翻译的基本技巧-被动语态的翻译

1、专业word可编辑翻译的基本技巧一一语态转换译法语态转换译法1顺译法顺译成被动句顺译成主动句2倒译法把by后的宾语倒译成汉语的主语把其他介词后的宾语倒译成汉语的主语倒译成汉语的无主句3分译法一、顺译法既保留原文的主语，又要使译文主要成分的顺序和原文大体一致的翻译方法就叫顺译法。顺译法 (Translation in Original Order)顺译成被动句A.译成被”字所谓被字句，就是在汉语的动词前面加上一个被”字来表示被动的句子。主要表示这个动作不利于受事者或这个情况有点特殊，或者出乎意料。加上 被”字以引起读者的注意并表示被“这一动作动作接受者(受事者)是不乐意或不情愿接受的。例 1 ：

2、 Vitamin C is destroyed when it is overheated.译文】维生素C受热过度就会被破坏 例 2: Once the flower has been pollinated and fertilized, the plant provides the newlyformed seeds with a reserve of food materials, which will be needed when they themselves germinate.译文】花一旦被授了粉并受了精，植株就会对新生种子提供养料贮藏，以备种子未来发芽 之需。例 3: She t

3、hought all was fair and legal, and never dreamt she was going to be entrapped into a feigned union with a defrauded wretched, already bound to a bad, mad,and imbruted partner! （Charlotte Bront?: Jane Eyre）译文】她以为一切都是公正合法的，做梦也没想到过自己竟会被诱入欺诈婚姻的圈套，跟一个骗子、疯子、十足的坏蛋缔结姻缘。B.译成挨”字句挨”仅用于翻译该动作是对动作接受者（受事者）不利或不好的句子

4、。例 1 ： The boy was criticized yesterday.驿文】这孩子昨天挨了一顿批评。例 2 ： I was caught in the downpour.译文】我在大雨中挨浇了 。C.译成给”字句给”也是用于翻译该动作对动作接受者（受事者）不愉快或不愿接受的句子。例 1 ： Our clothes were soaked with sweat.译文】我们的衣服给汗水湿透了 例 2: The crops were washed away by the flood.译文】庄稼给大水冲跑了 。例 3: Your car was towed away by a towing

5、truck from Lewis Company.译文】路易斯公司的一辆拖车把你的汽车给拖走了。D.译成叫、让、由、受、遭到、受到、予、予以、力口、加以、引以、为所、经所”等字句，用以加强说话、表达语气。例 1 ： You have been wetted in the rain.译文】你叫雨淋湿了 。例 2: The 丫-rays are not affected by an electric field.译文】射线不受电场影响。例 3 ： A lot of houses and buildings, roads and bridges were damaged in the seaquak

6、e.驿文】许多房屋建筑、道路桥梁在这次海啸中遭到破坏。例 4 ： It must be dealt with at the appropriate time with appropriate means.译文】这件事必须在适当的时候用适当的手段予以处理。课堂互动1 ：翻译下列句子，顺译成被动句。Those who perform deeds of merit will be rewarded.译文】立功的人将受到奖励。A program called a compiler was written by an expert in machine code and is storedin the

7、computer.译文】编译程序先由专家用机器代码编码写好然后储存在计算机中Translation techniques should be paid enough attention to. TOC o 1-5 h z HYPERLINK l bookmark44 o Current Document 译文】翻译技巧应予以足够的重视。The applicants interviewed are required to hand in some necessary material.译文】被谈过话的申请人，要求交上必要的材料。Television keeps us informed about

8、 current events at home and abroad. HYPERLINK l bookmark48 o Current Document 译文】电视使我们了解国内外大事。1.2顺译成主动句A.顺译成形式是主动，意义上是被动的句子 HYPERLINK l bookmark50 o Current Document 把英语句子顺译成主动句，其形式是主动，但从意义和逻辑关系上看还是被动句。例 1: Love can not be forced.译文】爱情不能强求。例 2: Love and cough cannot be hidden.译文】爱情和咳嗽都无法隐藏。例 3: My h

