全球化的利与弊 Economic globalization

1、全球化的利与弊Economic globalization全世界都在谈论全球化，有的人认为它是本世纪的发明，有的人看到它的负面影响。 经济上的利与弊：随着电子货币的到来，投资变得很方便，只要点击一下，大量货币就会从一个国家流通 到另一个国家。这就开辟了个人投资的新渠道。提高了劳工的流动性，因此开辟了前所未有的就业和培训前景。激烈的竞争促使价格下降和服务的改进，例如送货上门和售后服务。全球化导致产生统一市场，从而使那些不在这个市场中的国家受到更多的剥削。仅仅3 0 0家公司就占全球产值的三分之一，占国际贸易的一半。而食品生产则由12 家公司控制。贫困的劳工群体越来越被排斥在外。不稳定性在增加，1

2、 9 9 7年在欧洲抛售黄金储备 的传闻就使南非5万矿工失业。这就是多米诺骨牌效应。All over the world about globalization, some people think that it is the invention, some people see its negative effects.Economic advantages and disadvantages:With the arrival of electronic money, its very convenient for investment, click, a lot of money fro

3、m one country to flow into another country. It opened up new avenues of personal investment. To improve the labor mobility, and thus opened an employment and training.Competitive price and service to the improvement, such as door-to-door and after-sales service. Globalization leads to a single marke

4、t, so that the market in the country is more exploitation. Only 300 companies is one-third of global output, accounting for half of the international trade. While food production is controlled by 12 companies.Poverty and labor group is excluded. Instability in 1997 in Europe, selling gold reserves r

5、umours that South Africa is 5 million miners unemployment. This is the domino effect.统一供应的危险性在增长，忽视了市场上产品的多样性。Supply risk in growth, has neglected the diversity of products on the market.社会上的利与弊：在政治上，欧盟和联合国等组织的权力在扩大，这可以在全球决策的舞台上抵消多国公 司的作用。媒体的跨国力量有助于控制不公正现象，有助于各国的言论自由。南北差距在扩大。贫困世界在全球收入中只占14%，1 0年前占2.

6、3%。最严重的社会后果是犯罪全球化，对贫困国家劳动力的剥削有增无减。非法移民在增加。 文化上的利与弊：文化的传播更快了，政治和知识产权的障碍减少了，谁也不能阻止一种文化产品在其国 内的传播。“逆殖民化”在加强：例如美国迈阿密和洛杉矶的拉丁化。亚洲和非洲繁荣城市人口的增长成为文化传播的新的推动力。最近一份联合国人文发展报告显示，全球文化只朝着一个方向传播：从富国向穷国，而 不是从穷国向富国。在文化生产上，商业利润至上，质量和多样性被忽视。Politically, the European Union and the United Nations organization such as powe

7、r in the world, which can be expanded in the decision on the stage of the multinational corporation offset. Multinational force helps to control the media injustices, helps countries freedom of speech.The north-south gap is widening. Poverty in the world in the global income accounts for only 1 perc

8、ent 10 years ago, of 2, 3.The most serious social consequences of poor countries, the crime of globalization of labor exploitation unabated. Illegal immigrants.Cultural advantages and disadvantages:The spread of culture, politics and faster obstacles of intellectual property rights, nobody can stop

9、a kind of cultural products in its domestic communication. Inverse colonization in Miami and strengthen: such as Los Angeles latinized.Asian and African prosperity of urban population growth as the new impetus culture communication.A recent UN humanities culture development worldwide, the report sho

10、wed only in one direction spread from rich countries to poor countries, rather than from poor to rich countries.In the cultural production, commercial profits paramountcy, quality and diversity are ignored.教育上的利与弊：新的全球技术使人们能以低廉的价格，在遥远的地方获得信息。残疾人拥有学习的新手 段。先进技术在国际化。世界上有200个国家，但在国际新闻界，经常提及的只有15至20个国家。司

