医学论文标题的写作课件

1、Title Writing and Translation for Biomedical JournalTitle PageRequirements of a good titleStructures of a titleSpelling and punctuationPatterns commonly used in titleCollocation in titleSubtitleCommon errorsComparison and translation of Chinese and English TitlesTitle Page (1)根据URMSBJ要求，论文标题及有关著录内容称

2、为标题页（Title page），其内容包括： 1） 标题 （the title of the article）； 2） 所有作者的姓名及其最高学位、所属单位（the name by which each author is known, with his or her highest academic degree(s) and institutional affiliation）； 3）研究工作的归属部门或单位名称（the name of the department(s) and institution(s) to which the work should be attributed）

3、； 4）弃权者（若有）（disclaimers, if any）； Title Page (2) 5）负责通讯和校稿作者的姓名能够和详细地址（the name and address of the author responsible for correspondence and proof about the manuscript）； 6）申请副本联系人姓名和地址（the name and address of the author to whom requests for reprints should be addressed）； 7）资助、设备、药品来源（sources of supp

4、ort in the form of grants, equipment, drugs, or all of these）； 8）不超过40个字母（包括间隔）的页眉标题（a short running head of no more than 40 letters and spaces at the foot of the title page）Title Page (3) 著录部分写法示例 1) 标题： Use of steroid in the treatment of clinical septic shock Unstable angina pectoris: Clinical, an

5、giographic and myocadial scintigrapgic observations 2) 姓名： 标准式：Yang Jianguo, Guo Xiaoan *, Ouyang Kunpeng, and Lin Li 3) 单位：（From）Microbiology Department of Second Military Medical University, Shanghai Title Page (5)7) 页眉标题：angina pectoris 原标题Unstable angina pectoris: Clinical, angiographic and myoc

6、adial scintigrapgic observations Title Page (6)The Continuing Legacy of the Tuskegee Syphilis Study: Considerations for Clinical Investigation Giselle C. Smith, MDFrom the department of General Medicine, Grady Memorial Hospital, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia.Correspondence: G

7、iselle C. Smith, MD, Division of General Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine. Glenn Building, 69 Butler Street, SE, Atlanta, GA 30303Informative (1)文题要能够恰当地反映论文的主题,目的是让读者通过阅读文题就可以了解到论文所报道的研究概况。能够反映论文主题的也就有以下几个指标:研究目的、研究对象、研究方法、实验条件、检测指标、研究结果和结论。这些也就是标题的中心词，他们能高度概括论文中心内容和主题，要放在标题最显著突出的位置。In

8、formative (2)Saving mothers lives: things can go wrong 挽救母亲生命决非易事Knowledge-based Technology in the Service of Health 论卫生事业中的知识技术Cognitive Impairment and Intracranial Calcification in Chronic Hyparathyroidism 鉴别力受损与颅内钙化甲状旁腺功能逐渐减退 Informative (3)描述性文题（Indicative Title）主要向读者介绍论文报道了哪些方面的工作，反映这一内容的指标有研究对

9、象、研究方法、实验条件和检测指标。结论性问题（Declarative Title）将研究的结论作为文题。Informative (5)1. 重要内容前置Establishment, safety and efficiency of attenuated Salmonnella typhi murium expressing Helico bacterpylori urease B subunit as an oral vaccine in miceEffect of - endorphin on breathing movements in fetal sheep (Effect of X o

10、n Y in Z)Detection of specific antibodies in saliva for non-invasive immunodiagnosis of Schistosomiasis japonica in rabbitsInformative (6)2. 研究对象明确实验动物或细胞等是包括在研究对象里的，应当交待清楚，不能省略。如果研究对象来自人体，则可以省略不提。但如果是来自某一特殊的人群，如某个地理环境里的，或某种患病群体等，则应注明human或patient等词。Concise(1)Short and concise：not containing an acti

11、ve verb; not exceeding 25 words or 120-140 letters and spaces; no abbreviations or chemical symbols except those that are generally accepted, e.g. DNA, RNA, AIDS, CT, etc.; Concise(2)Association between Duration of Obesity and Risk of Non-insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus 肥胖期与非依赖胰岛素糖尿病之关系The Epide

