外刊阅读英语学习方法及知识点总结

1、精选优质文档倾情为你奉上精选优质文档倾情为你奉上专心专注专业专心专注专业精选优质文档倾情为你奉上专心专注专业如何通过阅读外刊积累英文写作句型？原创：魏剑峰国内不少英语作文辅导书和培训机构往往会让考生背诵各种“高分句型”和写作模板，但往往事倍功半，很多考生用了这些句型后非但不能加分，还有被扣分的危险。因为这些句型和模板很多都被用滥，考官对此早已免疫。而且考生在使用句型时生搬硬套，并没有真正理解它们的含义以及使用语境。对于英文写作来说，掌握一定数量的句型和模板是非常有益的，但并不意味着我们需要去使用现成的，已经被无数考生使用过的表达。更好的方法是自己在阅读中总结句型，构建属于自己的语料库。外刊就是

2、一种非常合适的材料，因为外刊有不少文章属于议论文，这与考场英语作文的要求是相契合的。我会在接下来的系列文章中从经济学人、卫报、每日邮报等知名刊物中选取分析适合应用在议论文中的句型。我会尽量说明选取这些句型的逻辑，这样各位平时在阅读中也可以自己去发现和积累它们。 1.If not more soIf not more so是地道英文中很常见的一个表达，但很少在中国学生的习作中看到。可能的一个原因是if not more so在中文里面很难找到一个对等的概念，而对于母语中没有的概念，我们会倾向于不去使用它。if在这里通常用来指与句子主要部分的陈述稍微不同（used when you are add

3、ing that something may be even more, less, better, worse etc than you have just said）。if not more so意思很微妙，它的大概含义是“即使不是更”。例如The Economist文章里面有这样的句子：The next phase of the computing revolution is the “internet of things” (IoT), in which all manner of everyday objects, from light bulbs to cars, incorpor

4、ate computers connected permanently to the internet. Most of these gizmos are as insecure as any other computer,if not more so.上面这段话的意思是：目前很多日常设备都开始接入互联网（即所谓的“物联网”），但这些设备像普通的电脑一样不够安全，很容易遭到攻击。Most of these gizmos are as insecure as any other computer, if not more so. 可以理解为“这些设备中的大部分即使没有更易遭受攻击，也和其他电脑一

5、样不够安全”。朗文英英词典里面也有类似的例句：Her needs are just as important as yours, if not more so.这句话的意思是“纵然她的需求不更重要，但至少和你的一样重要”。除了if not more so这个句型之外，if not还可以接形容词构成其他搭配，例如if not impossible/great/forgivable，举个例子：The snow was now two feet deep, making it difficult, if not impossible, to get the car out.这里if not impo

6、ssible相当于although it was not impossible，句子可以理解为“雪有两英尺厚，要把汽车拉出来很困难，尽管不是不可能。”这一句型可以用在考场作文中用于对观点进行强调或补充。比如有这样一道作文题目：Individuals can do nothing to protect the environment; only governments and large companies can make a difference. To what extent do you agree or disagree?我们可以在开头段写：People have different

7、views about whether individuals can contribute significantly to environmental protection. Although governments and large companies are crucial in addressing conservation issues, the role played by individuals is just as important,if not more so.2.The argument thatrests chiefly on the fact that在解释一个论

8、点时我们通常会用到这样的句型：the reason whyis，除此之外还可以有下面的写法：Mr RittersargumentthatAmazon and Zalando can comfortably co-existrests chiefly onthe fact thatAmazon is pursuing the more price-conscious shopper, whereas Zalando is after a higher-value, more brand-conscious segment.从这里可以提取出一个句型：the argument thatrests c

9、hiefly on the fact that，该句型可以用在议论文的段落开头，用来对分论点进行解释。举个例子，有这样的作文题目：Some people believe that all high school graduates should be given the opportunity to go to college or university. To what extent do you agree or disagree?我们可以提出一个论点，普及高等教育对一个国家的经济有利，并且进行展开：The argument thathigher education should be m

10、ade universally availablerests chiefly on the fact thatdoing so is in societys best economic interests. Research shows that increased investment in tertiary education has a positive effect on a countrys gross domestic product. In the long term, a society with a greater number of highly-educated citi

11、zens is more likely to develop the creative technologies and business solutions needed to stimulate economic growth.3.attest在举例论证时最常见的一个说法是for example/for instance，但我们也可以换一种表达方式，比如：Mr Yameen has weathered plenty of adversity,asthe long list of his opponentsattests. Media reports in August about move