11、法上的利与弊：将制订国际行动法典或建立国际法庭，以解决全球化中的纠纷。出现了一种新的可能性：干预一些国家的内政。军事、政治和经济行动(封锁、禁运等) 成为实现和平的手段。A new global technology can make people with low prices, in the distant place obtain information. The new method has learning disabled. In the international advanced technology.The world has 200 countries, but in th

12、e international press, often mention only 15 to 20 countries.The advantages and disadvantages of the judicial:International action to establish the international court, code or to solve the disputes in the globalization.A new possibilities: the interention some countrys internal affairs. The militar

13、y, political and economic blockade, embargo act (etc) become peaceful means.原文提要：全球经济一体化的鼓吹者抱有乌托邦式的想法，他们认为如果向商务和资本开放其大门，发展中国家就将受益。这种浅薄的承诺不仅转移了贫穷国家的视线，而且还分散了它们的资源，使它们无法再注重本国促进经济 增长所需要的那些至关重要的创新做法。The global economic integration: the utopian ideas about advocates, they think that ifTo open their doors

14、 and capital, developing countries will benefit. This commitment is not only a transferPoor countries, but also their resources, and scatter them unable to notice its economic Growth needed those important innovation practice.【本刊讯】美国外交政策双月刊34月一期刊登哈佛大学肯尼迪政治学院国际政 治经济学教授丹尼罗德里克的一篇文章，题为梦幻中的贸易，摘要如下：Americ

15、an foreign policy bimonthly 3-4 months issue of Harvard University, published in international politics and economics, Kennedy political college professor, Danny LuoDeLiKe an article entitled dream, the trade, the following:与世界经济融为一体绝非像拆除贸易和投资壁垒那样简单。各国现在还必须遵循一整套入场 要求，从新制订的专利规定到较为严格的银行标准等。经济一体化的积极鼓吹者

16、开列出一张 实行全面体制改革的处方(根据这张处方，即使今天的先进国家也需要几代人才能完成)。届时发展中国家可以最大程度地享受其带来的好处，而且还可以将参与世界经济的风险降低 到最低程度。全球经济一体化出于种种现实目的已经成为发展战略的替代物了。With the world economy is merged as dismantled barriers to trade and investment. Countries still must follow a new set of requirements, the provisions of the patent to strict sta

17、ndards of Banks. The economic globalization actively advocates open list all-round reform prescription (according to this prescription, even todays advanced countries also need a few generations can finish). When developing countries can enjoy the maximum benefits, but also can participate in the wo

18、rld economy to minimize the risk reduction. The global economy integration of various practical purpose has become the development strategy of the alternatives.世界市场是技术和资本的来源。发展中国家如果不去利用这些机会，那将是愚蠢的。不 过，全球化并非是发展的捷径。成功的经济发展战略一般都需要将引进的方法与本国制度上 的创新做法巧妙地结合在一起。决策者需要依靠本国的投资者和本国的制度来制订发展战 略。经济一体化设想中代价最高的不利之处在

19、于它竭力排斥他人为实现经济一体化而提出的 一些认真的想法以及作出的努力。真诚地接受经济一体化正统观念的国家逐步发现，本国的开放并未给它们带来好处。尽 管自8 0年代以来降低了它们国家对贸易和投资的壁垒，但拉美和非洲许多国家的经济仍然 停滞不前，或者发展的速度还不如6 0年代和7 0年代进口替代时期来得快。相比之下，经 济发展最快的国家是中国、印度和东亚及东南亚的一些国家。这些国家的决策者也赞成贸易 和投资自由化，但他们采用的并不是正统方式，而是逐步地、有序地，而且是在最初的高速 发展之后才实行贸易和投资自由化的。他们还把这种做法当作一揽子更广泛的、具有诸多不 同寻常特点的政策的一部分。The

20、world market is technology and capital source. In developing countries, if not to use these opportunities, it would be foolish. However, the development of the globalization is not shortcuts. Successful economic development strategy are generally need to introduce the method and its institutional in

