农业生产外文翻译

1、附录设施蔬菜生产是一项密集型产业，它要求固定的人工和资本输入。因此，蔬 菜加工企业要获得成功，潜在的种植者应该仔细地考虑所有必要的系数时时刻刻 以各种方式为蔬菜生产的产量作出承诺。在温室维护，种植业和处理紧急状态等 方面都要求保持持续的警惕性。每4,000平方英尺的温室里的庄稼大约在25到 30个小时时期内都要进行仔细照看。温室设施也要不断的进行维护和修理。有 选择的在原来的基础上对一些温室进行更新换代。升温、降温和浇灌等日常系统 必须经常维护和定期检查。另外，后备计划和备用系统必须是到位的，他们是用 来应对任何一个主要系统遭到破坏后所可能发生的问题。如果在关键时候不能降 温，加热或者制止水分

2、的流失都有可能致使庄稼颗粒无收。随着被用来维持生产 和作物种植的技术、资本和劳动力的投入，生产商开发市场必须支付相对更高 的价格使企业经济效益得以实现。设施蔬菜的生产很难在价格上和露地种植的蔬 菜相竞争。但是，设施蔬菜可以更好的质量和它所具有的反季节性受到市场上 消费者的青睐。企业应该充分考虑消费者的个性和偏好。这就是上面所提到得一 天24小时的承诺。如果你不能以自己的特色去满足顾客每时每刻的需求，那么 你就不能实现你的利益。另外，一个成功的设施蔬菜的生产离不开配套机械的合 理使用、熟练的生产技术、敏锐的商业洞察力。虽然设施农业生产是一项密集型 产业，它通过满足消费者的需求而实现自身的效益。设

3、施蔬菜的生产和露地蔬菜 的种植相比最大的一个优势是所需要的土地相对较少。另外如果设施蔬菜的生产 适应市场需求它的投资回收也会更好。方位的选择在方位的选择上几个因素应该得到重视。无论什么时候建造，方位应该达到 或者接近所要求的水平。倾斜的方位也不是完全不合要求，但是他们会提高建造 成本，为和新的结构相适应，建造方位必须是水平或露台。如果所选择的地点允 许建造温室则该地点必须是日常固定的。废弃物的处理也必须引起关注。方位 应该选择在靠近能源和水源的地方。举个例子，水井里的水要比地表水好因为它 受到疾病和海藻污染可能性小。水在设施农业生产中起着关键性的作用，尤其它 是组成各种各样的水耕系统中不可缺少

4、的一个。在作物循环之前水被用来测试肥 料的施用情况的。水在佐治亚来源于资源中的酸碱中和。另外，水里也许溶解了 重要的矿物质，尤其是钙和镁。城市污水系统可能会给生产者带来麻烦，主要是 引起水的氢化，氢化了的水会不利于植物生长。劳动力的利用也是非常重要的。 虽然在种植业上许多工作具有重复性和繁琐性，你不应该期待优秀的表现是建 立在一个低的工资级别上。设施农业对劳动力的要求主要是是严谨和熟练，或全 少要经过培训，。从长期上讲设施农业劳动力价格是相对便宜的并且来源也比较 稳定。同时也要考虑运输条件和市场的接近程度。现代冷藏和运输的发展减少了 设施农业对市场的依赖程度，当设备越接近于市场运输费用越低。昆

5、虫和疾病控制。叶菜类的蔬菜在温室条件下生长最好的叶菜类是生菜。尽管生菜具有多样性，但许多不同 的类型的生菜都能在温室里栽种，包括特殊的类型。为温室发展开发不同类型的 蔬菜是有利于温室发展的。一种生菜能在大约35-45天内就能完成生长周期。 由于温室生菜比露地生菜收获期提前因此也比露地栽种的小。种子在75 F 的温度下发芽，在2-3天内就会生长，当长到足够大来处理的时候，他们被移 植到以生菜类型为基础的生产系统中栽种，那是他们最后的生长的地方。在漂流 系统中，他们可能被移动两次。第一次是种子被播种后的10到11天后被移到一 个16平方英尺的空间里，第二次是在播种后的21天再移植到一个有着41平方

6、 英尺的空间里。昆虫和疾病控制现代的温室设计已经尝试将昆虫和疾病问题减到最少或消除，以便植物可以 在许多情况下免除杀虫剂自由地生长。阻止昆虫进入温室是控制昆虫问题的最 好方法。植物应该每日对昆虫群袭进行检查。如果杀虫剂是被用，杀虫剂的材 料一定要经过仔细选择，被限制在田间使用的农药也可能也不允许在温室中使用。 另外，就是确定的成分的杀虫剂在应用时也要小心谨慎。例如，因为特定的材料， 在能乳化成分比较集中的杀虫剂中，在温室条件下会对植物造成很大损害。水和 营养物质的移动可以清除植物表面上多余的水，它可以减少疾病的发生。对容易 患病的植物通过植入疾病的抗体也可以减少疾病的发生。综上所述，在药剂的选

