2023考研英语：技巧飞跃

1、2023考研英语技巧飞跃Part two 阅读 part A1.阅读技巧总结最局原那么：角色定位：六大题型：细节题推断题猜词题例证题主旨题态度题第1页共28页 the poor U.S. economic performance. Japan was, and remains, the global leader in automotive-assembly productivity. Yet the research revealed that the U.S. factories of Honda, Nissan, and Toyota achieved about 95 percent

2、of the productivity of their Japanese counterpartsa result of the training that U.S. workers received on the job.More recently, while examining housing construction, the researchers discovered that illiterate, non-English-speaking Mexican workers in Houston, Texas, consistently met best-practice lab

3、or productivity standards despite the complexity of the building industry s work.What is the real relationship between education and economic development? We have to suspect that continuing economic growth promotes the development of education even when governments dont force it. After all, that s h

4、ow education got started. When our ancestors were hunters and gatherers 10,000 years ago, they didnt have time to wonder much about anything besides finding food. Only when humanity began to get its food in a more productive way was there time for other things.As education improved, humanity, s prod

5、uctivity potential increased as well. When the competitive environment pushed our ancestors to achieve that potential, they could in turn afford more education. This increasingly high level of education is probably a necessary, but not a sufficient, condition for the complex political systems requir

6、ed by advanced economic performance. Thus poor countries might第10页共28页 not be able to escape their poverty traps without political changes that may be possible only with broader formal education. A lack of formal education, however, doesnt constrain the ability of the developing worlds workforce to

7、substantially improve productivity for the foreseeable future. On the contrary, constraints on improving productivity explain why education isn, t developing more quickly there than it is.The author holds in Paragraph 1 that the importance of education in poor countriesis subject to groundless doubt

8、shas fallen victim of biasis conventionally downgradedhas been overestimatedIt is stated in Paragraph 1 that the construction of a new education systemchallenges economists and politicianstakes efforts of generationsdemands priority from the governmentrequires sufficient labor force第11页共28页A major d

9、ifference between the Japanese and U.S workforces is thatthe Japanese workforce is better disciplinedthe Japanese workforce is more productivethe U.S workforce has a better educationthe U.S workforce is more organizedThe author quotes the example of our ancestors to show that education emerged.when

10、people had enough timeprior to better ways of finding foodwhen people no longer went hungryas a result of pressure on governmentAccording to the last paragraph, development of educationresults directly from competitive environmentsdoes not depend on economic performancefollows improved productivityc

11、annot afford political changes第12页共28页Text 4The most thoroughly studied intellectuals in the history of the New World are the ministers and political leaders of seventeenth-century New England. According to the standard history of American philosophy, nowhere else in colonial America was z/so much i

12、mportance attached to intellectual pursuits/ According to many books and articles； New England, s leaders established the basic themes and preoccupations of an unfolding, dominant Puritan tradition in American intellectual life.To take this approach to the New Englanders normally means to start with

13、 the Puritans, theological innovations and their distinctive ideas about the church important subjects that we may not neglect. But in keeping with our examination of southern intellectual life, we may consider the original Puritans as carriers of European culture, adjusting to New World circumstanc

14、es. The New England colonies were the scenes of important episodes in the pursuit of widely understood ideals of civility and virtuosity.The early settlers of Massachusetts Bay included men of impressive education and influence in England. Besides the ninety or so learned ministers who came to Massa

15、chusetts churches in the decade after 1629, there were political leaders like John Winthrop, an educated gentleman, lawyer, and official of the Crown before he journeyed to Boston. These men wrote and published extensively, reaching both New World and Old World audiences, and giving New England an a

16、tmosphere of第13页共28页intellectual earnestness.We should not forget, however, that most New Englanders were less well educated. While few craftsmen or farmers, let alone dependents and servants, left literary compositions to be analyzed, it is obvious that their views were less fully intellectualized.

17、 Their thinking often had a traditional superstitious quality. A tailor named John Dane, who emigrated in the late 1630sz left an account of his reasons for leaving England that is filled with signs. Sexual confusion, economic frustrations, and religious hope一all came together in a decisive moment w

18、hen he opened the Bible, told his father that the first line he saw would settle his fate, and read the magical words: Come out from among them, touch no unclean thing, and I will be your God and you shall be my people/ One wonders what Dane thought of the careful sermons explaining the Bible that h

19、e heard in Puritan churches.Meanwhile, many settlers had slighter religious commitments than Dane sz as one clergyman learned in confronting folk along the coast who mocked that they had not come to the New World for religion, Our main end was to catch fish.The author holds that in the seventeenth-c