9、olidays afternoons were spent in rambling about the surrounding country.(Washington Irving)译文】每逢假日的下午，我总要漫步周围的乡村。例 4: Illness must be correctly diagnosed before they can be treated with medicine.译文】疾病必须先确诊，再用药。B.改变原文的谓语动词，顺译成主动句如果把英语的被动句译成汉语的被动句，则不符合汉语的语言习惯，所以常可将英语的被动句顺译成汉语的主动句，原文的谓语动词是被动形式，可转变谓语，顺译

10、成汉语的主动形式。例 1 ： The teacher was satisfied with the answer.译文】老师对回答感到满意。例 2 ： I am told you are careless.译文】听说你很粗心大意。例 3: The long river is originated from that high mountain.译文】这条大河发源于那座山。C.顺译成是的”结构英语句子要着重表示的不是受事者受到了某个行动这样一个事实本身，而是与这个行动有关的一些具体情况，如时间、地点、方式、方法等。也就是说，句子里强调的是行动的静态而不是动态的含义。这样就可以顺译成汉语的是的”的

11、句式。其框架为 受事者一是一动词一的”。例 1 ： That ridiculous idea was put forward by his brother. TOC o 1-5 h z 译文】这个怪念头是他哥哥想出来的。例 2: The credit system in America was first adopted by Harvard University in 1872.译文】美国的学分制是1872年在哈佛大学首先实施的。例 3: Poetry was chanted to the accompaniment of the lyre.译文】诗歌吟唱时是由七弦琴伴奏的。例 4: The

12、 left ear is controlled by the right side of the brain.译文】左耳是由大脑的右侧控制的。课堂互动2 :翻译下列句子，顺译成主动句This is a question to be answered at once. TOC o 1-5 h z 译文】这是一个要立即回答的问题。We are deeply touched by the hero s loyalty to the cause.译文】我们深为英雄忠于事业的精神所感动。The novels of Dickens have already been translated into man

13、y languages.译文】狄更斯的小说已经译成了好几种语言。The discovery is highly appreciated in the circle of agricultural science.译文】这一发现在农业科学界得到很高的评价。Wells and spring are supplied with underground water.译文】井水和泉水都是地下水。I was received by a tall, lithe, vibrant woman in her 70s, white-haired, and still beautiful.译文】接见我的是一位高挑轻

14、盈、满头银发的女人。虽然年逾古稀，却依然神采奕奕、风韵犹存。2. 倒译法 (Translation in Reverse Order)倒译法就是将英语被动句的主语汉译成宾语的翻译方法。倒译法又分完全倒译法和部分倒译法。完全倒译法是把原文by或其他介词后的宾语倒译成汉语的主语；部分倒译法译出的汉语句子常是无主句。2. 1 把by后的宾语倒译成汉语的主语例 1: Yet, only a part of this energy is used by man. TOC o 1-5 h z 译文】然而，人类只利用了这种能量的一部分。例 2: Rivers are controlled by dams.译

15、文】拦河大坝把河流控制住了。例 3: We are brought freedom and happiness by socialism.译文】社会主义给我们带来了自由和幸福。例 4: Light and heat can be given to us by the sun.译文】太阳供给我们光和热。例 5: At least two quarts of water are required daily by a normal individual.译文】一个正常的人每天至少需要两夸脱的水。2把其他介词后的宾语倒译成汉语的主语例 1 ： Heat is removed from the bod

16、y during sweating.译文】出汗时人体散发热量。例 2: Abundant exercises and problems are provided in this reference book.译文】这本参考书提供了大量的练习和问题。例 3: The same signs and symbols of mathematics are used throughout the world.译文】全世界都使用同样的数学记号和符号。例 4 ： 50 laboratories have been built in our school.译文】我们学校已建立了50个实验室。例 5: The

17、compass was invented in China 4 000 years ago.译文】4000年前中国发明了指南针。3倒译成汉语的无主句将原文主语倒译成汉语的宾语，译出的汉语句子常是无主句。有时也会译成动宾词组作主语的句子，这种译法更符合汉语习惯，通顺自然。对于原文中未提及动作执行者（施事者）的句子常可采取这种翻译方法 。例 1 ： Quality of products must be guaranteed first.译文】首先要确保产品的质量。例 2: The goods are urgently needed.译文】急需此货。例 3: Smoking is not allo