12、mic of Orthostatic Tachycardia and Orthostatic Intolerance 一种流行病 直立性心动过速与不耐直立Idiopathic Orthostatic Intolerance and Postural Tachycardia Syndromes 先天性不耐直立与姿势性心动过速综合症 Concise(3)删除冗词。冗词的存在与否对文题内容的正确表述不会造成任何影响,因而应当删除,以使文题更加简洁。常见的冗词有：Studyof,Experimentof,Experienceof,Reportof,inthetreatmentof,administra

13、tionof等。Concise(4)用名词做定语。该方法适合于定语不是很长的情况,可以减少介词的个数。如,文题“DetectionofspecificantibodiesinsalivafornoninvasiveimmunodiagnosisofSchistosomiasisjaponicainrabbits”可写为“Detectionofspecificantibodiesinsalivafornoninvasiveimmunodiagnosisofrabbitsschistosomiasisjaponica”。Convenient for indexing (1)Pack as many

14、 key words or indexing terms as possible into the title without overloading it; key words not in the title will be in the abstract or can go in the Key Words section of the paper.Convenient for indexing (2)The Importance of Orthostatic Intolerance in the Chronic Fatigue Syndrome 不耐直立在慢性疲劳综合症中的作用Onch

15、ocerciasis Control in Uganda 盘尾丝虫病在乌干达的控制 Structure (2)1. NominalizationInduction of DNA Damage by Porphyrin PhotosensitizersAssociation of Cold Weather with Testicular TorsionDifferential Response of Premalignant Epithelial Cell Classes to Phorbol Ester Isolation of Tumor Cells from Patients with O

16、steosarcomaStructure (3)2. InfinitiveHow to Win Your Malpractice SuitTo Facilitate the Insertion of the EEA Autosuture Head into the Oesophagus Structure (5)4. SentenceFetal Morality in Moderately Zinc-deficient Rats Is Strictly Related to the Process of Parturition Does the Order of Second-line Tre

17、atment in Rheumatoid Arthritis Matter? Spelling and PronunciationAssociation Between Cigarette Smoking and Acute Respiratory Tract Illness in Young AdultsThe changing role of staging laparotomy in Hodgkins diseaseVITRECTOMY AND CYSTOID MACULAR EDEMA Pattern (1)1.表示诊断，治疗方式或药物治疗的标题结构这类标题中的diagnosis，tr

18、eatment，therapy等作主干的名词都带有动词意义，后跟for，to，in，with等引导的结词短语引出病名或接受诊治的部位及所使用的药物。例： Pattern (2)Adjunctive Therapy with Aspirin in Vernal Conjunctivity 用阿司匹林辅助治疗春季结膜炎Computer Tomograph in Acute Pancreatitis 电脑X线体层照相机在治疗急性胰腺炎中的作用Diagnosis of Deep Venous Thrombosis in the Outpatient by Venography 静脉造影术诊断门诊深静脉

19、血栓病人The Management of Cerebrovascular Disease in Middle-aged Intellectuals 处理中年知识分子脑血管疾病Basic Approach in the Management of Intraocular Foreign Bodies 眼内异物的基本处理方法 Pattern (3)2.表示作用，影响，重要性等的标题结构这类标题常用effect，influence，significance，importance，role等词作主干词，后加of短语表示所属关系，再接on短语表示作用或影响的对象，或用in，at表示作用或重要意义的方面

20、。如短语比较简短，可以用名词作前置定语来表示。effect前可用定冠词，也可不用，可根据需要决定用单数还是复数。例： Pattern (4)Influence of Thoracoscopy on Some Respiratory and Cardiac Values 胸腔镜对呼吸和心脏价值的影响Significance of Interval between Primary Tumor Removal and Chemotherapy in Metastases 原发性瘤切除与化疗的间期对转移的作用What is the Role of Obesity in Hypertension and

21、 Target Organ Injury in African Americans？肥胖症对美国黑人的高血压及靶器损伤有何作用？ Pattern (5)3.表示研究，分析，试验调查，观察，评估等的标题结构 这类标题常用study，trial，appraisal，assessment，survey，evaluation，estimation，test等词加of引导的短语表示对某物的论述或探讨等。这些词有时用复数形式，用单数时前加不定冠词a，偶尔也有不用定冠词的现象。例： Pattern (6)Assessment of Liver Function 肝功能的鉴定Presurgical Evalu

