各种溶剂的纯化方法

1、苯甲腈 Benzonitrile【中文名称】苄氰；苯基氰；氰基苯；苯甲月青；苄月青【英文名称】 benzonitrile;phenyl cyanide【结构或分子式】 一【相对分子量或原子量】103.13【密度】1.008【熔点（C）】-13【沸点（C）】 190.7【闪点（C）】79【粘度 mPa - s （20C）】 1.24【折射率】1.5289【毒性LD50（mg/kg）】小鼠经口720。小鼠经皮注射180。【性状】无色透明液体，有苦杏仁的气味，极毒！【溶解情况】溶于热水、乙醇和乙醚，难溶于冷水。【用途】用于有机合成和制染料、药物等，也用作乙烯基树脂的溶剂。【制备或来源】可由甲苯经氨氧

2、化，或由苯甲酸经干馏而制得。Benzonitrile 100-47-0 M 103,1. f -12.9, b 191.1, d 1.010, n 1.528. Dried with CaSO4 CaCl?, MgSO4 or K2CO3, and distd from P2O5 in an all-glass apparatus, under reduced pressure (b 69/10mm), collecting the middle fraction. Dis tn from CaHa causes some decomposition of solvent. Isonitril

3、es can be removed by preliminary treatment with cone HC1 until the smell of isonitrile has gone, followed by preliminary drying with K2CO3. (This treatment also removes amines).Steam distd (to remove small quantities of carbylainine). The distillate was extracted into ether, washed with dil NU2CO3,

4、dried overnight with CaCLj, and the ether removed by evaporation. The residue was distd at 40mm (b 96) Kice, Perham and Simons J Am Chem Soc 82 834 I960,Conductivity grade benzonitrile (specific conductance 2 x 10* mho) was obtained by treatment with anhydrous AICI3, followed by rapid dism at 40-50

5、under vacuum. After washing with alkali and drying with CaCh, the distillate was vac distd several times at 35 before being fractionally crystd several times by partial freezing. It was dried over finely divided activated alumina from which it was withdrawn as required Van Dyke and Harrison J Am Che

6、m Soc 73 402 1951.【中文名称】甲苯；甲基苯；苯基甲烷【英文名称】 toluene;toluol;methylbenzene【结构或分子式】CH【相对分子量或原子量】92.14【密度】0.866【熔点（C）】-95【沸点（C）】 110.8【闪点（C）】4.4 （闭式）【蒸气压（Pa）】907 （0C）； 2920 （20C）； 74194 （100C）【折射率】1.4967【性状】无色易挥发的液体，有芳香气味。【溶解情况】不溶于水，溶于乙醇、乙醚和丙酮。【用途】用于制造糖精、染料、药物和炸药等，并用作溶剂。【制备或来源】由分馏煤焦油的轻油部分或由催化重整轻汽油馏分而制得。【其

7、他】化学性质与苯相像。蒸气与空气形成爆炸性混合物，爆炸极限为1.27.0% （体积）。【中文名称】乙月青；甲基氰；氰基甲烷【英文名称】 acetonitrile; methyl cyanide; Ethane nitrile【结构或分子式】CH CN3【相对分子量或原子量】41.05【密度】0.7828【熔点（C）】-45【沸点（C）】80-82【闪点（C）】12.8【蒸气压（Pa）】 9.729千帕（20 C）【粘度 mPa - s (20C)】 (25C) 0.340【折射率】1.33934【性状】有芳香气味的无色液体。【溶解情况】溶于水、乙醇、甲醇、乙醚、丙酮、苯、乙酸甲酯、乙酸乙酯、氯仿、氯乙烯、四氯化碳。【用途】用于制维生素B1等药物和香料等，也用作脂肪酸萃取剂、酒精变性剂等。