2021吉林GRE考试考前冲刺卷

1、第 页2021吉林GRE考试考前冲刺卷本卷共分为2大题50小题，作答时间为180分钟，总分100分，60分及格。一、单项选择题（共25题，每题2分。每题的备选项中，只有一个最符合题意） 1.BSet 5/B BTemperature/B Three scales of temperature, each of which permits a precise measurement, are in concurrent use: the Fahrenheit, Celsius, and Kelvin scales. These three different temperature scales

2、 were each developed by different people and have come to be used in different situations. The scale that is most widely used by the general public in the United States is the Fahrenheit scale. In 1714, Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit, a German physicist who was living in Holland and operating an instrume

3、nt business, developed a mercury-in-glass thermometer and the temperature scale that still carries his name. His original scale had two fixed points: 0was the lowest temperature that he could achieve in a solution of ice, water, and salt, and 96was what he believed was the normal temperature of the

4、human body (though this was later determined to be 98.6). Based on this scale, he calculated that the freezing point (or ice point) of water was 32; in later studies, it was determined that the boiling point of water (the steam point) was 212. The Fahrenheit scale came to be accepted as the standard

5、 measure of temperature in a number of countries, including Great Britain, and from there it was spread to British colonies throughout the world. Today, however, the United States is the only major country in the world that still uses the Fahrenheit scale. The scale that is in use in many other coun

6、tries is the Celsius scale. Anders Celsius (17011744), a Swedish astronomer, developed a thermometer in 1741 that based temperatures on the freezing and boiling temperatures of water. On the thermometer that Celsius developed, however, 0was used to indicate the boiling temperature of water, and 100w

7、as used to indicate the freezing temperature of water. After his death, the scale was reversed by a friend, the biologist Carl von Linne (17071748), who achieved acclaim for his development of the Linnean classification system for plants and animals. On the new scale after the reversal by von Linne,

8、 0 indicated the freezing temperature of water, and 100 indicated the boiling temperature of water. At around the same time that Celsius and von Linne were working on their thermometer in Sweden, a similar thermometer was being developed in France. After the French Revolution, the scale developed in

9、 France was adopted as part of the metric system in that country under the name centigrade, which means a hundred units, and from there it spread worldwide. In 1948, an international agreement was made to rename the centigrade scale the Celsius scale in honor of the scientist who was first known to

10、use a 100-degree scale, though it should be remembered that the scale that Celsius actually used himself was the reverse of todays scale. A third scale, the Kelvin scale, is generally used today for scientific purposes. This scale was first suggested in 1854 by two English physicists: William Thomso

11、n, Lord Kelvin (18241907) and James Prescott Joule (18181889). The Kelvin scale defines 0as absolute zero, the hypothetical temperature at which all atomic and molecular motion theoretically stops, and 100separates the freezing point and boiling point of water, just as it does on the Celsius scale.

12、On the Kelvin scale, with 0equal to absolute zero, water freezes at 273, and water boils at a temperature 100higher. The Kelvin scale is well suited to some areas of scientific study because it does not have any negative values, yet it still maintains the 100 difference between the freezing point an

13、d boiling point of water that the Celsius scale has and can thus easily be converted to the Celsius scale by merely subtracting 273 from the temperature on the Kelvin scale.Look at the four squares that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.Frenchman Jean Pierre Christi

14、n (16831755) placed an order with instrument makers Pierre Casati for thermometers based on the same scale, with 0 indicating the freezing point of water and 100 indicating the boiling point of water.Where would the sentence best fit ASquare .BSquare .CSquare .DSquare . 2.BSet 4/B BThe Cutting Edge/

15、B Economists and governments agree these days on the crucial importance of foreign direct invest-ment (FDI). They see it both as the global markets seal of approval on a countrys policies and prospects, and as a force, especially in developing countries, for far- reaching economic change. This conse

16、nsus is surprising when you remember that FDI remains politically sensitive in many poor, and some not-so-poor, countries. But the benefits are so great that reservations on this account have been put aside. The point about FDI is that it is far more than mere capital: it is a uniquely potent bundle

17、 of capital, contacts, and managerial and technological knowledge. It is the cutting edge of globalization. The outlook for FDI- in total, and country by country-is therefore a matter of great interest. Forecasting it, however, is far from easy. The determinants are complicated, and not always susce

18、ptible to measurement. Up to now, so far as this column is aware, detailed forecasts have not been attempted. In a report published this week, the Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU), a sister company of The Economist, has ventured into this uncharted territory. It provides a forecast for FDI extendin

19、g to 2005 for no fewer than 60 countries (accounting for virtually all of the worlds actual and projected flows of FDI). The main difficulty arises from the fact that FDI depends closely on what the EIU calls the business environment-a necessarily broad term that includes, on the firms definition, 7

20、0 separate indicators. Some of these are political, and to the extent that they can be measured at all have to be gauged through surveys that ask investors questions such as, Is the quality of the bureaucracy and its ability to carry out government policy very high, high, moderate, low or very low I

21、t is one thing to compile this kind of evidence into a backward-looking aggregate which can then be tested for its ability to explain past movements in FDI. It is quite another to use it for forecasting- because to do that the researcher has to predict how political and other conditions will change.