22、ation of Eyes with Opaque Media 用不透明介质进行眼术前检查A study on the Control of Iron Uptake by Rabbit Small Intestine 对兔小肠铁吸收控制的研究Pattern (7)4.表示关系，相关，对比，对照等的标题结构 这类标题结构一般用（the）correlation，association，comparison，contrast等词作为主体词干，加ofand，ofwith或betweenand等所引导的短语表示范围，比较对象等。例： Pattern (8)Relaionships between Neu

23、roendocrime Differentiation and Sensitivity to r-Radiation in Culture Line OH-1 of Human Small Cell Lung Carcinoma 人类小细胞肺癌在OH-1系列培养中神经内分泌鉴别与对r射线的敏感之关系A Comparison of Digoxin and Dobutamine in Patients with Acute Infarction and Cardiac Failure 用DIGOXIN和DOBUTAMINE治疗急性梗塞和心衰之比较Correlation of Histology a

24、nd Sensibility after Nerve Repair 神经修补后组织结构与感官能力间的关系Association of Methanogenic Bacteria with Ovine Rumsu Ciliates 甲烷产生的细菌与纤毛虫的关系 Pattern (9)5.表示技术，使用，特点，结果，方法，模式，证据，测定，介绍等的标题结构 这类标题结构一般用（A或The）technique，use，properties，characteristics，introduction，method. result，evidence，essay等词加for，of，to，in等引导的介词短语

25、，或带to的不定式短语，表示方面，范围，类型等。例： Pattern (10)A New B-Scan Ultrasnographic Technique for Observing Ciliary Boody Detachment 一种观察睫毛体脱离的B扫描超声波检查新技术Use of the“U”Surgical Strangle for Bowel Anastomosis in Urology 泌尿科用U行手术绞压进行肠吻合术The Long-term Results of Stamore Total Knee Replacement STAMORE 全膝置换术长期效果Biologica

26、l Properties of the Human Colonic Adenocarcinoma Call Lines SW620 结肠腺癌细胞线SW620生物特征Evidence of Splenic Activity in Patients after Splenectomy 脾切除后脾活动特征 Pattern (11)表示药物的标题句式1) 药物名称 + in (或for) + 病名Osmotic diuretics in acute hydrocephalus渗透性利尿药治疗急性脑水肿Chloramphenicol for typhus氯霉素治疗斑疹伤寒2) 药物名称 + in the

27、 treatment (或management) + of + 病名Gentamycin in the treatment of septemia庆大霉素治疗败血症Penicillin G in the treatment of streptococcus pnermonia青霉素治疗链球菌型肺炎Pattern (12)3) 药物名称 + therapy (或treatment) + of + 病名Metronidazole therapy of entamebiasis甲硝锉治疗阿米巴病Chlorphenamine treatment of allergic eczema氯苯那敏治疗过敏性湿

28、疹4) treatment of + 病名 + with +药物名称Treatment of atherosclerosis with niacin烟酸治疗动脉粥样硬化5) Use of + 药品名称 + in the treatment of + 病名Use of ofloxacin in the treatment of upper respiratory infection氧氟沙星在治疗上呼吸道感染中的应用Pattern (13)2.表示治疗方式的标题句式1) 治疗方式 + in (或for) + 病名X-ray in gallstoneX照射治疗胆结石Surgery fro porta

29、l hypertention手术治疗门高压Modified maze procedure for atrial fibrillation改良迷宫手术治疗心房纤颤2) 治疗方法 + in the treatment (或management) + of + 病名Combination chemotherapy in the treatment of uterine sarcomas子宫肉瘤的联合化疗Pattern (14)Ureteroscope in the management of ureteral calculus经输卵管镜治疗输卵管结石3) treatment of + 病名 + by

30、 (或with) + 治疗方法Treatment of nasoseptitis by sympathicotherapy交感神经刺激疗法治疗鼻中隔炎Treatment of arthrokleisis in knee with mobilization膝关节强直的关节松动疗法Pattern (15)3.表示诊断方式的标题句式1) 诊断方法 + in + 病名Ultrosonography in amoebic liver absess超声法诊断肝阿米巴脓肿Coombs test in autoimmune hemolytic anemia库姆斯试验诊断自身免疫溶血性贫血2) 诊断方法 + i

31、n the diagnosis + of + 病名Molecular hybridization in the diagnosis of malaria核酸分子杂交诊断疟疾Radiological criteria in the diagnosis of pulmonary contusion肺挫伤的放射诊断标准Pattern (16)3) Assay (或detection) of + 某种成分 + in + 病名Assay of fructose amine in alimentary diabetes饮食性糖尿病果糖氨的检测Detection of Low-density lipopro