12、s to oust him came to nothing.在上面的句子中as引导的是一个非限制性定语从句，它所指代的先行词是前面整个主句Mr Yameen has weathered plenty of adversity，此时as在从句中充当的是attest的宾语。Attest的含义是“证明，作为的证据”。我们也可以将句子改写成：a) As the long list of his opponents attests, Mr Yameen has weathered plenty of adversity.b) The long list of his opponents attests

13、that Mr Yameen has weathered plenty of adversity.asattest这一句型有时候可以用来替换for example/for instance，例如：Air pollution can have a negative impact on peoples health. For example, people living in areas with poor air quality are prone to respiratory disease.我们可以将其改写为：a) Air pollution can have a negative impa

14、ct on peoples health, as the rise in respiratory disease in areas with poor air quality attests.b) Air pollution can have a negative impact on peoples health, as is attested by the rise in respiratory disease in areas with poor air quality.4.easier said than done除了句型之外，外刊中也有不少可以直接使用的“模板”，我们在阅读的时候要保持

15、敏感，及时将它们记录下来。举个例子：Instilling these techniques is easier said than done. With teaching as with other complex skills, the route to mastery is not abstruse theory but intense, guided practice grounded in subject-matter knowledge and pedagogical methods.这一段话本来是写如何培养教师的教学技能，但它同样可以套用在其他技能的培养上，比如学英语/编程等：Be

16、ing fluent in English / a good programmer is easier said than done. With learning/coding as with other complex skills, the route to mastery is not abstruse theory but intense, guided practice grounded in subject-matter knowledge and pedagogical methods.平时遇到这样的例子可以多积累，多背诵，写作时才能做到厚积薄发。如何通过阅读外刊积累英文写作句型

17、？（2） 1.雷声大雨点小在问题解决类题材中我们有时候会说“对于某事件的解决方案只有空谈，很少有实际行动”，看看The Economist是如何表达这一层意思的：The second entity is government. There is much talk about lifelong learning, though few countries are doing much about it. The Nordics fall into this less populated camp.There is much talk about lifelong learning, thoug

18、h few countries are doing much about it. 意思是“目前关于终身学习有很多讨论，但很少有国家对此有所行动”。其中talk是不可数名词，所以前面要用much修饰。第二句 The Nordics fall into this less populated camp. 意思是“北欧国家属于这一人数较少的阵营”，作者通过第一句的铺垫，在第二句中能够突出北欧国家的执行力。对此我们可以总结出一个句式：There is much talk aboutthough feware doing much about itfall into this less populate

19、d camp. 例如：(1) There is much talk about poverty reduction around the globe, though few countries are doing much about it. China falls into this less populated camp, where more than 500 million people were lifted out of poverty in the past 30 years, a remarkable achievement in human history.(2) There

20、 is much talk about innovation among tech firm bosses, though few are doing much about it. Elon Musk falls into this less populated camp. By launching a series of programs such as Tesla electric cars and Space X rockets, he demonstrates how innovative thinking and bold risk-taking can thrive in toda

21、ys world.2.发展类句型在发展类话题中有时候需要对事物的趋势进行总结，这个时候我们可以使用下面这个句型：The story of how London expanded so swiftly at the turn of the 20th century is one of financial ingenuity, bold risk-taking and low skulduggery.句子中one of something是地道英文中一个很常见的用法，但很少见到国内学生使用。one在这里用于指代前面的story，即 The story of how London expanded

22、so swiftly at the turn of the 20th century is a story of financial ingenuity 使用one是为了避免用词重复。柯林斯词典中也有类似的例子：Skulduggery是一个外刊中比较常见的词，含义是“欺骗行为，诡计”。The story ofis one of 也是一个可以用来总结事物趋势的句型，例如：(1)The story ofhow China achieved its economic miracle at the turn of the 21st centuryis one offinancial ingenuity

23、, bold risk-taking and low skulduggery.(2)The story ofhow smartphones have penetrated every aspect of our lifeis one oftechnological innovation and market competition.3.今昔对比在科技和发展类题材中经常会涉及到对某一现象进行对比，例如互联网出现之前的生活与现在的生活的对比，过去的自然环境与现在的自然环境的对比，过去的家庭与现在的家庭的对比等等。对于这类内容，可以参考下面的一个句式：Gone are the dark days w