22、 There is no alternative but to blend together different kinds of information. First, take whatever evidence econometrics can yield about the way the forces driving, FDI- size of host-country market, expected growth, input costs, geography and natural resources, and the policy framework-have worked

23、in the past. Next, add conventional forecasts of relevant economic aggregates. Third, unavoidably, make more qualitative and speculative assessments of changes in other, non-economic, conditions. All this the study tries to do. It is academically impure, because it has to be. But the workings and th

24、e supporting information are in plain view, and the results are very interesting. Global FDI flows are projected to shrink markedly this year, from 1.1 trillion in 2000 to less than 800 billion. Almost all of the reduction is forecast to be in FDI to rich countries, driven by the slowdown in America

25、 and by the diminishing pace of mergers and acquisitions (which are a principal driver of FDI in the developed economies). FDI to poor countries merely pauses, at around 220 billion. In subsequent years, flows recover across the board, but growth in flows to poor countries continues to outpace, mode

26、stly, growth in flows to rich ones. By then, the global stock of FDI will have risen to more than 10 trillion, according to the report, from less than 6 trillion last year. The United States, unsurprisingly, is expected to dominate the rankings in 2001-2005, much as it does today, accounting for mor

27、e than 25% of global inflows. The analysis shows that Americas business environment is about as good as one would infer, statistically speaking, from its income. Britain, in contrast, is one of 14 countries with a somewhat better business environment than its income would lead you to expect (or, to

28、put it less kindly, with a lower income than its business environment would lead you to expect). Britain is expected to remain the worlds second-biggest recipient of FDI, accounting for more than 9% of the total in 2001-2005. In terms of FDI per head, Britain currently ranks seventh, behind (in desc

29、ending order) Ireland, Belgium, Hong Kong SAR, Sweden, Singapore and the Netherlands. On this measure, the United States ranks fourteenth. The studys most encouraging finding is that scores for b Ais to be severely limited.Bis to be expanded.Cremain uncertain.Ddiminish gradually. 3.BSet 3/B BA Messe

30、nger from the Past/B His people said good-bye and watched him walk off toward the mountains. They had little reason to fear for his safety: the man was well dressed in insulated clothing and equipped with tools needed to survive the Alpine climate. However, as weeks passed without his return, they m

31、ust have grown worried, then anxious, and finally resigned, After many years everyone who knew him had died, and a note even a memory of the man remained. Then, on an improbably distant day, he came down from the mountain. Things had changed a bit: it wasnt the Bronze Age anymore, and he was a celeb

32、rity. When a melting glacier released its hold on a 4,000-year-old corpse in September, it was quite rightly called one of the most important archeological finds of the century. Discovered by a German couple hiking at 10,500 feet in the Italian Tyrol near the Austrian border, the partially freeze-dr

33、ied body still wore remnants of leather garments and boots that had been stuffed with straw for insulation. The hikers alerted scientists from the University of Innsbruck in Austria, whose more complete examination revealed that the man was tattooed on his back and behind his knee. At his side was a

34、 bronze ax of a type typical in southern central Europe around 2000 B C. On his expedition-perhaps to hunt or to search for metal ore-he had also carded an all-purpose stone knife, a wooden backpack, a bow and a quiver, a small bag containing a flint lighter and kindling, and an arrow repair kit in

35、a leather pouch. Such everyday gear gives an unprecedented perspective on life in early Bronze Age Europe. The most exciting thing is that we genuinely appear to be looking at a man who had some kind of accident in the course of a perfectly ordinary trip, says archeologist Ian Kinnes of the British

36、Museum. These are not artifacts placed in a grave, but the fellows own possessions. Unlike the Egyptians and Mesopotamians of the time, who had more advanced civilizations with cities and central authority, the Ice Man and his countrymen lived in a society built around small, stable villages. He pro

37、bably spoke in a tongue ancestral to current European languages. Furthermore, though he was a member of a farming culture, he may well have been hunting when he died, to add meat to his familys diet. X-rays of the quiver showed that it contained 14 arrows. While his backpack was empty, careful explo

38、ration of the trench where he died revealed remnants of animal skin and bones at the same spot where the pack lay. There was also the remainder of a pile of berries. Clearly the man didnt starve to death. The trench provided him so with shelter from the elements, and he also had a braided mat of gra

39、ss to keep him warm. If injury or illness caused the Ice Mans death, an autopsy on the 4,000-year-old victim could turn up some clues. The circumstances of his death may have preserved such evidence, as well as other details of his life. Freeze-dried by the frigid climate, his inner organs and other

40、 soft tissues are much better preserved than those of dried-up Egyptian mummies or the waterlogged Scandinavian Bog Men found in recent years. One concern, voiced by archeologist Colin Renfrew of Cambridge University, is that the hot TV lights that greeted the hunters return to civilizetion may have

