”;C选项worldwide“遍及全球地”;D选项universally“普遍地,到处”。句意:世界银行资助了很多世界各地的改善计划,包括贫民区和交通的改善。根据句意,只有A、C选项符合意思。题干中的scheme是个名词,之后可以加副词作为定语修饰名词,而A选项是个形容词,故排除。所以本题的正确答案是C选项。

5.翻译题

TranslatethefollowingtextintoChinese.WriteyourtranslationontheANSWERSHEET.

IntheUnitedStateofAmericahouseshavechangedassocialcustomschanged.Atfirst,AmericanhousesfollowedthepatternsbroughtfromEuropebytheearlyimmigrants,but,sincetimberwasthemosteasilyobtainedmaterial,boardedwallsandshingleroofslargelyreplacedbricksandtiles.Lately,differentregionshaveevolvedtheirownmethodsofhousebuildingtosuitlocalconditions;forinstance,alowramblinghousewithwidelyspreadingeaves,istypicalofthePacificcoast.Inaddition,theplanofthehousehasbeguntochangeastheAmericanwayoflifehasdivergedmoreandmorefromtheEuropean.Housesarelessformal,androomsmergeoneintotheother,providingmorespaceforgeneralfamilylifeandfewerroomsforspecialpurposes.

【答案】在美国,房屋随着社会习俗的改变而改变。起初,美国的房屋仿效早期移民从欧洲带来的模式。但由于木材是最容易获得的材料,木板墙和木瓦屋顶大量取代了砖块和瓦。最近,不同的地区发展出了适合当地条件的房屋建造方法;例如,布局凌乱的低矮房子有着散开的屋檐,是典型的太平洋海岸建筑。此外,随着美国人的生活方式越来越不同于欧洲人,住宅的规划也开始改变。住宅不那么正式,房间相互融合,为一般家庭生活提供了更多的空间,特殊用途的空间也变少了。

6.单选题

Allthepartsofthewashingmachineare(),sothatitisveryconvenienttoreplacethem.

问题1选项

A.normalized

B.standardized

C.mechanized

D.modernized

【答案】B

【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项normalize“正常化,常规化,规格化”;B选项standardize“标准化,使标准化”;C选项mechanize“使机械化,机械化”;D选项modernize“使现代化”,句意:这台洗衣机的所有零件都标准化了,所以要更换它们很方便。由选项意思和句意可知,B选项符合句意。

7.单选题

Whetheryouareloggingontoyourpersonalcomputer,usingacreditcard,ordisarmingadoorsecuritysystem,passwordsorPINs(personalidentificationnumbers)guardaccesstonumerousregularoperations.

Itisestimatedthatwithintenyears,consumerscouldbefacedwithhandlingmorethan100passwords!Giventhepopularityofpasswords,howcanyouchooseonesthataresufficientlycomplicatedtobesecureyetaresimpleenoughtoremember?

Therearebasicguidelinestobearinmind.Don’tuseasapasswordyournameorthatofamemberofyourfamily,eveninmodifiedform.Alsoavoidusingyourtelephonenumber,yourSocialSecuritynumber,oryouraddress.Suchinformationcaneasilybeobtainedbyadeterminedhacker.

Inaddition,ifpossible,don’tusepasswordsmadeupentirelyoflettersordigits.Arelativelysimplecomputerprogramcancracksuchacodequickly.Finally,donotuseawordthatcanbefoundinanydictionary,evenaforeign-languageone.Hugelistsareavailablethatcontainwords,placenames,andpropernamesfromalllanguages.Programscantestforvariationsofthesewords,suchasiftheyarespelledbackward,capitalized,orcombined.

So,whatkindsofpasswordsshouldbeused?Usuallyonesthathaveaminimumofsixtoeightcharactersandthathaveamixtureofupper-andlower-caseletters,digitandpunctuationsymbols.Howdifficultisittocracksuchacombinationofcharacters?Onesourcesays,“Amachinethatcouldtryonemillionpasswordspersecondwouldrequire,ontheaverage,overonehundredyears.”

Howcanyouchooseacombinationthatiseasytoremember?Somesuggestthatyoutakethetitleofafavoritebookorfilmoralinefromasongorpoemandusethefirstletterfromeachwordasyourpassword,addingcapitalletters,punctuation,orothercharacters.Forexample,“tobeornotbe”couldbecome“2B/not2B.”

Othersuggestionsincludetakingtwoshortwordsandlinkthemwithapunctuationcharacter,suchas“High?Bug”or“Song;Tree”.