32、tein (LDL) in familial hypercholesterolemia家族性高胆固醇血症的低密度脂蛋白的检测4) Diagnosis of + 病名 + by (或with) + 诊断方法Diagnosis of hepatitis G by immunohistochemistry免疫组化诊断庚型肝炎Diagnosis of primary bone neoplasms with needle biopsy针活检法诊断原发性骨肿瘤Pattern (17)5) Detection of + 病名 + by + 诊断方法Detection of diastematomyelia

33、by MRI通过磁共振显像诊断脊髓纵裂Detection of human adenoviruses in clinical by magnetic bead separation.磁分离法诊断腺病毒6) Application of + 诊断方法 + to the diagnosis of + 病名Application of ultrasonography to the diagnosis of intracardial metastasis from liver carcinoma超声在诊断肝癌心内转移中的应用Pattern (18)4.表示研究结果的标题句式Effect of X on

34、 Y in Zeffect还可用involvement、role等代替；X为自变量（处理因素）；Y为因变量（试验效应）；Z为试验对象；某些研究，如形态学或某些疾病的观察没有自变量，其公式相应变为：Y in Z；有时为了突出论著的特点，使之更加醒目，可以把公式稍加变动，将需要突出的要点放在题目开始处。Effects of nerve growth factor on the neuronal apoptosis after spinal cord injury in rats.神经生长因子对大鼠脊髓损伤后神经元调亡的影响。Effects of methylmercury chloride on

35、the c-fos expression in brain nerve cell of the rats.氯化甲基汞对大鼠脑神经细胞c-fos表达的影响Omission of article in title医学论文英文标题中名词前的冠词常常可以省略。主要有以下两种情况：1. 标题中的疾病名称一般不用冠词Diagnosis and surgical management of retrosternal goiter.胸骨后甲状腺肿的诊断和治疗Cerebral watershed infarcts2. 有些论文标题中一些一般名词前的冠词也常被省去Surgical treatment of eld

36、erly patients with early gastric cancer.老年人早期胃癌的外科治疗Surgical treatment of great vessel injuries of thoracic outlet胸廓上口大血管损伤的外科治疗Collocation (1)医学论文标题中一些常见名词的介词搭配1) Study / studies + of / on / inAn epidemiological and clincal study of primary gout原发性痛风的临床和流行病学研究A study on pathogenesis of streptococcu

37、s mitis exotoxin缓症链球菌外毒素的致病性研究2) Report + of / on Diagnosis and treatment of mammary duct fistula: report of 115 cases乳腺导管瘘的诊断和治疗Collocation (2)3) Survey + of / on Survey of the current status and distribution of cataract in the elderly我国城乡老年人白内障的患病情况调查survey on physical development of 7 nationality

38、 minorities in China中国7个少数民族儿童体格发育的调查2) Observation + of / on / inObservation of long-term therapeutic outcome in chronic granulocytic leukemia慢性粒细胞白血病远期疗效观察Clinical observation on sensorineural hearing loss secondary to secretory otitis media分泌性中耳炎骨导听阈改变的临床观察Collocation (3)另外，各种治疗与检查方法与疾病名称连用时,一般要与

39、介词“for”搭配 Laparoscopic cholecyctectomy for cirrhotic patients: a clinical analysis of 92 cases肝硬变病人腹腔镜胆囊切除术92例临床分析Breast conserving surgery for breast cancer乳腺癌保乳综合治疗“treatment”与“therapy”两词后接疾病名称时，均可用“for”或“of”Treatment of intestinal mucosal injury from radiation and chemotherapy放化疗术后肠粘膜损伤的治疗Colloca

40、tion (4)表示治疗方法与检查方法的名词还可与介词“in”搭配，其意义与后接介词“for”没有区别。Application of laparoscopic technique in splenectomy腹腔镜技术在脾脏切除术中的应用Diagnostic value of anal endosonography in revealing healed internal opening in fistula-in-ano肛门内镜超声检查对内口愈合的肛瘘的诊断价值Collocation (5)2. 医学论文标题中常见介词的搭配用法“ in”的常见搭配模式有：1) 后接生物名词，前接各种病理与生