41、 damaged these fragile tissues, jeopardizing a chance to recover additional precious genetic information from his chromosomes. If not, Renfrew says, it may be possible to get very long DNA sequences out of this material. This is far and away the most exciting aspect of the discovery. For the time be

42、ing, all biological research has literally 68 been put on ice at the University of Innsbruck while an in ternational team of experts, led by researcher Konrad Spindler, puzzlees out a way to thaw the body without destroying it. As sensational as it sounds, it remains to be seen how useful 4,000-year

43、-old human DNA will really be. The problem is that we are dealing with a single individual, says evolutionary biologist Robert Sokal of the State University of New York at Stony Brook. In order to make statements about the population that existed at the time, we need more specimens. The wish for mor

44、e messengers from the past may yet come true. Five more bodies of mountain climbers, all of whom died within the past 50 years, have emerged from melting Austrian mountain ice this summer. The Ice Mans return from Athe hot TV lights thrown on the body may damage its tissues.Bhe is only a single indi

45、vidual and more specimens are needed.Cscientists are very optimistic about his genetic information.Dthe DNA sequences will be the most valuables part of the discovery. 4.BNarrator/B Listen to a part of a talk in a history lecture. Why does the professor say thisATo elaborate an important point.BTo p

46、resent another persons views.CTo show a contrast with something said earlier.DTo elicit an answer from the students. 5.BNarrator/B Listen to a part of a discussion in a biology class. Why does the professor say thisATo show the effect of agriculture on pollinators.BTo describe the nectar-producing p

47、lants.CTo show how stones improve a garden.DTo describe effects of plant disease. 6.BSet 4/B BThe Cutting Edge/B Economists and governments agree these days on the crucial importance of foreign direct invest-ment (FDI). They see it both as the global markets seal of approval on a countrys policies a

48、nd prospects, and as a force, especially in developing countries, for far- reaching economic change. This consensus is surprising when you remember that FDI remains politically sensitive in many poor, and some not-so-poor, countries. But the benefits are so great that reservations on this account ha

49、ve been put aside. The point about FDI is that it is far more than mere capital: it is a uniquely potent bundle of capital, contacts, and managerial and technological knowledge. It is the cutting edge of globalization. The outlook for FDI- in total, and country by country-is therefore a matter of gr

50、eat interest. Forecasting it, however, is far from easy. The determinants are complicated, and not always susceptible to measurement. Up to now, so far as this column is aware, detailed forecasts have not been attempted. In a report published this week, the Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU), a siste

51、r company of The Economist, has ventured into this uncharted territory. It provides a forecast for FDI extending to 2005 for no fewer than 60 countries (accounting for virtually all of the worlds actual and projected flows of FDI). The main difficulty arises from the fact that FDI depends closely on

52、 what the EIU calls the business environment-a necessarily broad term that includes, on the firms definition, 70 separate indicators. Some of these are political, and to the extent that they can be measured at all have to be gauged through surveys that ask investors questions such as, Is the quality

53、 of the bureaucracy and its ability to carry out government policy very high, high, moderate, low or very low It is one thing to compile this kind of evidence into a backward-looking aggregate which can then be tested for its ability to explain past movements in FDI. It is quite another to use it fo

54、r forecasting- because to do that the researcher has to predict how political and other conditions will change. There is no alternative but to blend together different kinds of information. First, take whatever evidence econometrics can yield about the way the forces driving, FDI- size of host-count

55、ry market, expected growth, input costs, geography and natural resources, and the policy framework-have worked in the past. Next, add conventional forecasts of relevant economic aggregates. Third, unavoidably, make more qualitative and speculative assessments of changes in other, non-economic, condi

56、tions. All this the study tries to do. It is academically impure, because it has to be. But the workings and the supporting information are in plain view, and the results are very interesting. Global FDI flows are projected to shrink markedly this year, from 1.1 trillion in 2000 to less than 800 bil

57、lion. Almost all of the reduction is forecast to be in FDI to rich countries, driven by the slowdown in America and by the diminishing pace of mergers and acquisitions (which are a principal driver of FDI in the developed economies). FDI to poor countries merely pauses, at around 220 billion. In sub

58、sequent years, flows recover across the board, but growth in flows to poor countries continues to outpace, modestly, growth in flows to rich ones. By then, the global stock of FDI will have risen to more than 10 trillion, according to the report, from less than 6 trillion last year. The United State

59、s, unsurprisingly, is expected to dominate the rankings in 2001-2005, much as it does today, accounting for more than 25% of global inflows. The analysis shows that Americas business environment is about as good as one would infer, statistically speaking, from its income. Britain, in contrast, is on

60、e of 14 countries with a somewhat better business environment than its income would lead you to expect (or, to put it less kindly, with a lower income than its business environment would lead you to expect). Britain is expected to remain the worlds second-biggest recipient of FDI, accounting for mor