Takingintoaccountthesuggestionsoutlinedabovecanhelpyoutoprotectimportantinformationfromunwantedhackers.Remember,too,theimportanceofchangingyourpasswordsregularly.Justafinalcomment:Whateverpasswordsyoudecidetouse,don’tpickanyoftheexamplesgivenabove.

1.Whatisthemainideaofthispassage?

2.Whyshouldn’tweuseawordthatcanbefoundinanydictionaryasapassword?

3.Ifyouarechoosingapasswordforyourcomputer,whichofthefollowingisthebestchoice?

4.Howcanyouchooseapasswordthatisbothsecureandsimpletoremember?

5.Theword“Given”inParagraph2canbebestreplacedby().

问题1选项

A.Howtostrengthensecuritythroughapassword.

B.Howtochooseapasswordthatiseasytoremember.

C.Howtopreventyourpasswordfrombeingcracked.

D.Howtochooseasafeandconvenientpassword.

问题2选项

A.Becauseitcanbeeasilyrememberedbyacomputerhacker.

B.Becausecomputerprogramscancrackit.

C.Becausecomputerhackersaredeterminedtocrackit.

D.Becausethelistsaresohugethatthewordsarenoteasytoremember.

问题3选项

A.iaHgnahs

B.19730508

C.2B/not2B

D.Re-B,pl2

问题4选项

A.Takingthetitleofyourfavoritebookorfilm.

B.Takingalinefromasongorpoemyoulikebest.

C.Makingupanonsensicalwordwhichcannotbefoundinanydictionary.

D.Usingtwoshortwordslinkedwithapunctuationcharacter.

问题5选项

A.Fixed

B.Granted

C.Supposed

D.Presented

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:B

第3题:D

第4题:D

第5题:C

【解析】1.主旨大意题。题干:这篇文章的主旨是?这文章全文是关于“密码”。文章第一段就出现了passwords和PINs。第二段即引出文章主旨,如何选择既安全又简单易记的密码。后面的内容对这个问题做出了回答,所以选项D“如何选择一个安全方便的密码”正确。A选项“如何通过密码加强安全性”,是文章第五段的主要内容。B选项“如何选择一个容易记住的密码”,是文章第六段的主要内容。C选项“如何防止你的密码被破解”,是文章第三,四段的主要内容。综上所述,本题的正确答案是D选项。

2.事实细节题。题干:为什么我们不能用一个在任何字典里都能找到的词作为密码呢?由题干定位到第四段第三、四、五句话Finally,donotuseawordthatcanbefoundinanydictionary,evenaforeign-languageone.Hugelistsareavailablethatcontainwords,placenames,andpropernamesfromalllanguages.Programscantestforvariationsofthesewords,suchasiftheyarespelledbackward,capitalized,orcombined.(最后,不要使用任何词典中都能找到的词,即使是外语词典。巨大的列表是可用的,包含单词,地名,和来自所有的语言的专有名称。比较简单的计算机程序能够很快地破译这类密码,比如它们是倒写、大写还是组合。),所以本题B选项“因为计算机程序可以破解它”,符合题意。A选项“因为电脑黑客很容易记住它”,是因为容易被破解所以不能用,并没有提到是否容易记忆,A选项排除。C选项“因为电脑黑客会下定决心破解它”,文章提到是有程序可以破解,而不是黑客会下决心破解,所以C选项不符合题意。D选项“因为单词表是如此之大以至于单词不容易记住”,在文中并没有提及。综上所述,本题的正确答案是B选项。

3.推理判断题。如果你正在为你的电脑选择一个密码,以下哪个是最好的选择?根据第四段第一句话Inaddition,ifpossible,don’tusepasswordsmadeupentirelyoflettersordigits.(另外,如果可能的话,不要使用完全由字母或数字组成的密码。),可排除A和B选项。这篇文章的最后一句讲到Justafinalcomment:Whateverpasswordsyoudecidetouse,don’tpickanyoftheexamplesgivenabove.(无论你决定选择什么密码,不要采用上面提到的任何一个例子。),而C选项正是文章所给的例子,所以排除。所以只有D选项,有不同种类的符号、数字、横线等的组合,才是最好的选择。综上所述,本题的正确答案是D选项。