18、wed here.译文】此处禁止吸烟。例 4: Children should be taught to speak the truth.译文】应该教育儿童讲真话。例 5: You are supposed to pay right after the books are delivered.译文】书到后应立即付款。课堂互动3:运用倒译法翻译下列句子Tremendous research work is required to bring about such fantastic speeds.译文】要达到如此神奇的速度，需要进行大规模的研究工作。Helsinki became a flour

19、ishing port, and a university was founded at Turku.译文】赫尔辛基变成了一个繁荣的港口 ，在图尔库还建成了一所大学 。The matter was never mentioned again ever since.译文】从那以后再也没有提起过那件事I am saying that if they are read in a historical order, the effort is rewarded.译文】我是说，如果按历史顺序阅读，则不会徒劳无益。3 分译法(Splitting Translation)把原文的主语部分或被动式谓语动词从原

20、文中分出来，单独译成一个带主语或不带主语的分句，放在句首，剩余部分再译成一句或几句，跟在其后。It + be + V.-ed + that-cl.1It is asked that It is asserted that It is felt that It is preferred that It is recommended thatIt is suggested that TOC o 1-5 h z It is stressed thatIt will be said that-It is believed thatIt is estimated thatIt is announced

21、thatIt is pointed out that结构有人会问有人主张有人感到；人们认为有人建议有人建议；有人推荐有人建议有人强调说有人会说有人相信有人估计有人通知;有人宣称有人指出有人宣称It is claimed that It is declared that有人提出It is described that有人介绍说It has been objected thatIt is thought that It is taken that It is reputed thatIt is regarded that It is noticed thatIt is noted that It

22、is sometimes asked thatIt was told thatIt is supposed thatIt is expected thatIt is hoped thatIt is still to be hoped that有人反驳说人们认为；有人认为人们认为人们认为人们认为人们注意到 ；有人指出人们注意到；有人指出人们有时会问人们曾说人们猜测 人们希望人们希望我们仍应希望It is generally considered that 大家认为It is well known that 众所周知例 1: It is pointed out that there may be

23、as many as 100 000 different sorts of proteinsin a man s body.译文】有人指出人体内不同种类的蛋白质可多达10万种。例 2 ： It is well known that laughter has a tonic effect on the mind and body, suffusing the body with a feeling of well-being.译文】人们知道，笑具有健身作用，身心皆宜，它可以使人体充满一种愉快的感觉。例 3: During the enquiry, it was discovered that h

24、er death had not been an accident.译文】在调查中，人们发现她并非死于意外事故。例 4 ： It is generally assumed that the ascertainment and recording of facts is thetechnique of history, and that the phenomena in the province of this technique are the social phenomena of civilization.译文】一般人都认为考核和记录事实是历史的方法，在这种方法使用范围以内的现象就是文明的

25、社会现象。2 S + be + v.-ed + to-v. ”结构原句的主语是名词或人称代词，翻译时添加 打人，人们，大家，我们”等，译成分句，其余部分分层译出。此结构如下：S + be known to-V 大家知道，/人们（都）知道，S + be held to-V人们认为，S + be considered to-V 我们认为，S + be found toN 人们发现，S + be thought to-V 有人认为, 例 1 ： All bodies on the earth are known to possess weight.译文】人们（者B）知道，地球上的一切物质均具有重量

26、。例 2: Little Derick was found at his book in the reading room.译文】有人看见小德里克在阅览室看书 例 3: The existence of oil wells has been known for a long time.译文】人们很早就知道油井的存在。例 4: She was much run after in her youth.译文】她年轻时，有许多人追求她。3译成据”字句原句的主语也是名词或人称代词，翻译时常把被动的部分译成据”，然后再按主谓顺序译出其余部分。常见于下列句型结构。S + be said to-V 据说S +

27、 be reported to-V 据报道S + be stated to-V 据称S + be known to-V 据了解例 1 ： She is said to have studied English for three years.译文】据说她已经学了三年英语。例 2: The area is known to be rich in natural resources.译文】据了解，这个地区有丰富的自然资源 。例 3： The coming physics examination is said to be rather difficult, so we get well prepared for it.译文】即将举行的物理考试据说相当难，所以我们必须做好充分准备。例 4: The novel