21、novation practice ably combined together. Decision makers need to rely on domestic investors and its system to make development strategy. Economic integration in the idea of the highest price in it to reject others to achieve economic integration and put forward some ideas and earnest efforts.Sincer

22、ely accept orthodox ideas of national economic integration, the open country gradually to their benefit. Although since the 1980s reduced their countries for trade and investment barriers, but in many countries in Latin America and Africa, or stagnant economy still the speed of development as well a

23、s the 1960s and 1970s faster import substitution period. Compared with the fastest growing economy in China, India and the countrys east and southeast Asian countries. These countries also approved the decision makers trade and investment liberalization, but they did not orthodox ways, but gradually

24、, orderly, but is at the beginning of the high speed development after implement trade and investment liberalization. They also take this as a package with many more extensive, the characteristics of the unusual part of the policy.深度自由化所产生的这种令人失望的结果已经被吸纳到一种相当牢固的信念中去了。那 些认为全球一体化是经济发展的先决条件的人现在却告诫说，仅仅开

25、放边界是不够的。他们 指出，若想从开放中获得好处，发展中国家还需要全面实行体制改革。请思考一下贸易自由化的问题。不论谁向世界银行的任何一位官员询问有关实施一项成 功的贸易自由化计划的要求是什么，他都可能获得除降低关税和非关税壁垒之外的一长串措 施清单：为弥补关税收入而进行税收改革、为解决失业工人的问题而建立社会保障网、为使 贸易行为与世界贸易组织的规定相一致而实行行政改革、为提高行业之间人员的流动性而进 行劳动力市场的改革、为使那些因进口竞争而伤了元气的公司得到振兴而提供技术帮助、为 确保出口型公司和投资者获得熟练工人而实施培训计划等。由于贸易自由化的承诺难以兑 现，先决条件便会越加越多。自由

26、交易在全球一体化议程中的大多数（肯定不是所有）体制改革都是十分明智的。而且在一个对金 融、行政和政治几乎都没有什么限制的世界上，人们对实行体制改革几乎不会提出任何异议。 不过，在现实世界中，各国政府在面对如何利用它们的财力、行政管理能力和政治资本时往 往会面临艰难的抉择。为使全球经济一体化取得最大结果而确定制度上的重点往往要付出代 价，失去一些真正的机会。The depth of liberalization produced disappointing results have been absorbing to a fairly strong belief. That globalizat

27、ion is the precondition of the development of economy, but warned that are now just open boundary is not enough. They point out that in the open to benefit from developing countries need to implement reforms.Please consider trade liberalization. No matter who the world bank official inquiry about an

28、y a successful trade liberalization plan is what he could obtain except reduce tariff and non-tariff barriers outside of a long list of measures to offset tariff revenue list: and tax reform, to solve the problem of unemployment workers and establishing social security network, to make trade behavio

29、r and the world trade organization and implement the provisions of administrative reform is consistent, and to improve the liquidity of personnel between industry and labor market reform, to make those for import competition and vitality of the company get hurt and provide technical help, to ensure

30、the export-oriented company and investors and implement training plan skilled workers. Due to the trade liberalization commitments, prerequisites will increasingly more.Free tradeMost of the agenda in global integration （certainly not all） system reform is very sensible. But in a financial and admin

31、istrative and political almost none of the restrictions in the world, people to carry out reform almost never raise objections. However, in reality, the governments of how to use them in the face of financial and administrative management ability and political capital will often face a difficult cho

32、ice. For the global economic integration and maximum results on the system of key tend to pay, lose some real opportunity.不妨请思考一下某些能够说明问题的交易。世界银行经济学家迈克尔芬格估计，为实 施世界贸易组织三项协议（关于关税估价、卫生及植物卫生和与贸易相关的知识产权的三项 协议）规定的要求，一个具有代表性的发展中国家必须花费1 5亿美元。正如芬格所指出 的那样，这一数额相当于许多最不发达国家一年的发展预算。尽管执行金融规范和标准而支 出的费用难以全面估计，但它无疑会使