20、entury New England.Puritan tradition dominated political lifeintellectual interests were encouragedpolitics benefited much from intellectual endeavorsintellectual pursuits enjoyed a liberal environment第14页共28页It is suggested in Paragraph 2 that New Englanders.experienced a comparatively peaceful ear

21、ly historybrought with them the culture of the Old Worldpaid little attention to southern intellectual lifewere obsessed with religious innovationsThe early ministers and political leaders in Massachusetts Bay.were famous in the New World for their writingsgained increasing importance in religious a

22、ffairsabandoned high positions before coming to the New Worldcreated a new intellectual atmosphere in New EnglandThe story of John Dane shows that less well-educated New Englanders were often.influenced by superstitionstroubled with religious beliefspuzzled by church sermonsfrustrated with family ea

23、rnings第15页共28页The text suggests that early settlers in New England.were mostly engaged in political activitieswere motivated by an illusory prospectcame from different intellectual backgroundsleft few formal records for later referenceBackground information新英格兰在美国本土的东北部地区，当地华人常叫做纽英仑，是美国大陆东北角、濒 临大西洋、

24、毗邻加拿大的区域。新英格兰地区包括美国的6个州，由北至南分别为：缅因州、佛蒙特州、新罕布什尔州、 马萨诸塞州（麻省），罗得岛州、康涅狄格州。马萨诸塞州（麻省）首府波士顿是该地区的 最大城市以及经济与文化中心。新英格兰地区拥有全美国乃至全世界最好的教育环境。美国新英格兰地区毋因开Maine新罕布什尔州New Hampshire弗蒙特州Vermont马萨诸塞州（麻省）Massachusetts罗痣岛州Rhode Island康涅狄格州Connecticul第16页共28页2013 年英语二 Part ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer

25、 the questions after each text by choosing A, Bz C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1In an essay entitled Making It in America” , the author Adam Davidson relates a joke from cotton country about just how much a modern textile mill has been automated: The average mill has

26、 only two employees today, a man and a dog. The man is there to feed the dog, and the dog is there to keep the man away from the machines/Davidson7 s article is one of a number of pieces that have recently appeared making the point that the reason we have such stubbornly high unemployment and declin

27、ing middle-class incomes today is largely because of the big drop in demand because of the Great Recession, but it is also because of the advances in both globalization and the information technology revolution, which are more rapidly than ever replacing labor with machines or foreign workers.In the

28、 past, workers with average skills, doing an average job, could earn an average lifestyle. But, today, average is officially over. Being average just won t earn you what it used to. It can t when so many more employers have so much more access to so much more above average cheap foreign labor, cheap

29、 robotics, cheap software, cheap automation and cheap genius. Therefore, everyone needs to find their extratheir unique value contribution that makes them stand out in第17页共28页 whatever is their field of employment.Yes, new technology has been eating jobs forever, and always will. But there7 s been a

30、n acceleration. As Davidson notes, In the 10 years ending in 2009, U. S. factories shed workers so fast that they erased almost all the gains of the previous 70 years; roughly one out of every three manufacturing jobs-about 6 million in total一disappeared/There will always be change一new jobs, new pro

31、ducts, new services. But the one thing we know for sure is that with each advance in globalization and the LT. revolution, the best jobs will require workers to have more and better education to make themselves above average.In a world where average is officially over, there are many things we need

32、to do to support employment, but nothing would be more important than passing some kind of G. L Bill for the 21st century that ensures that every American has access to post-high school education.The joke in Paragraph 1 is used to illustrate.the impact of technological advancesthe alleviation of job

33、 pressurethe shrinkage of textile millsthe decline of middle-class incomesAccording to Paragraph 3, to be a successful employee, one has to.work on cheap software第18页共28页ask for a moderate salaryadopt an average lifestylecontribute something uniqueThe quotation in Paragraph 4 explains that.gains of

34、technology have been erasedjob opportunities are disappearing at a high speedfactories are making much less money than beforenew jobs and services have been offeredAccording to the author, to reduce unemployment, the most important is_.to accelerate the LT. revolutionto ensure more education for peo

35、pleto advance economic globalizationto pass more bills in the 21st centuryWhich of the following would be the most appropriate title for the text?New Law Takes Effect.Technology Goes Cheap.Average Is Over.Recession Is Bad.第19页共28页2.整篇演练2009 年英语一Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer

36、 the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1Habits are a funny thing. We reach for them mindlessly, setting our brains on auto-pilot and relaxing into the unconscious comfort of familiar routine. Not choice, but habit rules the unref