41、理现象名称Epidemic measles in young adults青年人的流行性麻疹Thyroid function in patients with breast cancer乳腺癌患者的甲状腺功能状态2) 后接动源性名词Ultrasound in the diagnosis of cholestatic jaundice胆汁郁滞性黄疸的超声诊断Steroid in the treatment of clinical septic shock败血性休克的皮质激素治疗 Collocation (6)3) 后接疾病名称，前接治疗方法、检查方法、药物名称及各种病理现象名称Parathyro

42、idectomy in chronic renal failure甲状旁腺切除治疗慢性肾功能衰竭Analysis of pancreatic sonography in suspected pancreatic disease疑似胰腺疾病患者的胰声图分析-Adrenoceptor blocking drugs in hypertension肾上腺受体阻断剂治疗高血压 Collocation (7)“ due to” 标题中表示原因时，应用due to, 不可用because of或owing to，但可用caused by代替，在汉译时可以省略不译。Bacteremia due to gram

43、-negative bacilli革兰氏阴性杆菌菌血症Infections due to group C streptococci in man人类链球菌C组感染Collocation (8)“ due to” ，“following”这两个介词是同义词，可以互换Postoperative syndromes after liver surgery肝脏术后综合症Reflux and reflux disease following gastric resection胃切除后的返流及返流病Subtitle (1)如果标题的内容较多，而且需要强调某些单词，同时也由于信息表达不能删除其它单词时，可以

44、把标题分为主标题和副标题，这样使重点更为突出，同时保证了信息量。副标题常用来强调病例数，研究方法，重点内容，或表示同位关系，或提出疑问等。正副标题之间一般用冒号隔开。Abdominal pain in the emergency room: A study of 176 consecutive cases腹痛急诊 176连续收治的病例研究Efficacy of partial meal replacement products: A meta and pooling analysis 部分饮食替代产品的效能 汇总合并分析Subtitle (2)Analysis of Referral Init

45、iatives: Severity of Illness and Return to Care of Older Women with Cervical Cancer 对所治病人主动性的分析病情的严重性及对老年宫颈癌患者的护理Overview of the Jackson Heart Study: A Study of Cardiovascular Disease in African American Men and Women Jackon心脏研究回顾非裔美国人冠心病研究Glycemic Index: Is it a useful tool?血糖指数 是有用的衡量标准吗? Common e

46、rrors (1)1. 视网膜小血管变化是冠状动脉疾病的一个指标 Original: Retinal arteriolar changes are an indicator of coronary artery disease Common errors (2)问题：标题中应尽量避免使用活用动词 (active verb), 即谓语动词，一般采用名词短语型结构。 Revised: Retinal arteriolar changes as an indicator of coronary artery disease Common errors (3)2. 用大剂量氨甲喋呤治疗急性淋巴细胞白血

47、病的初步体会 Original: Preliminary experience in using high dose of methotrexate to treat ALL Common errors (4)问题：(1) 应尽量避免使用初步体会，初步研究，初步经验之类没有实际意义的词; (2) 除了像AIDS, DNA等已通用的缩略语外，标题中应尽量避免使用缩略语，如ALL应写全称；（3）尽量避免使用动词 Revised: High dose methotrexate therapy in acute lymphocytic leukemia 或：Use of high dose metho

48、trexate in (the) treatment of acute lymphocytic leukemia Common errors (4)问题：(1) 应尽量避免使用初步体会，初步研究，初步经验之类没有实际意义的词; (2) 除了像AIDS, DNA等已通用的缩略语外，标题中应尽量避免使用缩略语，如ALL应写全称；（3）尽量避免使用动词 Revised: High dose methotrexate therapy in acute lymphocytic leukemia 或：Use of high dose methotrexate in (the) treatment of a

49、cute lymphocytic leukemia Common errors (5)3. 关于饮食中钾含量与血压关系的研究 Original: A research of the relationship between the content of potassium in diet and blood pressure Common errors (6)问题：（1）具体的研究一般用study表述 (research一般作不可数名词处理，如much research has been done on)；标题中如果研究一词前没有限定词，一般都省略，比较：A prospective clini

50、cal study of isoniazid-refampicin-pyrazinamide-induced liver injury in an area endemic for hepatitis；（2）表述过于繁琐 Revised: Dietary potassium and blood pressure Common errors (7)为了满足标题写作的上述，有时对较长标题可采用副标题（subtitle）处理，如出现： 1.病例数时，如：对急症室连续170例腹痛病例的回顾性研究 Original: A retrospective study on 170 consecutive ca