33、财政和人力资源大量流失。发展中国家的政府难道应 该培养出更多的银行审计师和会计师，即使这种投资意味着中学老师的减少和女孩受小学教 育的费用下降也罢吗？有关融入世界经济的各种规则不仅反映出某些人几乎不了解发展重点，而且这些规则本 身经常是与可行的经济原则毫不相干的。例如，世界贸易组织关于反倾销、补贴及其相应措 施、农业、纺织品、与贸易相关的知识产权等领域的协议缺少任何经济上的合理性，有的只 是先进工业国家为数不多有势力的组织的重商主义利益。一些双边和地区贸易协议的情况更 糟，因为它们为提高“市场准入”标准而对发展中国家强加了更为苛刻的先决条件。Might as well, please cons

34、ider some of the problems that can trade. The world bank economist Michael finger estimates for the implementation of the world trade organization, three agreements (about tariff appraisal, health and plant health and trade of intellectual property rights related to the three agreements) requirement

35、s, a representative of the developing countries must spend 1 T 5 billion dollars. As the finger points, the amount equivalent to many least-developed countries the development budget year. Although execute financial regulations and standards and the expenses to comprehensive estimation, but it will

36、definitely make financial and human resources loss. The governments of developing countries dont should develop more bank certified public accountants and auditors, even if the investment means high school teacher education and school fees by the girl let down?Relevant integration into the world eco

37、nomy of various rules not only reflect some people almost dont understand, but these rules on itself is often and feasible economic principle of recipients. For example, the world trade organization about anti-dumping, subsidies and corresponding measures, agriculture, textiles, and trade fields rel

38、ated to intellectual property rights of the agreement on the economic rationality of lack of any advanced industrial countries, only a few of the organizations mercantilist interests. Some bilateral and regional trade agreements worse, because they market access for improving the standard of for dev

39、eloping countries impose more demanding prerequisites.在金融准则和标准的适用性方面同样存在类似的问题。这些准则完全是建立在英美公司 管理方式和拒人于千里之外的金融发展模式的基础之上的。它们堵死了通向金融发展的其它 道路，如今天的许多富裕国家(日本、德国和韩国等)所走过的那种道路。在这些领域，一种“全球化至高无上”的战略排斥着可能更有利于发展的其它模式。融入 世界经济所需要的许多制度性改革就个体而言可能是可取的，或者能够带来较为广泛的经济 好处。但是，这些重点未必与全面发展议程中的重点相吻合。In financial criteria and

40、 standards in the applicability of the same similar problems. These principles established in the company is completely and management style and is the base of financial development mode. They have also leads to financial development, such as the other way many of todays rich countries (Germany and

41、Japan and Korea etc) of the road.In these areas, a kind of global strategy, with the supreme rejection is beneficial to the development of other may be more mode. Involved in the world economy needs many institutional reform indiiduals may be advisable, or can bring more extensive economic benefits.

42、 However, the key is the key comprehensive development agenda.亚洲神话即使人们需要为实行加入国际经济体所需要的体制改革而付出巨大代价，而且这样做还可能 会影响其它关键领域的投资，但经济全球化的鼓吹者仍然申辩说，进入全球市场不可避免带 来的经济的迅速发展是这些代价所无法比拟的。他们说，人们可以以东亚四小龙和中国为例 来说明这一问题。假如没有国际贸易和外国资本的流入，它们又会是一个什么样子呢？毋庸置疑的是，这些国家因逐步融入世界经济而获得了巨大好处。不过，只要密切注意 一下是什么政策产生这些效果的，你就不难发现，这些国家当时执行的政策与

43、今天的规则手 册几乎没有什么相似之处。韩国和台湾在六七十年代的成形发展时期几乎不受各种国际规则的限制，而且也没有为 现代的经济一体化付出多少代价。当时全球的贸易规则还不完整，各国经济也不存在今天那 种要求对资本流动开放边界的压力。这些国家因此将它们向外拓展的战略与下述非正统的政 策结合在一起：高高的关税和非关税壁垒、对主要的银行和工业实行公有制、实行出口补贴、 确定满足于国内的要求、侵犯专利权和版权、限制资本流动（其中包括外国的直接投资）等。 但是，这些政策要么已经被今天的贸易规则所排斥，要么为国际货币基金组织和世界银行等 国际组织所不齿。中国奉行的是极不正统的双轨战略。它违反了指导手册上的几

