工程管理外文翻译

1、工程管理外文翻译工程管理外文翻译工程管理外文翻译工程管理外文翻译编制仅供参考审核批准生效日期地址： 电话：传真: 邮编: 学 院 能源与建筑工程学院 专 业 工程管理 导 师 学 生 2015年 4月 10 日THINKING OF COST ENGINEERING PROJECTAbstract: The premise of the project cost management is to meet the project quality, schedule, contract requirements, as for the project costs, as well as achi

2、eving the intended target by planning, organization, control and coordination, and as a scientific management activities to reduce the costAs far as possible. It is mainly through technology (such as the selection of the construction plan), economic (such as accounting) and management (such as const

3、ruction organization management, rules and regulations etc.) activities to achieve the intended target and the purpose of profit.Cost is the sum of all kinds of construction process in the project cost. The content of cost management is very extensive, runs through every procedure and every aspect o

4、f project management activities, from the signing of the contract to the construction preparation, until the completion acceptance, every link cannot do without the cost management. As for the complete process of cost management to say, its content includes: cost prediction, cost control, cost accou

5、nting, cost analysis and cost assessment, etc. Here only to analysis through three aspects :project cost forecast, cost control, the effective way reduce the cost to elaborate.1. Do a good cost forecast, identify the objectives of cost control Cost prediction is the basis of cost plan, which provide

6、 the basis for compiling the scientific, reasonable cost control target. Therefore, to improve the scientific cost forecast, cost plan to reduce costs and improve economic efficiency, which plays an important role in engineering management. Strengthening the control of cost, first of all to pay more

7、 attention on cost prediction is an essential behavior. The main content of Cost prediction is the use of scientific methods, to forecast according to cost target of the project ,construction conditions, mechanical equipment, and the quality of personnel of the project. of workers, material, costThe

8、 first is to analysis the projects artificial cost price, then analysis the wages and the market of the social workers , according to the amount of time and ready for the staff to analysis if the accommodation is covered in the project contract price of labor cost. The material costs accounted for a

9、 large proportion of Construction and installation cost, should be the focus to accurately grasp. to analysis the main materials, auxiliary materials, other materials, approved materials supply locations, the purchase price, mode of transport and handling costs. analysis the quota material specified

10、 in the specifications with the actual material specifications of different comparison of actual use, with different cement content and quota ratio, pooled analysis of budget in other materials, in the concrete practice to be mixed with a certain amount of admixture. Fees for using machinery: the mo

11、dels and the number of machinery and equipment bidding application in the group is usually calculated by the construction method of the quota, which is different from the actual construction site in some ways, and work efficiency is also different. Therefore, We have to measure the actual forecast h

12、appen machine cost. At the same time, we also have to calculate the amortization machinery rental possible fees and the purchase of new machinery and equipment costs, approve the main mechanical shift production quota. Prediction of cost changes caused by the plan of construction projectThe project

13、after winning the bid, must develop advanced and feasible in technology and reasonable construction organization design according to the actual situation of the construction site of the project, combined with the local economy, natural and geographical conditions, the construction technology, equipm

14、ent selection, and the actual situation of project scheduling. Comparing the different between the construction method implemented by applying group and tender preparation time, or the different of quota of construction method to design a correct prediction. of aided engineering feeAided engineering

15、 refers to engineering quantity list or not given in the design drawings, and it is indispensable in construction, such as concrete mixing station, tunnel construction of the three tube line two, high pressure into the hole, also need to predict by construction plan for actual. .Prediction of large

16、temporary facilities feePrediction of large temporary work fee should be investigated in detail and fully demonstration, to determine a reasonable target values. of small temporary facilities fee, and the transferring of site fee Small temporary facility costs include: temporary facilities layout, a

17、ccording to how much time period and planned to invest in personnel, equipment to determine the temporary facilities scale and standard, according to actual and reference of the historical data for the control of construction in the objective value determination. The transferring of site should be b

18、ased on the distance and quasi transfer personnel, equipment to predict the target value. Prediction of the risk of out of control of costRisk analysis of project cost targets, is to implement the prediction of the factors that may affect the realization of ex ante analysis in the project, often can

19、 be analyzed from the following aspects:1) Understanding of the technical characteristics of engineering project, such as structural characteristics, geological features.2) On the analysis of the unit owners, including credit of owners of units , the availability of funds, organization and coordinat