7、 择上务必要谨慎。GreenhouseVegetable ProductionPrepared by George E. Boyhan, Darbie Granberry and W. Terry KelleyCooperative Extension Service The University of GeorgiaCollege of Agricultural and Environmental SciencesIntroductionGreenhouse vegetable production is a highly intensiveenterprise requiring subs

8、tantial labor and capitalinputs. Because of this, potential growers should carefullyconsider all of the factors necessary for a successfulenterprise.Greenhouse vegetable production is in many waysa 24-hour-a-day commitment. Greenhouse maintenance,crop production and handling emergenciesrequire const

9、ant vigilance. Every 4,000 square feet ofgreenhouse space requires an estimated 25 to 30 hoursof crop care and upkeep.Greenhouse structures require constant maintenanceand repair. Many of the selected greenhouse coversmust be replaced on a regular basis. Heating, coolingand watering systems must be

10、maintained and routinelyserviced. In addition, contingency plans andbackup systems must be in place in case any of thesemajor systems should break down. Even a one-day lossof cooling, heating or water during a critical period canresult in complete crop failure.Along with the essential skills, capita

11、l and labor tobuild, maintain and grow a crop, producers must developmarkets willing to pay the relatively high prices necessaryto make the enterprise economically viable.Greenhouse-grown vegetables cannot compete withcomparable field-grown crops based on price; therefore,greenhouse-grown vegetables

12、 often are marketed to buyersbased on superior quality and off-season availability.Finally, the personality and skills of the person or people involved in the enterprise should be considered.As mentioned earlier, this can be a 24-hour-a-day commitment.If you dont have the personality to commitand to

13、 be available day or night as needed, then this isnot for you. In addition, a successful greenhouse vegetableproduction operation requires mechanical aptitude,crop production skills and business acumen.Although greenhouse production is an intensiveundertaking, it can be very satisfying and rewarding

14、. Oneadvantage of greenhouse vegetable production is the relatively small amount of area required compared withfield-grown produce. In addition, the return on investmentcan be good if the requisite markets can be found.Site SelectionSeveral factors should be considered in selecting asuitable site. W

15、henever practical, the site should belevel or nearly so. Sloped sites are not completely outof the question, but they do raise construction costsconsiderably because the site must be leveled or terracedto accommodate the new structure.Zoning regulations must be checked to determine ifa greenhouse is

16、 allowed at the chosen location. In thisregard, care concerning waste disposal (irrigation waterrunoff, etc.) should be considered.The site should be near a power source and have aready supply of usable water. Typically, water from a wellis better than surface water because there is less likelihoodo

17、f disease and algae contamination. Water is critically important in greenhouse production, especially if one ofthe various hydroponic systems, as outlined here, is used.The water used in the fertilizer solutions must be testedbefore beginning the crop cycle. Water in Georgia canrange from acid to al

18、kaline depending on the source.Inaddition, the water may contain significant levels of dissolvedminerals, particularly calcium and magnesium.City water systems may be troublesome for growers, especially if the water has been chlorinated. Chlorine cancause problems for plants, particularly lettuce.Av

19、ailability of labor is very important. Althoughmuch of the work in crop production is repetitive andtedious, one should not expect suitable labor performance at minimum wage levels. Labor that is conscientiousand skilled, or at least trainable, is less expensiveand more reliable in the long run.Acce

20、ss to good roads and proximity to expected markets should also be considered. Modern refrigerationand transportation reduces the need to locate thefacility near markets, but shipping costs are reducedwhen the facility is nearer the expected markets.Leafy VegetablesThe most important leafy vegetable

21、grown undergreenhouse conditions is lettuce. Many different typesand varieties of lettuce can be grown under greenhouseconditions, including specialty types.Many varieties specifically developed for greenhouseproduction are available. A crop of lettuce can be producedfrom seed in about 35 to 45 days

22、. Greenhouselettuce is harvested earlier and thus is smaller thanthose grown in the field. Seed are germinated at 75Fand should emerge in two to three days. Whenseedlings are large enough to handle, they are transplantedto their final spacing based on the productionsystem and lettuce type grown. In

23、float systems, theymay be moved twice after seeding to an initial spacingof 16 square inches per plant after 10 to 11 days and to41 square inches per plant 21 days after seeding.Insect and Disease ControlModern greenhouse design has tried to minimize oreliminate insect and disease problems so that plants canbe grown pesticide free under many conditions. Preventing insects from entering the house is thebest way of controlling insect problems. Plants should be inspected daily for insect inf