51、ses of abdominal pain in the emergency room Common errors (8)问题：关键词不突出 Revised: Abdominal pain in the emergency room: Retrospective study of 170 consecutive cases Common errors (9)2. 研究性质或方法时，如： 用磁共振成象术对正常怀孕期间垂体增大进行活体内研究 Original: Use MRI to conduct an in vivo study on the enlargement of the pituita

52、ry gland during normal pregnancy Common errors (10)问题：（1）关键词不突出；（2）过多使用了动词 Revised: Pituitary gland growth during normal pregnancy: An in vivo study using magnetic resonance imaging Common errors (11)3. 并列结构时,，如：军队卫生防疫工作中出现的问题、原因与对策的初探 Original: A preliminary study on the problems, causes and counte

53、rmeasures in health and epidemic prevention work of CPLA Common errors (12)问题：（1）初探是多余的；（2）外国人知道CPLA吗？（3）主题不够突出 Revised: Military health and epidemic prevention: Problems, causes and countermeasures Common errors (13)4. 解释性用词时，如：一例系统性红斑狼疮出现胰腺炎病例报告及文献综述 Original: A case report of SLE appearing pancre

54、atitis and review of literatures Common errors (14)问题：（1）appear为不及物动词，不能跟宾语；(2)SLE应使用全称; (3)关键词不够突出；（4）literature一般为不可数名词 Revised: Pancreatitis in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE): A case report and review of the literature Common errors (15)5. 提问或选择时，如：听诊器是潜在的医院感染源吗？ Original: Is stethoscope a po

55、tential source of nosocomial infection? Common errors (16)Revised: Stethoscope: a potential source of nosocomial infection?Comparison & Translation (1)尽管英、汉语言表达方式存在着很大差异，但在医学论文标题用词方面，英语和汉语有许多相同之处，如：Diet and nutrition饮食与营养Surgical treatment of hyperparathyroidism甲状旁腺机能亢进的手术治疗The role of collateral ci

56、rculation in the various coronary syndromes侧枝循环对各种冠状动脉综合症的作用Comparison & Translation (2)英、汉两种语言表达的不相同之处在于：1. Study of、report of等词的使用在18世纪时，英语的科技论文标题中Some thoughts on, a few observations on的格式现在已很少见。在现代医学论文标题中，甚至连以study of, investigation of, a report of开始的句式也不多见。这是因为现代科技论文标题越来越趋向简短扼要。上述句式并无实质性内容，所以往往

57、略去不用。Ultrasound in the diagnosis of cholestatic jaundice超声诊断胆汁郁滞性黄疸上面的例子省略了“关于”，“有关”等词。当汉语题目带有“研究”，“报告”，“观察”等词时，译成英语均可省略不译。Comparison & Translation (3) 在国外刊物中，也有英语标题上带有study等字样的，如：Studies on the diuretic effects of Etozolin in heart failure,这里如删去studies on,丝毫不影响整个标题的实质内容。但study前如有限定成分，这个study就有了具体内容

58、，不可省略。如：An angiographic and clinical study of coronary collateral circulation (冠状动脉侧枝循环的血管造影与临床研究)。即使这样，在英语中，这种带定语的study往往置于副标题中，而较少用于正标题里。Gallstone ileus: A retrospective study胆结石梗阻的回顾性研究Comparison & Translation (4)2. 带as的句式英语科技论文标题一般不用完整句，在需要用表语或同位语的概念时，常用带as的句式。Pernicious anemia as a risk factor

59、for cancer of the stomach恶性贫血 胃癌的危险因素3. 带and的句式Viral hepatitis and medical professions病毒性肝炎与医务工作汉语标题中有“关系”一词时，也可采用这一句式。肝细胞癌与乙型肝炎抗原的关系Hepatocellular carcinoma and hepatitis B antigenComparison & Translation (5)4. 病例数的处理我国医学论文标题，为吸引读者注意，往往将病例数置于正标题中，而较少置于副标题中。在国外，病例数大多置于副标题中，一般不放在正标题里。Posttransfusion

60、hepatitis: Report of 60 cases输血后肝炎60例报告5. 汉语标题中几个常用词的译法1) “探讨”: discussion, evaluation, approach, study, investigation等，也可用介词on来表达。 On clinical diagnosis of primary carcinoma of liver原发性肝癌临床诊断的探讨在大多数情况下，“探讨”一词可略去不译。Comparison & Translation (6)2) “体会”: experience Experience in treating 818 patients w