内容文本说明4.2tradeof quantitative restrictions

1、Chapter 4 Elimination of Quantitative RestrictionsIntroduction WTO, in principle, prohibits all forms of quantitative restrictions, including direct quantitative restrictions, quotas and import licensing. The quantitative restriction, if it exists, should be implemented on a non-discriminatory basis

2、.Some technical measures related to import and export products, such as import licensing procedures, technical regulations, must comply with the terms of the agreement.Content The definition of Quantitative RestrictionsSome provisions of quantitative restrictions in GATTThe specific forms of quantit

3、ative restrictionsExceptions Case study1. Definition Quantitative restrictions, the main form of non-tariff barriers, are administrative measures of a country or region restricting the amount of a commodity importation and exportation within a certain period (usually a year).For example, a country i

4、nstitutes the BMW only can be imported 100,000 this year.2.Provisions of quantitative restrictionsThere are a lot of articles referring to the quantitative restrictions in “GATT 1994” ：Article 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 18 and 19. However, the Article 11 and Article 13 are the core provisions. article XIGe

5、neral Elimination of Quantitative RestrictionsNo prohibitions or restrictions other than duties, taxes or other charges, whether made effective through quotas, import or export licences or other measures, shall be instituted or maintained by any contracting party on the importation of any product of

6、 the territory of any other contracting party or on the exportation or sale for export of any product destined for the territory of any other contracting party. article XIIINon-discriminatory Administration of Quantitative RestrictionsNo prohibition or restriction shall be applied by any contracting

7、 party on the importation of any product or on the exportation of any product destined for the territory of any other contracting party, unless the importation of the like product of all third countries or the exportation of the like product to all third countries is similarly prohibited or restrict

8、ed.Case在欧共体家禽制品进口限制案中，巴西指控欧共体没有把与巴西就对巴西进行补偿而达成的家禽制品配额全部给巴西，而是给予了包括非成员国在内的所有供应国。专家组和上诉机构都裁定欧共体的做法是对的，因为欧共体的配额是全球配额，数量限制应在最惠国待遇基础上实施。3. The specific forms of quantitative restrictionsSome forms of quantitative restrictions usually used are quotas, import licenses, voluntary export restrictions, foreig

9、n exchange controls.(1) Quota Import and export quota is an administrative measure of a country (or region) instituting restrictions on a certain amount of imports or exports. Quota is generally divided into fixed quota and tariff quota.Fixed quota Fixed quota is that a country (or region) allows a

10、maximum number or value of importation and exportation of a certain good in a period of time, and forbids the goods enter its market which are exceeding the limitation.Tariff quotaTariff quota is that a country (or region) institutes limitations on the number or value of a certain imported good in a

11、 period, while the imports in the range of this limitation are granted tax-free or low-tariff treatment, however, the imports exceeding the limitations are imposed a higher tariff, of course, there is no limit on the number or value of the exceeding imports. Both fixed quota and tariff quota, accord

12、ing to the imports origin, can be divided into global quota and country-specific quota. The latter is also known as selective quota(选择性配额)or share of the quota(分摊性配额)(2) Import licensingImport licensing is a management system of a country (or region) requiring the imported goods to have a certificat

13、e in order to limit the importation of a certain good.The agreement on import licensing procedures says import licensing should be simple, transparent and predictable.The types of import licensing According to whether there is a fixed quota or not, import licensing is divided into fixed quota import

14、 licensing (有定额的进口许可证) and non-fixed quota import licensing(无定额进口许可证).According to the degree of difficulty to obtain an import licensing, it can be divided into the general public licensing(一般公开许可证) and special licensing(特殊许可证). 商务部 海关总署公告2013年第96号 公布2014年出口许可证管理货物目录 商务部 海关总署公告2013年第98号 公布2014年自动进口

15、许可管理货物目录 (3) Automatic export restrictionsAutomatic export restrictions means the exporter, under the pressure and requirement of importer, institutes limitations on the quantity and value of an exported commodity automatically.There are two types: One is the exporter make a unilateral decision, suc

16、h as the exported government or the exporter in terms of the government policies. The other is the exporter and importer decide the automatic export limit through bilateral negotiations. (4)Foreign exchange controlsThe foreign exchange administration institutes limitation and distribution on the for

17、eign exchange transactions directly, aimed at concentration of foreign exchange earnings, control of foreign exchange expenditure, foreign exchange allocation, restrictions on the variety, quantity and country-name of the imports. Discussion In terms of Chinese government and enterprises, what count

18、ermeasures do they carry out to respond the principle of elimination of quantitative restrictions?4. Exceptions (1)Some special circumstances and requirements of international trade(2)protection of a countrys balance of payments (3) some special needs of developing countries(1)Special circumstances(

19、a)critical shortages of foodstuffs or other products(b) application of standards or regulations for the classification, grading or marketing of commodities (c)Import restrictions on any agricultural or fisheries product for governmental purposes(2) Restrictions to Safeguard the Balance of Payments n

20、ot exceed those necessary: (i)to stop a serious decline in its monetary reserves, or (ii) to achieve a reasonable rate of increase in its gressively relax them as such conditions improveCase为收支平衡原因对进口采取数量限制，主要为发展中国家成员所采用。在印度进口数量限制案中，印度根据国际收支平衡条款采取了数量限制措施。在国际收支好转的情况下，印度表示要在相对较长的时间内取消这一数量限

21、制。申诉方美国认为这一期限太长，超出了保障国际收支平稳所需要的限度。争端解决机构裁决美国申诉成功。 (3)Governmental Assistance to Economic Development implement programmes and policies of economic development designed to raise the general standard of living of their people(a) to maintain sufficient flexibility in their tariff structure to be able t

22、o grant the tariff protection required for the establishment of a particular industry and (b) to apply quantitative restrictions for balance of payments purposes1994年关贸总协定关于国际收支平衡条款的谅解要求成员方避免采取数量限制保障其国际收支平衡地位。谅解要求，无论是发达国家或发展中国家成员，在发生国际收支困难时应优先采取价格措施而不是数量限制，因为针对进口货物价格的措施，如进口附加税、进口押金等，要求是透明的和可衡量的。只有当国

23、际收支出现紧急情况，价格机制不能抑制对外支付状况的急剧恶化时，才可以求助于数量限制措施。 Discussion What are the differences between tariff and quantity restrictions?The features of quantity restrictions(1) Quantitative Some quantity restrictions measures, such as quotas, voluntary export restrictions, restrictions on foreign investment propo

24、rtion restriction, limit the quantity of imports directly to protect the domestic market.(2) Mandatory Referring to tariff, exporting countries can reduce costs, increase export subsidies to offset the restrictive effect of tariffs, however, the quantitative restrictions are aimed at the imported qu

25、antities directly, when imports are facing direct quantitative restrictions, exporting countries have no room to move around.(3) invisibility There are a lot of varieties of quantitative restrictions. Many measures often are not public. (4) Arbitrary Most restrictions are not regulated expressly , even belonging to temporary measures. Importing country often changes its policies based on actual needs , interfering import activities.中国稀土败诉案稀土是17种化学元素(chemical element)的总称，对于制造风力涡轮机、荧光灯、iPhone、军用雷达系统等各种产品有着至关重要的意义。美国的武器系统广泛使用稀土产品，像通信系统、雷达、航空电子、夜视仪、战斗机、导弹制导、电磁对抗、水雷探测、反导系统等装备，都必须使用