4.推理判断题。题干:如何选择既安全又容易记忆的密码呢?根据文章第七段Othersuggestionsincludetakingtwoshortwordsandlinkthemwithapunctuationcharacter(还有建议就是使用两个简短的单词,并用标点符号将它们连接起来),可知D选项“用两个简短的单词连上一个标点符号”,符合题意。根据文章第六段第二句Somesuggestthatyoutakethetitleofafavoritebookorfilmoralinefromasongorpoemandusethefirstletterfromeachwordasyourpassword,addingcapitalletters,punctuation,orothercharacters.(有人建议你用最喜欢的书或电影的标题,或一首歌曲或一首诗的台词,把每个单词的首字母作为你的密码,加上大写字母、标点符号或其他字符。),可知,A选项“选你最喜欢的书或电影的名字”和B选项“从你最喜欢的歌或诗中选取一句”,都不全面,选择书或者电影名字会容易被程序破解,所以B,C都不正确。C选项“编了一个在任何字典里都找不到的无意义的词”,随便编出来的没有意义的词会很容易忘记,所以C选项排除。综上所述,本题的正确答案是D选项。

5.推理判断题。题干:第二段的“Given”,可以由单词________替代。由题干定位到第二段Itisestimatedthatwithintenyears,consumerscouldbefacedwithhandlingmorethan100passwords!Giventhepopularityofpasswords,howcanyouchooseonesthataresufficientlycomplicatedtobesecureyetaresimpleenoughtoremember?(据估计,在10年内,消费者可能要处理100多个密码!考虑到密码的流行,你如何选择一个足够复杂的安全而又足够简单的记忆密码呢?),A选项“确定,固定”,B选项“授予,允许”,C选项“假定,设想”,D选项“提出,提供”。文章是对10年后情况的推测,所以应该选择C选项符合题意。

8.单选题

Althoughhethoughthewashelpingustopreparethedinner,hewasactually()theway.

问题1选项

A.in

B.after

C.on

D.by

【答案】A

【解析】考查短语辨析。A选项intheway“挡道,碍事,妨碍某人”;B选项aftertheway英语里没有这样的短语。C选项ontheway“在途中,在路上,从某种程度上来说”;D选项bytheway“顺便说说,顺便问一下”,句意:他以为他在帮我们准备晚餐,其实根本不是这么回事。由选项意思和句意可知,A选项符合句意。

9.单选题

They()outbecausethelightison.

问题1选项

A.mustn’thavegone

B.maynothavegone

C.cannothavegone

D.needn’thavegone

【答案】C

【解析】考查情态动词辨析。表示推测时,肯定形式用must,否定形式用can’t一般表示对事实有根据的否定推测。如:Hecan’tbeinthehouse;hewentouthalfanhourago.(他不可能在家,半小时前他就出去了。)can后接动词的完成时态表示某人可能已经做了某事或某事已发生,或者由虚拟语气延伸而表示“能而未”。如:Wherecanhehavegone?(他能去哪儿了呢?)Manywomencouldhavehadverygoodpositionsinsociety,buttheypreferredtostayathometakingcareoftheirfamilies.(许多妇女都能在社会上找到很好的工作,但她们宁愿呆在家里,照顾家人。),A选项mustn’thavegone“禁止出去”;mustnot表示禁止,语气强硬,一般情况下后面不跟动词的完成时态,B选项maynothavegone“可能没出去”;C选项cannothavegone“不可能出去”;D选项needn’thavegone“不需要出去”。句意:灯还开着,他们_____。由“灯还开着”可以推断出,他们不可能出去了,一定还在家,所以本题的正确答案是C选项。

10.单选题

Besurenottomentionthiswhenyou()aboutthisproblem.

问题1选项

A.weretalking

B.willtalk

C.havebeentalking

D.aretalking

【答案】D

【解析】考查时间状语从句,当从句动作和主句动作同时发生,且从句动作为延续性动词时,主语是一般现在时,when引导时间状语从句用现在进行时,所以本题D是正确答案。

11.单选题

Wewantto()thelatesttechnologyintoschools.

问题1选项

A.announce

B.operate

C.introduce

D.cast

【答案】C

【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项announce“宣布,述说”,announce…to“通知某人,向……宣布”;B选项operate“操作,经营”;C选项introduce“介绍,引进”,introduce…to“向……介绍”;D选项cast“投,抛,计算”。句意:我们想向学校推荐最新的技术。由选项意思和固定搭配可知,C选项符合句意。

12.单选题

()isoneofthemostusefulandfascinatingdivisionsofhumanknowledgeiswidelyaccepted.