20、ion ability.3) Analysis of internal project organization system, including the construction organization design, resources, quality and other aspects.4) The analysis of traffic, energy, electric power of project in local site.5) Analysis on climate.In short, through the prediction of the main cost a

21、bove, we can determine the control standard of worker, material, machine and indirect costs, can also determine the needed time to complete this project in the long period, so to finish the target control of the management fee. Therefore, cost forecasting is the basis of cost control. the cost objec

22、tives, determining the cost control principlesThe construction project cost control is the input of resources in the implementation process, and pay attention on the supervision of construction process and the results, inspection and measurement, and to take measures to ensure achieving the project

23、cost goals.The object of cost control is project, its subject is the persons management activities, the purpose is reasonable use of manpower, material and financial resources, reduce cost, increase benefit. Therefore, the general principle of cost control are: Saving principle Save means project sa

24、ve the human, material and financial resources construction, which is the basic principle of cost control. Saving is not absolutely negative restriction and supervision, but to create a condition actively, we should focus on the per inspection, process control , and check the deviation in the implem

25、entation process, to optimize the construction scheme, improve the scientific management level of the project to save. The principle of full controlThe principle of full control includes two meanings, namely the full staff control and full process control.1) Project full staff controlCost control co

26、nsists of all departments, team and staff in project organization of work involved, and related to each of the vital interests of employees, so should fully mobilize the enthusiasm of each department, each employee team for controlling and concerning about the cost, to establish full control idea, i

27、f we only consider that cost control is responsible for ore settlement and financial matters, it is just one-sided.2) The entire process of project cost controlThe project cost involves the entire project cycle, the whole process of project cost formation, from the beginning of construction preparat

28、ion, through the construction process to be completed after the transfer of the warranty period. Therefore, the cost control work is to accompany each stage of project construction, such as the formulation of optimal construction scheme in the construction preparation stage, according to the require

29、ments of design and construction specification for construction, make full use of existing resources, reduce the construction cost, and ensure the project quality, reduce project rework fee and after the project there may form the transfer of the warranty cost. In works acceptance stage, we have to

30、adopt timely manner to the additional contract price for the project settlement, so that the cost of the project from first to last can be hold under effect management. Target control principleTarget management is the basic techniques and methods of management activities. It realize the plan policy,

31、 task, target and measures and make that to be implemented by decomposition. In the implementation process of the management of objectives, target setting should be practical, the more detailed the better, to implement the department, team and group or individual; target responsibility should be com

32、prehensive, not only have the responsibility, but also to have more responsibility of cost; combining the responsibility, right, benefit, make effort on the responsible departments (people) for examination and evaluation of the performance, and with the salary, bonus, do award or publish. Dynamic co

33、ntrol principleCost control is carried out in a continuously changing environment management activities, so we must adhere to the principle of dynamic control, dynamic control is to input the labor, material, machine into the construction process, to collect the actual value cost, compare it with th

34、e target value, check whether there have any deviation, if without deviation, continued the process, or to find the specific reasons, to take corresponding measures. The implementation of cost control process should follow the exception management method, the so-called exceptions refers to problem w

35、hich do not often appear in the project construction activities, but the key problem of cost have a major influence successfully completed, also must be attached great importance. In the project implementation of process the exception belongs to usually has the following several aspects:1) Importanc

36、e: general is difference from the amount of point of view which have important significance, it is called exception, if we have to determine the cost difference between the amount, we should determine the percentage difference for the original standard according to the specific circumstances of the

37、project. The difference also can be divided into favorable and negative. The actual cost is lower than the standard cost too much is not necessarily a good thing, it could cause two cases: one is the adverse impact to the follow-up project or assignment: another may cause low quality, and lead to re

38、work and increased warranty cost, quality cost control also affect corporate reputation.2) Consistency: although some of the cost difference is no more than the percentage specified or the minimum amount, but has been hovering near the upper lower limit line, should also be regarded as exception. Me

39、ans that the original cost projections may be not accurate, should be timely adjusted according to actual situation.3) Ability to control: some are project managers can not control the cost of the project, even if significant differences occurred, should also be regarded as exceptional, such as land

40、 acquisition, demolition, temporary rental costs rise.4) The particularity of the project construction: which have effect on the whole process of project cost, even if the differences did not reach the importance position, should also be paid attention to cost management. Such as mechanical repair e