24、here one had to stay in a lousy job just to get good health insurance. Novel employment arrangements are on the rise and here to stay, indicating a robust and flexible labour market that can do without the outdated and paternalistic employment model, rife with inefficiency and exploitation, in excha

25、nge for increased self-worth and opportunity.Gone are the dark days where是倒装句，还原后相当于 the dark days whereare gone，Gone are the days后面用where或者when都可以，但从语料库的统计来看用when会更为常见。段落中第二句长句写得很漂亮，几个从句句式变换多样，值得背诵学习。句子中出现的here to stay是一个短语，含义是“被普遍接受”：从这段话中我们可以提取出的句式为：Gone are the days when/whereare on the rise and

26、 here to stay 例如：Gone are the days whenpeople had to write letters to their friends and wait for weeks for a reply. Instant messaging servicesare on the rise and here to stay, making it possible for us to communicate with others anytime, anywhere.4.举例与结论议论文写作经常需要举例子，并通过例子推导出结论。下面这一个句型可以用于做结论推导：The s

27、tory of Margaret Thatchers fall from power sounds a long way from Tony Blairs brilliant career; butit does not take too great a leap of the imaginationto see how the same fate could overtake him with similarly disastrous consequences for Labour.上面这段话的大意是：撒切尔夫人失势的故事对于布莱尔目前辉煌的政治生涯来说可能有些遥远，但我们并不难想象同样的命

28、运会发生在他身上，对工党带来同样灾难性的后果。其中 a leap of the imagination是一个固定表达，它的含义是“想象跳跃”：it does not take a leap of the imagination to 是一个常用句型，它的意思类似于it is not difficult to find 该句型可以用于对上文提到的事实、假设、例子等进行推论，引出下文。例如：(1) Driverless car technology is advancing at breakneck speed, andit does not take a leap of the imaginat

29、ionto see how it will change cities and public transportation systems.(2) Considering the effects of global warming on polar ice caps over the past century,it does not take a leap of the imaginationto picture how the Arctic landscape will be like in the next few decades.5.教育类句型模板下面这个句子出自The Economis

30、t一篇关于科技与大学教育的文章：University education is designed to act as a slipway, launching students into the wider world in the expectation that the currents will guide them into a job.这个句子写得很形象，将大学教育比作船的下水滑道，学生可以经此进入广阔海洋，并由洋流引领他们到达职场。这个句子同时也是一个很好的教育类话题模板：is designed to act as a slipway, launchinginto the wide

31、r world in the expectation that the currents will guideinto/towards etc比如关于家庭教育我们可以说：Family education can act as a slipway, launching children into the wider world in the expectation that the currents will guide them towards independence and maturity.总结：这期一共介绍了五个句型：(1) There is much talk aboutthough

32、 feware doing much about itfall into this less populated camp.(2) The story ofis one of(3) Gone are the days when/whereare on the rise and here to stay(4) it does not take a leap of the imagination to(5) is designed to act as a slipway, launchinginto the wider world in the expectation that the curre

33、nts will guideinto/towards etc感兴趣的同学可以对这些短语句型做造句练习，以进一步加深印象。如何通过阅读外刊积累英文写作句型？（3）经常读外刊和原版书的同学可能会发现一些看起来很简单，但自己就是写不出来的表达，举个例子：我们被禁止使用母语，违者将被关进监狱。这句话用英语怎么说？你可能会写：We were not allowed to use our native language. If we did, we could be put into prison.外刊是这样写的：We were forbidden to use our native languageon

34、 pain ofimprisonment.这里on pain of something就属于这种“虽然看起来很简单但怎么也想不到”的短语，它的意思是“如违反则以处罚”。本期要介绍的几个短语和句型很大一部分也属于这类表达，各位同学平时的阅读的时候也要注意积累。1.导致的结果要表达“导致了的结果”，通常可以用 something leads to something 或者 something results in something，但还可以有别的说法：Unless more immigrants are allowed in, or a larger proportion of the work

35、ing-age population joins the labour force, or people retire later, or their productivity accelerates, the ageing population willtranslate intopermanently slower potential growth.上面这一段讨论的是人口老龄化对于经济增长的负面影响，the ageing population will translate into permanently slower potential growth 即“老龄化人口会使经济增长长期减缓”

36、，这里translate属于一词多义，translate into的意思是“导致，造成”：议论文写作中涉及到原因-结果类的论述都可以用上该短语，例如：(1) The reason why so many students are seeking a postgraduate education is that holding an advanced degree cantranslate intoa higher salary or a senior position.(2) Many internet companies require their staff to work overtim