问题1选项

A.Thatmathematics

B.Whatmathematics

C.Wheremathematics

D.Mathematics

【答案】A

【解析】考查主语从句。_______isoneofthemostusefulandfascinatingdivisionsofhumanknowledge充当主句的主语,选项中的mathematics是主语从句的主语。所以前面的主语从句完整不缺成分,只有that引导主语从句,在主语从句中不做成分,且不能省略。句意:数学是人类知识中最有用、最迷人的部分之一,这一点已被广泛接受。所以本题的正确答案是A选项。

13.写作题

WriteontheANSWERSHEETacompositionofatleast200wordsbasedonthetopic“TraditionandInnovation”.

Youaretowriteinthreeparts.

Inthefirstpart,statespecificallywhatyouropinionis.

Inthesecondpart,providereasonsoryourexperiencestosupportyouropinion.

Inthelastpart,bringwhatyouhavewrittentoanaturalconclusionormakeasummary.

【答案】Thereisavividsayingwhichsays“Iftraditioncanbelikenedtotherootsandtrunkofatree,innovationisitsleavesandfruits.”Iquiteapplaudthissimile.Frommyperspective,traditionandinnovationaredoomedtocoexistperpetually.

Firstandforemost,traditionisasolidfoundationforinnovation,withabundantnutritionwecanabsorb,suchasscientificexperimentapproachesandsciencespirits.Secondly,it’sthedrawbacksoftraditionincertainfieldsthatgiverisetoinspirationandmomentumtoinnovate.Forinstance,ThomasEdison,whocaughtthesightoftheinconvenienceoftraditionalgaslight,conductedexperimentsandeventuallyinventedlightbulb.Onthecontrary,innovationwillcertainlyfightagainsttradition.Whenaninnovationsatisfiespeople'sexpectation,itcangainpopularityandfinallymakeitselfanewelementintradition,whichwillbeheldinhighesteem.

Inaword,traditionandinnovationcanneverbeseparated.Attheverytime,withtheever-increasingspeedofinnovation,adiversityofnewly-borntechnologyandhi-techproductspenetrateourdailylife.I’mconvincedthatwe’dbetterbeabsolutelyconsciousofourroot——traditionandgiveprioritytoit.Onlywhenwegainathoroughcomprehensionofitcanweaccomplishmagnificentinnovationandexertpositiveeffectonoursocietyasawhole.

14.单选题

Icouldn’tfind(),andsoItookthisone.

问题1选项

A.alargeenoughcoat

B.anenoughlargecoat

C.alargecoatenough

D.acoatenoughlarge

【答案】A

【解析】考查副词用法。句意:enough修饰名词时放名词前,如:Idon’thaveenoughmoney.修饰形容词或副词时放形容词或副词后,如:Youarenotcapableenoughtogetthisposition.所以本题的正确答案是A选项。句意:我找不到足够大的大衣,所以我拿了这一件。综上所述,本题的正确答案是A选项。

15.单选题

Lastmonththefirstbaby-boomersturned60.Thebulkygenerationbornbetween1946and1964isheadingtowardsretirement.Thelooming“demographiccliff”willseevastnumbersofskilledworkersdispatchedfromthelaborforce.Theworkforceisageingacrosstherichworld.WithintheEUthenumberofworkersagedbetween50and64willincreaseby25%overthenexttwodecades,whilethoseaged20-29willdecreaseby20%.InJapanalmost20%ofthepopulationisalreadyover65,thehighestshareintheworld.AndintheUnitedStatesthenumberofworkersaged55-64willhaveincreasedbymorethanhalfinthisdecade,atthesametimeasthe35-to-44-year-oldsdeclineby10%.

Giventhatmostsocietiesaregearedtoretirementataround65,companieshavealoomingproblemofknowledgemanagement,ofmakingsurethattheboomersdonotleavebeforetheyhavehandedovertheirexpertisealongwiththeofficekeysandtheire-mailaddress.Asurveyofhuman-resourcesdirectorsbyIBMlastyearconcluded:“Whenthebaby-boomergenerationretires,manycompanieswillfindouttoolatethatacareer'sworthofexperiencehaswalkedoutthedoor,leavinginsufficienttalenttofillinthevoid.”

Somealsofaceashortageofexpertise.Inaerospaceanddefense,forexample,asmuchas40%oftheworkforceinsomecompanieswillbeeligibletoretirewithinthenextfiveyears.Atthesametime,thenumberofengineeringgraduatesindevelopedcountriesisinsteepdecline.

