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1、参考文献相关译英文原文外文文献StructureAugustine to carry loads in a safe and serviceable fashion .In general ,structural design s 参考文献相关译英文原文外文文献StructureAugustine to carry loads in a safe and serviceable fashion .In general ,structural design s engineering of ionary ch as buildings and bridges ,or t maybe havea

2、rigid suchas shiphulls and aircraft frames.withparts plannedto move relationtoeachother(linkages)aregenerallyassignedtotheareaofmechanicalKeywords:StructureDesign ysis；structuralschemeProjectStructural design involved at least five distinct phases of work: project materials, structural ysis,and desi

3、gn. For unusual structures or materials a six testing, should be included. These phases do not proceed in a rigid , since materialscan be mosteffective in differentschemes, testing can resultinchange toa design,a final design is often reached by starting rough estimated design , then severalcycles y

4、sisandredesign.Often,severalalternativedesignswillprovequiteclosecost, strength, and serviceability. The structural engineer, owner, or end user would then make selectionbasedonotherProject requirements. Before starting design, the structural engineer must determine criteria for acceptable performan

5、ce. The loads or to be resisted must be provided. lizedstructures,thismaybegivendirectly,aswhensupportingaknownpieceoforacraneofknowncapacity.Forconventionalbuildings,buildingscodesadoptedonacounty,or ,levelprovide minimum design requirements for live loads (occupants and furnishings , on roofs , an

6、d so on ). The engineer will calculate dead loads (structural and known, installations)duringthedesignFor the structural to be serviceable or useful , deflections must also be kept limits ,since it sible for safe structural to fortable “bounce” Very tight limits are set on supports for machinery , s

7、ince beam sag can cause drive shafts to bend , to burn out , parts to misalign , and overhead cranes to stall . ions of sag n /1000 ( 1/1000 of the beam length ) are mon . In conventional buildings, supporting ceilings often have sag limits of span /360 to avoid plaster cracking, or span /240 to avo

8、id occupant concern (keep visual perception limited ). Beam stiffness also affects floor “bounciness,” which can be annoying if not controlled. In addition , lateral deflection , sway , driftoftallbuildingsisoftenheldwithinapproxima yheight/500(1/500ofthe buildingheighttominimizethelikelihoodofforti

9、noccupantsofupperfloorsonwindydaysMember size ions often have a major effect on the structural design. For le, ypeofbridgemaybeecauseofinsufficientunderclearanceforriveror sive height endangering aircraft. In building design, ceiling heights andtominimizethelikelihoodoffortinoccupantsofupperfloorson

10、windydaysMember size ions often have a major effect on the structural design. For le, ypeofbridgemaybeecauseofinsufficientunderclearanceforriveror sive height endangering aircraft. In building design, ceiling heights and floor-to-heightsaffectthechoiceoffloorframing.Wallthicknessesandcolumnsizesands

11、pacingmayaffecttheserviceabilityofvariousframingMaterials selection. Technological carbon fiber and boron fiber-reinforced have created many novel materials such ites, which have excellent strength, stiffness, strength-to-weight properties. However, because of the high cost and difficult or fabricat

12、ion techniques required , they are used only in very limited and lized applications chasfiberglassaremorecommon, butare limitedto lightly applications. The main materials used in structural design are more prosaic and include aluminum,reinforcedconcrete,wood,andmasonryStructural schemes. In an actua

13、l structural, various are experienced by members , including , , flexure (bending ), shear ,and (twist) However, the structural scheme selected will influence which of these occurs frequently,andthiswillinfluencethesof is the most efficient way to resist loads ,since the entire member section is act

14、ing to full capacity and bucking is not a concern . Any scheme must included anchorages for the members . In a bridge , for le anchoragesareusuallymassive deadweights sof themaincables. Toavoid changes in geometry under moving or varying loads , stiffeningbeamsorschemes also generally is the next mo

15、st efficient method for carrying loads . The full member section isused,but must be designed toavoid bucking,either by making the member stockyor by adding supplementary bracing . Domed and arched buildings ,arch bridges and columns in buildings frames are common schemes . Arches create lateral outw

16、ard thrusts which must resisted . This can be done by designingappropriate foundations or , where the arch occurs the roadway or floor line , by using members along the roadway to tie the arch togetherngthemfromspreading.membersweakendrasticallywhenloadsnot dalong the memberaxis , somoving ,variable

17、, andunbalancedloadsmust be Schemesbasedonflexurearelessn and,sincetheflexurebending is resisted by one side of the member acting in while the other side acts . Flexural ch as beams , girders , rigid frames , and moment (bending connected frames have advantages in requiring no external anchorages or