41、xpenses of the one-sided emphasis on savings. It may reduce the cost in the short term, but due to lack of repair may cause future downtime repair, thereby affecting the smooth progress of construction production.3 .To find effective ways ,and to achieve the cost control targetThere have a variety m

42、ethods to reduce the project cost, it can take measures from organization technology, economy, to contract management. Organizational measures taken to control engineering costFirst of all to clear the institutions and personnel of Project Manager Department and division of functions and powers of t

43、hat. The project manager department is operating management team, it is appointed by legal person of enterprise as his representative to power project management team, after the completion of the project this appointment will collapse, so he is not an economic entity , and he is responsible for the

44、overall interests, also should coordinate responsibility, right, interests between the company and the company.Secondly, define the cost control and tasks, so that certain person will responsible for the cost control, avoid there have unclear responsibility while problem happen. To take technical me

45、asures to control project costTake technical measures is to give no limitation on subjective initiative of technical staff in the construction stage, and try to check and approve technical and economic demonstration which is necessary, then to seek more economic and reliable solution, thus reduce th

46、e cost of the project, including the use of new materials, new technology, new method to save energy, improve the mechanical operation etc. economic measures to control engineering costEconomic measures to control project cost includes: (1) The artificial cost control:Labor costs accounted for a lar

47、ger proportion of project costs, generally at about 10%, so we should strictly control the labor cost. To control the amount of labor, we must reduce or shorten labor consumption in some procedures, so as to reduce the labor consumption, control engineering cost objective. (2) Control material cost:

48、The cost of materials general of the total project cost of the 65%75%, directly influence the engineering cost and economic benefit. The general approach is to quantity-price separation principle, mainly do the work of two.One is to control the amount of material: the first is to determine material

49、consumption according to the quota, implement the system of limits: the second is to improve the construction technology, promote the use of reducing the material consumption of new technologies, new processes, new materials. Then there are the engineering function analysis, analyzing the performanc

50、e of the material, in order to replace expensive materials to used cheap materials, strengthening material management turnover, prolong the number of circle.The two is to control the price of materials: mainly by the procurement department to control. First carries on the investigation to the market

51、, with high quality, goods than three, then purchase preferential material: followed by the rational organization of transportation, the nearest purchase material, choose the most economical mode of transport, to reduce the transportation cost: then is to consider the time value of money, reduce cap

52、ital occupied, reasonably determining the purchase batch and batches as far as possible, reduce material reserve. (3) Control of mechanical cost:To reduce the current consumption in the construction, through the reasonable construction organization, machinery allocation, improve the use of machinery

53、 and equipment and good condition rate, at the same time, strengthen the on-site equipment repair, maintenance, overhaul, repair, often reduce the expenses, to avoid improper use cause mechanical equipment idle; strengthen the management plan of equipment leasing, make full use of idle machinery and

54、 social resources, reduce the mechanical stage class price from different angles.From the economic point of view, control engineering cost also includes the reward to participants in the Department and individual who participate cost control measures. Strengthen quality management, control the rewor

55、k rateIn the construction process, to strict quality engineering, always implement the quality policy of our bureau to fine, honest, better, update, the quality of self personnel at all levels, post, duty, point to strengthen the quality inspection and management in construction process really carri

56、ed out through the whole process, take preventive measures, eliminate the common quality problem, do a molding engineering, once qualified, eliminate rework phenomenon, avoid unnecessary human, financial, material and other large amount of investment and increase of project cost., Strengthening the

57、contract management, control project cost Contract management is the important content of construction enterprise management, but also reduce the cost of the project, also is the effective way to improve the economic benefit. Time frame for project construction contract management should begin with

58、contract negotiations, to the end of warranty date, especially to strengthen contract management in construction process, do well in contract management of attack and defense, attack means during the execution of the contract to pay close attention to the effect of our progress in performance of the

59、 contract, to prevent being claim. In contract management tasks ,we take the right and wrong every day to read between the lines by in contract, search for the opportunity to attack and conservation measures.In short, cost prediction establish target behavior for cost, and cost control also has focu

60、s. Without cost control, cost prediction will lose the meaning of existence, there was no way to talk about cost management, the two complement each other, therefore, we should research from theory ,and work in practice in full swing, to finish the work effectively.Keyword：Engineering、Project manage