44、乎每一条规则（尤其是有 关私有财产权的规定）。印度在8 0年代初大幅度提高了其经济增长率。它仍然是世界上经 济受到保护最多的国家之一。Even people who need to implement to join the international economies need system reform and expensive, but doing so may also affect other key areas of investment, but the advocates of economic globalization, still argued that inevit

45、ably bring into global markets of rapid economic development is the price. They say people in east China and tigers can be as an example to illustrate this problem. If no international trade and foreign capital inflows, they would be a what? Undaunted, these countries have gradually into the world e

46、conomy and won great benefits. However, as long as it is what pay close attention to the effect of the policy, you will find that the country was implemented policies and rules of todays handbook almost no similarities.South Korea and Taiwan in the 1960s development period of forming almost all sort

47、s of the international rules, and there is no limit to the modern economic integration paid the price. When global trade rules are not complete, economies does not exist in the requirement of capital flows today open border of pressure. These countries will therefore their outward expansion strategy

48、 and policy of the unorthodox together: high tariff and non-tariff barriers to major Banks, and industrial practice and export subsidies, ownership in domestic requirement determination, infringe the copyright, patent right and the limited capital flows （including foreign direct investment）, etc. Ho

49、wever, these policies have either by todays trade rules, or rejected by the international monetary fund and the world bank and other international organizations have contempt.China pursues is very orthodox double strategy. It violates the instruction manual on almost every rule （especially the relev

50、ant provisions of the private property right. India in the early 1980s greatly improved its economic growth. It is still the world economy is one of the most populous countries are protected.所有这些国家都是在几十年中而不是在几年中逐步开放其贸易的。它们只是在经济向高 速发展过渡之后才大幅度放宽进口限制的。所有这些国家并没有彻底废除其现行制度，而是 在现有制度的基础之上成功地促使经济增长的，即便它们的制度可

51、能是不完善的。实际上， 当某些在经济上较成功的亚洲国家屈服于西方的压力而迅速放宽对资本流动的限制时，它们 所得到的回报却是陷入亚洲金融危机。因此，人们很难把这些国家当作今天全球规则中的样板。韩国、中国、印度等亚洲国家 的成功在于它们能够自由处理自己的事务，而且能够充分地享受这种自由。如果不与国际货 币基金组织或世界贸易组织发生冲突，今天主张经济全球化的人就难以重现上述国家的经 历。亚洲国家的经验充分表明了下述更深层次的一种看法:能够实现经济高增长的一种完善 的整体发展战略在与世界经济实行一体化方面远比一种靠开放创造奇迹的纯一体化主义战 略来得有效。换言之，今天的经济全球化鼓吹者恰恰是在走回头路

52、。一体化是经济和社会发 展的结果，而不是其动因。像越南这样一个经济受到相对保护的国家融入世界经济的速度要 比像海地那种经济开放的国家快得多，因为越南不同于海地，前者拥有合理运转的经济和完 善的政策。不同于有关税率和资本项目的规定，融入全球经济的行动不是决策者所能直接控制得了 的。对发展中国家的财政部长说他们应该进一步“参与国际贸易”这样的话是有意义的，这就 像告诉他们需要提高技术能力一样，而且同样也是有益的。决策者需要弄清楚下述问题：哪 些战略能够产生这些效果，目前的正统策略所开出的具体处方能否经得起考验。All of these countries are in the decades in

53、 several years instead of its trade gradually opening.They only in the economic transition to the high speed development greatly relaxed after the import restrictions. All of these countries and its current system can not be completely abolished in the existing system, but the basis of economic growth to the success of the system, even if they may be incomplete. In fact, when some of the more successful in Asia and the west succumb