18、 thrust restrains n normal foundations ,and inherent stiffness unbalancedloadsto moving ,variable , Trussesare eresting hybrid of the above schemes . They are designed to resist loads and he manner of a flexural member, but act to break up the o a series of whichareresistedbydesigned and have excell

19、ent stiffness to moving and variable loads Numerous member-to-member connections, supplementary clutteredappearancearetrussdisadvantages,and a Plates and sinclude domes ,arched vaults ,saw toothroofs ,hyperbolicparaboloids ,saddle s .Such schemes attempt to direct all force along the plane of the su

20、rface ,and largely designed and have excellent stiffness to moving and variable loads Numerous member-to-member connections, supplementary clutteredappearancearetrussdisadvantages,and a Plates and sinclude domes ,arched vaults ,saw toothroofs ,hyperbolicparaboloids ,saddle s .Such schemes attempt to

21、 direct all force along the plane of the surface ,and largely in shear . While potentially very efficient ,such schemes have very strict ions geometry and are poor in resisting ,moving , and unbalanced loads endicular to Stressed-skin and monologue construction uses the skin n stiffening ribs ,spars

22、 columnstoresistshearoraxial.Suchdesigniscommoninairframesforplanesandand in ship hulls . s also been used to advantage in buildings. Such a design is practical whentheskinisalogicalpartofthedesignandisnevertobealteredorremovedForbridges,shortspansarecommonlygirdersinflexure.Asspansincreaseandgirder

23、depth es unwieldy , trusses are often used ,as well as cablestayed schemes .Longer spans may use arches where foundation conditions ,under clearance ,or headroom requirements are favorable.Thelongestspansarehandledexclusivelybyschemes,sincethesethe ldeadweightandcanbeerectedwirebywire For buildings,

24、 short spans are handled by slabs in flexure .As spans increase, beams girders in flexure are used . Longer spans require trusses lly in industrial buildings g loads . Domes ,arches , and cable-suspended and air supported roofs can be overconventionhallsandarenastoachieveclearareasysis ysis of struc

25、tures is required to ensure stability equilibrium ) ,find the member to be resisted ,and determine deflections . It tmemberconfiguration , approximate member sizes ,and elastic modulus ;linearity ;and and ctions.VariousmethodsareusedtocompleteysisFinal design . once a structural has yzed (by using g

26、eometry alone if ysis determinate , or geometry plus med member sizes and materials if indeterminate ), design can proceed . Deflections and allowable stresses or ultimate strength must be against criteria provided either by the owner or by erning building codes . Safety working loads must be calcul

27、ated . Several methods are available ,and the choice depends on types of twillbe usedPure members are checked by dividing load by cross-section area .Local stresses connections ,such as bolt holes or welds ,require l attention . Where axial combinedwithbendingmoment,thesumofstressesiscomparedtoallow

28、ancelevels.Allowablestresses in members are dependent on the strength of material, modulus,memberslenderness,andlengthnbracings.Stockymembersarelimitedmaterialsstrength,whileslendermembersarelimitedbyelasticbuckingDesign of beams can be checked by comparing um bending stress stress , which is genera

29、lly controlled by the strength of the material, but may be limited if sideofthebeamisnotwellbracedagainstbuckingDesignofbeam-columns,ormemberswithbendingmoment,mustconsideritems ,when a member is bowed due to an d moment ,adding axial cause the bow to increase .In effect ,the axial load hasDesignofb

30、eam-columns,ormemberswithbendingmoment,mustconsideritems ,when a member is bowed due to an d moment ,adding axial cause the bow to increase .In effect ,the axial load has magnified the moment.Second,allowablestressesforcolumnsandthoseforbeamsareoftenquitedifferentt are loaded endicular to their long

31、 axis, such as beams and beam-also must carry shear. Shear stresses will occur in a direction to e the d load and at right angles to it to tie the various elements of the beam together. They are compared to allowable shear stress.These proceduresso be used to design trusses, which are of and members

32、. Lastly, deflections are checked against the project usingfinalmemberOnce a satisfactory scheme has yzedand designed to be within project criteria, information must be presented for fabrication and construction. This is commonly done drawings,whichindicateallbasic s,materials,member sizes,ipated lo

33、ads indesign,ipatedtobecarriedthrough结构设汀建筑物高度的 和外文文献 Sheyanbo外文文献 Sheyanbo helong-termnaturalenvironmentandundertheuseenvironments n,itsfunctionisweakeninevitablygradually,ourstructuralengineeringsdutynotjustmustfinish thebuildingrperiodtheprojectwork,butmustbeablethescienceappraisalstructuregeobje

34、ctivelawandthedegree,andadoptstheeffectivemethodguaranteestructurethesecuritytthestructurereinforcementeanimportantwork.Whatmayforeseewillbe21stcentury,thehumanbuildingalsobytheconcretestructure,thesteelstructure,thebricking-structureandsoonprimarily,thepresentstageIwillthinkhestructurereinforcement