Afewcompaniesaresosqueezedthattheyarealreadytakingexceptionalmeasures.EarlierthisyeartheLosAngelesTimesinterviewedanenterprisingAustralianwhowasstayinginBeverlyHillswhilehetriedtopersuadelocalstoemigratetoToowoomba,Queensland,toworkforhisengineeringcompanythere.Toowoombatoday;therestofthedevelopedworldtomorrow?

Ifyoulookhardenough,youcanfindcompaniesthathavebeguntoadapttheworkplacetoolderworkers.TheAARP,anAmericanassociationfortheover-50s,producesanannuallistofthebestemployersofitsmembers.Health-carefirmsinvariablycomenearthetopbecausetheyareoneoftheindustriesmostinneedofskilledlabor.Othersectorssimilarlyaffected,saystheConferenceBoard,includeoil,gas,energyandgovernment.

NearthetopoftheAARP’slatestlistcomesDeere&Company,ano-nonsenseindustrial-equipmentmanufacturerbasedinIllinois;about35%ofDeere’s46,000employeesareover50andanumberofthemareintheir70s.Thetoolsitusestoachievethat—flexibleworking,telecommuting,andsoforth—alsocoincidentallyhelpolderworkerstoextendtheirworkinglives.Thecompanyspends“alotoftime”ontheergonomicsofitsfactories,makingjobstherelesstiring,whichenablesolderworkerstostayatthemforlonger.

Likewise,formorethanadecade,Toyota,arguablytheworld’smostadvancedmanufacturer,hasadapteditsworkstationstoolderworkers.Theshortageofskilledlaboravailabletotheautomotiveindustryhasmadeitunusuallykeentorecruitolderworkers.BMWrecentlysetupafactoryinLeipzigthatexpresslysetouttoemploypeopleovertheageof45.

Needsmustwhenthedevildrives.Otherfirmsarepolishingtheiralumninetworks.IBMusesitsnetworktorecruitretiredpeopleforparticularprojects.Ernst&Young,aprofessional-servicesfirm,hasabout30,000registeredalumni,andabout25%ofits“experienced”newrecruitsareformeremployeeswhoreturnafteranabsence.

Butsuchexamplesareunusual.AsurveyinAmericalastmonthbyErnst&Youngfoundthat“althoughcorporateAmericaforeseesasignificantworkforceshortageasboomersretire,itisnotdealingwiththeissue.”Almostthree-quartersofthe1,400globalcompaniesquestionedbyDeloittelastyearsaidtheyexpectedashortageofsalariedstaffoverthenextthreetofiveyears.Yetfewofthemarelookingtoolderworkerstofillthatshortage;andevenfewerarelookingtothemtofillanothergapthathasalreadyappeared.ManyfirmsinEuropeandAmericacomplainthattheystruggletofindqualifieddirectorsfortheirboardswhenthepoolofretiredtalentfromthoseverysamefirmsisgrowingbyleapsandbounds.

Whyarefirmsnotworkinghardertokeepoldemployees?Partofthereasonisthatthecrunchhasbeenbeyondthehorizonofmostmanagers.Norishangingontoolderworkerstheonlywaytocopewithafallingsupplyoflabor.Theparticipationofdevelopingcountriesintheworldeconomyhasincreasedtheoverallsupply—whateverthelocaleffectofdemographicsintherichcountries.AvastamountofworkisbeingsentoffshoretosuchplacesasChinaandIndiaandmorewillgoinfuture.Somecountries,suchasAustralia,arerelaxingtheirimmigrationpoliciestoallowmuchneededskillstocomeinfromabroad.Otherswillavoidtheneedforworkersbyspendingmoneyonmachineryandautomation.

1.Accordingtothepassage,themostseriousconsequenceofbaby-boomersapproachingretirementwouldbe().

2.ThefollowingareallthemeasuresthatcompanieshaveadoptedtocopewiththeageingworkforceEXCEPT().

3.“Thecompanyspends‘alotoftime’ontheergonomicsofitsfactories”meansthat().

4.Intheauthor’sopinion,Americanfirmsarenotdoinganythingtodealwiththeissueoftheageingworkforcemainlybecause().

5.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribestheauthor’sdevelopmentofargument?