37、e, but as it turns out, longer working hours do not alwaystranslate intohigher productivity.2.如何举例常见的举例表达有for example/for instance等，除此之外，还可以学习一个新的用法：For the majority who must consume entertainment remotely, most of the battles are still about screens,be theythe size of a smartphone or half a wall, a

38、nd about minutes of attention within particular apps.上面这段话来自经济学人对于现代娱乐产业的报道，其中出现了一个值得注意的句子：be they the size of a smartphone or half a wall，这里be they属于虚拟语气，相当于whether they be the size of a smartphone or half a wall（不管它们的大小跟手机屏幕一样大还是跟半面墙一样大），其中they指代前面提到的screensbe it (they) / whether it (they) be是一种很古

39、典的用法，它们可以用来对一些可能的情况进行列举。新概念英语4课文中也出现了类似的例子：After all, all living creatures live by feeding on something else,whether it beplant or animal, dead or alive, and it is only by chance that such a fate is avoided.Whether it be plant or animal 其中it指代的是前面的something elseWhether it bebird, fish or beast, the

40、porpoise is intrigued with anything that is alive. They are constantly after the turtles, who peacefully submit to all sorts of indignities.这里it则指代的是后面的anything that is alive在写作中可以用be it (they) / whether it (they) be来举例，例如：Due to the generation gap, young adults are often at odds with older generati

41、ons over everyday matters,whether they be / be theyhairstyles or taste in music.3.一个句式下面这个句式可以用于强调事物的用处、优点等等：Globally just 55.3% of women of working age are employed or looking for a jobless than in 1990. But the usefulness to society of early development goes far beyond giving parents a place to pa

42、rk a kid.go beyond是一个地道英文中很常见的短语，它的意思是“不仅仅”从上面的段落中我们可以提取出一个句式：the usefulness to society ofgoes far beyond 通过该句式可以来强调某事物的用处不仅仅局限于，还包括，例如：The usefulness to society ofpromoting higher educationgoes far beyondenabling young people to find a good job. It also includes sociocultural benefits. The widespre

43、ad availability of tertiary education can enrich a countrys sciences and arts, through the cultivation of more researchers and scholars in every field.4.与接触怎样表达“孩子们应该接触更多古典音乐”？我曾经见到有人写成：Children should get in touch with more classical music.这种写法看起来似乎没问题，但英美人士读起来可能会觉得莫名其妙，因为get in touch with用错了，get i

44、n touch with的意思是“通过电话或信件与某人取得联系”(communicate with someone by letter or telephone)，不能用来指“与某事物接触”。那么这句话怎么说才地道呢？看看经济学人的写法：Some fret that too many students are stillexposed tolacklustre teaching.be exposed to something是一个很好用的表达，它的含义是“体验，接触”(to make it possible for someone to experience new ideas, ways o

45、f life etc)因此，“孩子们应该接触更多古典音乐”可以写成：Children shouldbe exposed tomore classical music.5.效果适得其反怎样表达“做效果适得其反”？可以参考下面的一个外刊句子：But when passengers are paying a premium to get to their destination quickly, a refuelling stop coulddefeat the purpose, if it results in a flight time that is only slightly lower t

46、han on a conventional aircraft.这段话的背景是航空公司推出了超音速飞机以让乘客能更快到达目的地，但这种飞机在长途飞行过程中需要停下来加油，这与原来节省时间的目的相违背。其中defeat the purpose是一个短语，它的含义是“使失败”。A defeats the purpose of B是一个写作常用句式，它可以用来表达这样的意思：本来希望通过A能够达到目的B，但实际上A起到的效果适得其反，无法达到B。举个例子，很多人希望通过买一部好手机或好电脑来学英语，但最后英语没学到，反而打游戏水平提升了，这种情况就属于defeat the purpose:Some s

47、tudents use smartphones in the hope of improving their English, but they end up playing mobile games all day, whichdefeats the purpose oflearning.总结：这期一共介绍了五个表达：(1) translate into(2)be it (they) / whether it (they) be(3)the usefulness to society ofgoes far beyond(4)be exposed to(5)defeat the purpose

48、 of如何通过阅读外刊积累英文写作句型？（4）1.一个用于举例的短语在上一期我们提到了一个用于举例的短语be it (they) / whether it (they) be，今天继续补充一个常见举例表达：Conflict has come to the doors of millions living in densely populated areas around the globein the form ofgang violence, terror attacks, and military strikes. Civilians are killed, historic centre