35、thispectresearchshouldalsotakethisasthemainbreakthroughKeyword：Concretestructurereinforcement bricking-upstructureucture1ConcretestructureConcretestructuresreinforcementothedirectreinforcementandtwondsindirectly,whenthedesignmayactaccordingtotheactualconditionandtheoperationmentschoicebeingsuitablem

36、ethodandthesary1.1thedirectreinforcementsgeneral1）EnlargesthesectionreinforcementAddstheconcretescast-in-placehereinforcedConcretestructuresreinforcementothedirectreinforcementandtwondsindirectly,whenthedesignmayactaccordingtotheactualconditionandtheoperationmentschoicebeingsuitablemethodandthesary1

37、.1thedirectreinforcementsgeneral1）EnlargesthesectionreinforcementAddstheconcretescast-in-placehereinforcedconcretememberinbendingzone,mayincreasethesectioneffectiveheight,thecrosssectionalarea,thusutsabilityandthesectionthecomponentrighturved,theobliquegidity,playsthereinforcementreinforcementthehes

38、uitablemusclescope,theconcreteschangecurvedthecomponentrightsectiontingcapacityincreasealongwiththeareaofreinforcementandensityhealcomponentrightsectionratioofreinforcementnottoohighsituation,increasesthemaincementarea tosibletoetheplateaucomponentrighturvedsupportingapacityeffectively.Ishesectionth

39、eareatoaddthecast-in-placeconcrete jackettoasethecomponentsection,throughnewCanadapartialandoriginalcomponentwork,butthecomponentsupportingcapacityeffectively,improvementnormaloperationalEnlargesthesectionreinforcementlawconstructioncraftsimply,compatible,andhastheuredesignandtheconstructionexperien

40、ce;itable inLiang,the column,thewalld eralstructureconcretesreinforcement;Butsceneconstructionswetoperatingtimeisg,tohascertaininfluencewiththelife,andafterreinforcingthebuildingclearance hasertain2)ReplacementconcretesreinforcementThislawsmeritwithenlargesthemethodofsectionstobeclose,andafterreinfo

41、rcing,notaffectbuildingsclearance,butsimilarexistenceconstructionwetoperatingtimelongming;itableoworhasconcretescarriersandsoonseriousdefectLiang,columnnthe zoneensity3)thecakingoutsourcingsectionreinforcementOutsidetheBaotouSteelFactoryreinforcementishesectionorthesteelplateisnforcedcomponentsoutsi

42、de,outsidetheBaotouSteelFactoryreinforcedgtousethewetoutsourcinglawgenerally,namelyusestheepoxyresinificationtohemilkndsoonmethodswithtoreinforcethesectiontheconstructiontocakeawhole,thereinforcementcomponent,becauseispulledwiththecompressedsteelcrosssectionalareae scaleenhancement,therefore rightse

43、ctionsupportingcapacityandsectionrigiditylarge scale en Thislawalso tthewetoutsideBaotouSteelFactoryreinforcementlaw,thestressiseliable,theconstructionissimple,thesceneworkloadissmall,butisbigwiththendusesinabove notsuitablyhenon-protectionssituationthehightemperatureplace;suitabledoesnotheuseobviou

44、slytoincreasetheoriginalcomponentsectionsize,butqueststosharpenitsbearingcapacitylargescaletheconcretestructure4)SticksthesteelreinforcementOutsidethereinforcedconcretememberinbendingsticksthesteelreinforcementis(righttionishecomponentsupportingcapacityinsufficientsectorarea,rightsectionionzoneorobl

45、iquesection)thelgluesteelplate,likethismayqueststosharpenitsbearingcapacitylargescaletheconcretestructure4)SticksthesteelreinforcementOutsidethereinforcedconcretememberinbendingsticksthesteelreinforcementis(righttionishecomponentsupportingcapacityinsufficientsectorarea,rightsectionionzoneorobliquese

46、ction)thelgluesteelplate,likethismayenhanceisreinforcedpportingcapacity,andconstructsThislawconstructionisfast,thescenenotwetworkor onlyhastheplasteringandsoonwetworks,toissmallwiththelifeinfluence,andafterreinforcing,isnotremarkabletoheoriginalstructureoutwardappearanceandtheoriginalclearanceaffect

47、s,buttheeffectisdecidedtoagreatextentbythegummycraftandtheoperationallevel;heithstandingicfunction,andberhenormalhumidityenvironmenttobendorthe5)GluefibrereinforcementplasticreinforcementOutsidepastesthetextilefiberreinforcementispasteswiththecementingmaterialthefibreeinforcementcompoundmaterialsini