问题1选项

A.alossofknowledgeandexperiencetomanycompanies

B.adecreaseinthenumberof35-to-44-year-olds

C.acontinuousincreaseinthenumberof50-to-64-year-olds

D.itsimpactonthedevelopedworldwhoseworkforceisageing

问题2选项

A.makingplacesofworkaccommodatetheneedsofolderworkers

B.usingalumninetworkstohireretiredformeremployees

C.encouragingformeremployeestoworkoverseas

D.grantingmoreconvenienceinworkinghourstoolderworkers

问题3选项

A.thecompanyattachesgreatimportancetothelayoutofitsfactories

B.thecompanyimprovestheworkingconditionsinitsfactories

C.thecompanyattemptstoreduceproductioncostsofitsfactories

D.thecompanyintendstorenovateitsfactoriesandupdateequipment

问题4选项

A.theyhavenotbeenawareoftheproblem

B.theyarereluctanttohireolderworkers

C.theyarenotsureofwhattheyshoulddo

D.theyhaveotheroptionstoconsider

问题5选项

A.introducingtheissue—citingwaystodealwiththeissue—describingtheactualstatus—offeringreasons.

B.describingtheactualstatus—introducingtheissue—citingwaystodealwiththeissue—offeringreasons.

C.citingwaystodealwiththeissue—introducingtheissue—describingtheactualstatus—offeringreasons.

D.describingtheactualstatus—offeringreasons---introducingtheissue—citingwaystodealwiththeissue.

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:C

第3题:B

第4题:D

第5题:B

【解析】1.事实细节题。题干:根据文章,婴儿潮一代(指出生于生育高峰期的人,生育高峰儿),即将退休的最严重后果将是_________。根据题干定位到第一段第一句话Lastmonththefirstbaby-boomersturned60.Thebulkygenerationbornbetween1946and1964isheadingtowardsretirement.Thelooming“demographiccliff”willseevastnumbersofskilledworkersdispatchedfromthelaborforce.Theworkforceisageingacrosstherichworld.(上个月,婴儿潮一代迎来了60岁生日。1946年至1964年出生的庞大一代正走向退休。即将出现的“人口悬崖”将导致大量熟练工人从劳动力市场流失。发达国家的劳动力都在老龄化。),所以D选项“它对劳动力老龄化的发达国家的影响”,符合题意。A选项“对许多公司来说是知识和经验的损失”,在文中并未提及,故排除。B选项“35-44岁人数的减少”,C选项“50-64岁人数的持续增长”,都是工人年龄未来的趋势而不是后果,所以不符合题意。综上所述,本题的正确答案是D选项。

2.推理判断题。题干:以下是各公司为应付劳动力老化而采取的所有措施,除了_______。根据文章第六段第二句话Thetoolsitusestoachievethat—flexibleworking,telecommuting,andsoforth—alsocoincidentallyhelpolderworkerstoextendtheirworkinglives.(用来实现这一目标的工具—灵活工作、远程办公等等—也巧合地帮助了年长的员工延长了他们的工作寿命。),可知A选项“使工作场所适应年长工人的需要”和D选项“给年长的工人在工作时间上提供更多的便利”,是公司采取的措施,故排除A,D选项。根据文章第八段第二句话Otherfirmsarepolishingtheiralumninetworks.(其他公司也在完善他们的校友网络),可知B选项“利用校友网络来雇佣退休的前雇员”,也是公司采取的措施之一。只有C选项“鼓励前雇员到海外工作”,在文中没有提及。综上所述,本题的正确答案是C选项。

3.推理判断题。题干:“公司在工厂的人体工程学上花费了‘大量时间’”,意味着_______。根据题干定位到文章第六段最后一句话Thecompanyspends“alotoftime”ontheergonomicsofitsfactories,makingjobstherelesstiring,whichenablesolderworkerstostayatthemforlonger.(该公司在工厂的人体工程学上花费了“大量时间”,使那里的工作不那么累人,从而使年老的工人在那里呆的时间更长。),A选项“公司非常重视工厂的布局”,B选项“公司改善了工厂的工作条件”,C选项“公司试图降低工厂的生产成本”,D选项“公司打算更新工厂和设备”,以上选项只有B选项才能是在人体工程学的基础上使工作不那么累人。综上所述,本题的正确答案是B选项。

4.事实细节题。题干:在作者看来,美国公司没有采取任何措施来解决劳动力老龄化问题,主要是因为_______。根据题干定位到文章最后一段第一句话Whyarefirmsnotworkinghardertokeepoldemployees?Partofthereasonisthatthecrunchhasbeenbeyondthehorizonofmostmanagers.Norishangingontoolderworkerstheonlywaytocopewithafallingsupplyoflabor.(为什么公司不努力留住老员工?部分原因是,问题已经超出了大多数管理者的能力范围。抓住老员工不放也不是应对劳动力供应下降的唯一办法。),所以D选项“他们会考虑

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