必须掌握的基础：英语句子基本结构课件

1、基础句法知识应用点拨英语的基本句型任何一个简单句都可归属于下列6种之一 1. S + V2. S + V + O 3. S + V + O + O4. S + V + O + C5. S + L + P6. There be + S + A S: 主语 V：动词 O：宾语 C:补语 L: 系动词 P: 表语 A: 状语举例说明 1. Dinner is at six oclock.2. I am a student.3. The tree is very tall.4. Iron rusts.5. We all laughed.6. I need a house.7. Liverpool wo

2、n the game.8. I sent him an email.9. He lent me his dictionary.10. We elected him our monitor.11. He made his son a lawyer. 何谓复合句？ 如果一个句子中的一个成分本身就是句子，即包含着从句，那么这个句子就是复合句。Nominal 从句 (包括S 、O、P、T四种从句), 即名词性从句。Adverbial 从句 (包括time,place, condition, cause, way, comparison, concession,hypothesis, result九种)

3、， 即状语从句。Adjective 从句 (包括attributive clause一种 )，即定语从句。一共14种从句。举例说明1. That he became an artist may have been due to his fathers influence.2. Whether is will do us harm or good remains to be seen.3. It struck me that nobody was in favor of the arrangement.4. What she wants on her 18th birthday is a mob

4、ile phone.5. The reason was that he was too poor to see a doctor.6. Thats where we differ.7. She told me there was a good doctor in a town not far away.总结不管多么复杂的句子，都可以属于这三种句子之一，或者属于并列复合句。有时候句子里面会出现插入成分，或者出现倒装结构，这就使句子变得复杂起来。只要见得多了，你会发现无非就是这几种情况，完全可以应对。懂得句子结构是理解句子的必要条件之一。判断句子结构并理解句子1. Maybe its you, m

5、aybe its your boss, and maybe its somebody who works for you. 2. When asked about the ongoing uproar involving U.S. President Bill Clinton , most people say the affair involves a purely private matter . But many other people regard his actions as deplorable . I personally think the president committ

6、ed impeachable offences . 专项训练之当被问及对现在有关美国总统比尔克林顿的沸沸扬扬的议论有什么看法时，大多数人认为这种暧昧关系纯属私事。但是，还有很多人认为他的行为应当受到谴责。我个人认为总统犯了这些过错，应该被指控。 3. A survey of new stories in 1996 reveals that the antiscience tag has been attached to many other groups as well， from authorities who advocated the elimination of the last re

7、maining stocks of smallpox virus to Republicans who advocated decreased funding for basic research. 要求：分析上句的句法结构。4. With as many as 120 varieties in existence， discovering how cancer works is not easy应对方法主句最重要的特征就是有完整的主谓结构，尤其是独立的谓语部分。什么样的词能构成独立的谓语部分？注意：do, does和is, am, are的各种时态变化都可以做谓语，但是单纯的to do, d

8、oing, done和to be, being 的形式是不可以做谓语的。一个看似句子的结构，如果没有独立的谓语部分，那它就不是句子，而是分词短语或者独立主格结构。从前向后，抓住独立的谓语部分从而区别出主句和分词状语，再根据从句的连接词（有时无连接词）区分主句和从句，层层理解，插入语插在哪个层次中就放在哪个层次中理解。点拨插入语的识别方法很简单，其特征为完整的句子结构插入两个逗号或两个“”，即：“Abcdefghijk, uvwxyz, lmnopqrst.”、“Abcdefghijkuvwxyzlmnopqrst.”。如上例的“especially textbooks”即可视为插入语。6. T

9、elevision, it is often said, keeps one informed about current events, allows one to follow the latest developments in science and politics, and offers an endless series of programmes which are both instructive and entertaining.译：人们常说, 通过电视可以了解时事, 掌握科学和政治的最新动态。从电视里还可以看到层出不穷、既有教育意义又有娱乐性的新节目。析：在此句中, “i

10、t is often said” 是插入语。技巧1. 对于语感不强的学习者来说，可以先把插入语去掉的方法来理解主要的意思。2. 修饰语主要有两种结构：定语结构修饰名词，状语结构修饰动词、形容词或副词。起修饰作用的定语结构或状语结构可以是一个或若干个词，也可以是一个或若干介词短语、分词短语或不定式短语，也可以是从句。这些词、短语或从句可同时使用。理清下列句子中的修饰关系8. The number of the young people in the United States who cant read is incredible about one in four.析：句中number被 of

11、 the young people in the United States who cant read修饰，而 people 前面被the young，后面被 in the United States 和who cant read的修饰。译：大约有1/4的美国青年人没有阅读能力, 这简直令人难以置信。下句中的三个主谓搭配是什么？9. Almost everything which really matters and which the world possessed at the commencement of the modern age was already known to man

12、 at the dawn of history.答：which matters、the world possessed和everythingwas known to，注意千万不可把was当作其他任何名词的谓语。译：近代史开始时，世界拥有的每一项重大成就，已为历史发端期的人们所知晓。找出主要的主谓成分10. And it helps to explain why so many inventions that were of Chinese origin or that had been known to the Greco-Romans, were fully developed and ex

13、ploited only by the Western Europeans.析：句中的第二个were作为inventions的谓语，而不是Greco-Romans的谓语.译：它有助于说明，为什么发源于中国的许多发明和希腊罗马人所知道的许多发明，只是在西欧人手中才得到全面发展和充分利用。代词的指代关系11. Taking his cue（暗示） from Ibsens A Dolls House（易卜生的剧作玩偶之家）, in which the heroine, Nora, leaves home because she resents her husbands treating her li

14、ke a child, the writer Lu Xun warned that Nora would need money to support herself; she must have economic rights to survive.析：句中which 指的是前面的A Dolls House。译：易卜生的剧作玩偶之家中的女主人公娜拉离家出走, 因为她憎恶她的丈夫像对待孩子一样来对待她。作家鲁迅从中得到启示, 从而告诫人们娜拉得需要钱来养活自己, 她要生存就必须有经济上的权利。点拨 弄清楚句子中的指代词所指代的对象 如：it, this, that, these, those,

15、which, so, one, other及常用人称代词等所指代的内容。这些词和词组有时在本句中就能找到，有时则要到前面有关的句子中去找。结合上下文的意思进行理解。狭义的上下文指本句前后句子，广义的上下文指前后段落。 今日作业：观察句子结构并翻译下列句子1. When it comes to the increasing use of motor vehicles in Beijing , some people think that use should be limited . Others argue that the opposite is true . There is probab

16、ly some truth to both arguments, but emission controls must be instituted regardless of the number of vehicles.2. It is widely acknowledged that extensive deforestation contributed to heavy summer flooding . Experts argue that China must introduce a massive afforestation program . But I doubt whethe

17、r afforestation alone will solve the problem .4. Many people believe that capital punishment deters crime . But although criminologists have conducted exhaustive research regarding the subject , little evidence exists to support the claim .Capital punishment 死刑5. An increasing number of people are j

18、oining the Information Age via the Internet . In reaction to the phenomenon , some say the Internet has removed barriers and provided people with immediate access to the world . But do they realize that rapidly advancing information technology can also lead to intrusions of privacy ? 6. The use of guan