48、sreinforcedthecomponenttopulltheregion,causesittoreinforcethesectionwork,achievessharpensthecomponentbearingcapacitythegoal.sideshasgluesthesteelplatesimilarmerit,butalsoorrosivemuddy,bearsmoistly,notincreasetheself-weightofstructurenearly,durably,theenancecostlowusmerit,needslfireprotectionsing,ita

49、bleineachkindofatureconcretecomponentanderalThislawsgoodandswithenlarge themethodofsectionstobeclose;itablenforcementwhichisheconcretestructurecomponentobliquesectionsupportingpacity,ormustexertthecrosswisebindingforcetothealmemberthe6)ReelingThislawsgoodandswithenlarge themethodofsectionstobeclose;

50、itablenforcementwhichisheconcretestructurecomponentobliquesectionsupportingpacity,ormustexertthecrosswisebindingforcetothealmembertheboltanchor Thislaw heensityistheC20C60concretesload-bearingmbertransformation,thereinforcement;Itisnotsuitableforalreadytheabovestructurewhichdthelightqualitystructure

51、makesdecent1.2Theindirectreinforcementsgeneral1)Pre-stressedreinforcement(1)Thepre-stressedhorizontalbarconcretesmemberinbending,becauseepre-stressedandincreasestheexteriorloadthecombinedhebarhastheaxial,thisstrengtheccentrictransmitsonthecomponentthroughthepoleendanchor(,whenbarandLiangboardbottoms

52、urfaceclosefitting,barcanlookfortunetogetherwithomponent,thisfashionhaspartialrestotransmitdirectlyforcomponentbottomsurface),stheeccentrichecomponent,thisfunctione the bendingomentwhichoutsidethepartthe,reducedoutsidetheloadeffect,thussharpenedurvedability.Atthesametime,becausethebarpassestocompone

53、ntsrefunction,thecomponentcrackdevelopmentleviate,thecontrol,theobliquesectioni-tocutthesupportingcapacityalsoalongwithitAsaresultofthestheeccentrichecomponent,thisfunctione the bendingomentwhichoutsidethepartthe,reducedoutsidetheloadeffect,thussharpenedurvedability.Atthesametime,becausethebarpasses

54、tocomponentsrefunction,thecomponentcrackdevelopmentleviate,thecontrol,theobliquesectioni-tocutthesupportingcapacityalsoalongwithitAsaresultofthehorizontalliftingstemsfunction,theoriginalcomponentssectionstressaracteristicbyreceivedbendsturnedtheeccentric,therefore,after the pportingcapacitywasmainly

55、decidedinbendsundertheconditiontheoriginalpportingcapacity(2)Afterthereinforcedconcretecomponentusesunderthepre-stressedOutsidepastesthetextilefiberreinforcementispasteswiththecementingmaterialthefibreeinforcementcompoundmaterialsinisreinforcedthecomponenttopulltheregion,causesittoreinforcethesectio

56、nwork,achievessharpensthecomponentbearingcapacitythegoal.sideshasgluesthesteelplatesimilarmerit,butalsoorrosivemuddy,bearsmoistly,notincreasetheself-weightofstructurenearly,durably,theenancecostlowusmerit,needslfireprotectionsing,itableineachkindofatureconcretecomponentanderalThislawsgoodandswithenl

57、arge themethodofsectionstobeclose;itablenforcementwhichisheconcretestructurecomponentobliquesectionsupportingpacity,ormustexertthecrosswisebindingforcetothealmemberthe6)ReelingThislawsgoodandswithenlargethemethodofsectionstobeclose;itablenforcementwhichisheconcretestructurecomponentobliquesectionsup

58、portingpacity,ormustexertthecrosswisebindingforcetothealmembertheboltanchor Thislaw heensityistheC20C60concretesload-bearingmbertransformation,thereinforcement;Itisnotsuitableforalreadytheabovestructurewhichdthelightqualitystructuremakesdecent1.2Theindirectreinforcementsgeneral1)Pre-stressedreinforc

59、ement(1)Thepre-stressedhorizontalbarconcretesmemberinbending,becauseepre-stressedandincreasestheexteriorloadthecombinedhebarhastheaxial,thisstrengtheccentrictransmitsonthecomponentthroughthepoleendanchor(,whenbarandLiangboardbottomsurfaceclosefitting,barcanlookfortunetogetherwithomponent,thisfashion

60、haspartialrestotransmitdirectlyforcomponentbottomsurface),stheeccentrichecomponent,thisfunctione the bendingomentwhichoutsidethepartthe,reducedoutsidetheloadeffect,thussharpenedurvedability.Atthesametime,becausethebarpassestocomponentsrefunction,thecomponentcrackdevelopmentleviate,thecontrol,theobli