49、s are lost, and infrastructure is destroyed.上面第一句话的意思是“冲突已经影响到全球数以百万计生活在人口稠密地区的居民，这些冲突表现形式为暴力事件、恐怖袭击以及军事打击”，其中in the form of含义是“以形式存在”，短语的常见搭配形式是 A in the form of B，其中A一般为抽象名词，B为具体事物，可以使用该短语来对抽象概念进行举例说明。举个例子，“他们获得了减税优惠”用英文可以说：They received a benefitin the form ofa tax reduction.其中benefit是抽象名词，a tax

50、reduction则是具体的事物。又比如，“来支援的是两名警察”用英文可以说：Help arrivedin the form oftwo police officers.其中help是抽象概念，two police officers则是两个具体的名词。在议论文写作中可以使用该短语进行举例说明，例如：Detailed reporting on crime helps citizens to safeguard themselves against potential threats by making them well-informed about events that happen aro

51、und them. If residents can learn from the media that there are dangerous criminals at large in their neighborhood, then they will take necessary precautions to protect themselves, mainlyin the form ofinstalling surveillance cameras and iron gates.2.一个强调句式如何说：这场危机使得交通问题更加引人注目？我们可以参考经济学人的写法：Faced with

52、 a crisis, the government rushed through long-overdue laws to allow a streamlined form of bankruptcy protection similar to Americas Chapter 11. That will allow Parmalats new managers some breathing space while they try to salvage something from the wreckage. Helpfully, it also brings Italy more into

53、 line with other parts of Europe. Yet that merelythrows into reliefbroader Italian and European problems raised by the scandal.上面选段中最后一句Yet that merely throws into relief broader Italian and European problems raised by the scandal. 也可以写成Yet that merely throws broader Italian and European problems ra

54、ised by the scandal into relief. 但为了避免头重脚轻的问题，作者采用了第一种写法。其中 throw / bring something into relief 是一个固定搭配，含义是“（使某事物）更加引人注目，（使某问题）更加突出”。因此，“这场危机使得交通问题更加引人注目”使用该句型可以写成：Traffic problems have beenthrown into sharp reliefby the crisis.考场作文可以使用该句型来强调环境/交通/健康等问题，比如：(1) Global warming effects have beenthrown

55、into sharp reliefby melting ice caps in the Arctic.(2) The increase in lung diseases among urban dwellersthrows into reliefair pollution caused by too many private cars.3.如何阐述中间立场在对有争议性的观点进行说明时我们可能会采取中间立场：既不能过于也不能过于对于这种情况可以参考下面的句型：Just as it would be a mistake to underestimate the new Brazil, so it

56、would be to gloss over its weaknesses.这句话后半句省略了a mistake，补充完整后应该是：Just as it would be a mistake to underestimate the new Brazil, so it would be a mistake to gloss over its weaknesses.这个句子假设了两种极端的情况：underestimate the new Brazil（低估新巴西），gloss over its weaknesses（掩饰新巴西的弱点），并说明这两种极端情况都是错误的，由此来引出中间立场。由此我们

57、可以提取出一个句型Just as it would beso it would be 用于说明中间情况，例如：Just as it would beunwise to promote economic growth at the expense of the environment,so it would beequally imprudent to preserve the environment to the exclusion of economic growth. The best approach, therefore, is to have an environmentally s

58、ustainable economy.4.表达一种兼容情况下面这个短语同样可以用来引出中间立场：More recently, several developing countries have shown that low income and comprehensive health care arenot mutually exclusive.其中A and B are not mutually exclusive是一个固定搭配，含义是“A和B之间并不互斥”：可以用该短语来说明两个看起来互不相容的事物实际上可以共存，由此可以引出一种新的方案，比如：Economic development

59、and environmental protection are not mutually exclusive, as is shown by the case of the United States, where the service sector forms the backbone of the economy and growth is achieved in an environmentally friendly way.5.双重好处如何表达“某事物具有双重好处”？你可能会想到：Something has two advantages. 这里提供一个新的表达：Gruma is t

60、he worlds biggest maker of tortillas, with more than 100 plants in 20 countries. Free trade has beena double blessingfor such companies.blessing在这里的意思是“好处，益处”（something that is good or helpful），something is a double blessing for somebody 即“某事对某人而言具有双重好处”。在列举说明事物的好处时可以用上该句型，比如：Having part-time jobs c