37、lecting herd； William Wordsworth said in the 19th century. In the ever-changing 21st century, even the word habit carries a negative connotation.So it seems paradoxical to talk about habits in the same context as creativity and innovation. But brain researchers have discovered that when we conscious

38、ly develop new habits, we create parallel paths, and even entirely new brain cells that can jump our trains of thought onto new, innovative tracks.Rather than dismissing ourselves as unchangeable creatures of habit, we can instead direct our own change by consciously developing new habits. In fact,

39、the more new things we try一the more we step outside our comfort zone一the more inherently creative we become, both in the workplace and in our personal lives.But donz t bother trying to kill off old habits; once those ruts of procedure are worn into the brain, they re there to stay. Instead, the new

40、habits we deliberately press into ourselves create parallel pathways that can bypass those old roads.第2页共28页Text 2A century ago, the immigrants from across the Atlantic included settlers and sojourners. Along with the many folks looking to make a permanent home in the United States came those who ha

41、d no intention to stay, and who would make some money and go home. Between 1908 and 1915, about 7 million people arrived while about 2 million departed. About a quarter of all Italian immigrants, for example, eventually returned to Italy for good. They even had an affectionate nickname, “uccelli di

42、passaggioz, , birds of passage.Today, we are much more rigid about immigrants. We divide newcomers into two categories: legal or illegal, good or bad. We hail them as Americans in the making, or brand them as aliens to be kicked out. That framework has contributed mightily to our broken immigration

43、system and the long political paralysis over how to fix it. We don t need more categories, but we need to change the way we think about categories. We need to look beyond strict definitions of legal and illegal. To start, we can recognize the new birds of passage, those living and thriving in the gr

44、ay areas. We might then begin to solve our immigration challenges.Crop pickers, violinists, construction workers, entrepreneurs, engineers, home health-care aides and physicists are among today s birds of passage. They are energetic participants in a global economy driven by the flow of work, money

45、and ideas. They prefer to come and go as opportunity calls them. They can manage to have a job in one place and a family in another.With or without permission, they straddle laws, jurisdictions and identities with第20页共28页 ease. We need them to imagine the United States as a place where they can be p

46、roductive for a while without committing themselves to staying forever. We need them to feel that home can be both here and there and that they can belong to two nations honorably.Accommodating this new world of people in motion will require new attitudes on both sides of the immigration battle. Loo

47、king beyond the culture war logic of right or wrong means opening up the middle ground and understanding that managing immigration today requires multiple paths and multiple outcomes, including some that are not easy to accomplish legally in the existing system.Birds of passage refers to those who.i

48、mmigrate across the Atlanticleave their home countries for goodstay in a foreign country temporarilyfind permanent jobs overseasIt is implied in Paragraph 2 that the current immigration system in the US_.needs new immigrant categorieshas loosened control over immigrantsshould be adapted to meet chal

49、lengeshas been fixed via political means第21页共28页According to the author, today s birds of passage wantfinancial incentivesa global recognitionopportunities to get regular jobsthe freedom to stay and leaveThe author suggests that the birds of passage today should be treated as faithful partnerswith e

50、conomic favorswith legal toleranceas mighty rivalsThe most appropriate title for this text would be.Come and Go: Big MistakeLiving and Thriving: Great RiskLegal or Illegal: Big MistakeWith or Without: Great Risk第22页共28页Text 3Scientists have found that although we are prone to snap overreactions, if

51、we take a moment and think about how we are likely to react； we can reduce or even eliminate the negative effects of our quick, hard-wired responses.Snap decisions can be important defense mechanisms; if we are judging whether someone is dangerous, our brains and bodies are hard-wired to react very

52、quickly, within milliseconds. But we need more time to assess other factors. To accurately tell whether someone is sociable, studies show, we need at least a minute, preferably five. It takes a while to judge complex aspects of personality, like neuroticism or open-mindedness.But snap decisions in r

53、eaction to rapid stimuli arenz t exclusive to the interpersonal realm. Psychologists at the University of Toronto found that viewing a fast-food logo for just a few milliseconds primes us to read 20 percent faster, even though reading has little to do with eating. We unconsciously associate fast foo

54、d with speed and impatience and carry those impulses into whatever else wez re doing. Subjects exposed to fast-food flashes also tend to think a musical piece lasts too long.Yet we can reverse such influences. If we know we will overreact to consumer products or housing options when we see a happy f

55、ace (one reason good sales representatives and real estate agents are always smiling), we can take a moment before buying. If we know female job screeners are more likely to reject attractive female applicants, we can help screeners understand their biasesor hire outside第23页共28页screeners.John Gottma

56、n, the marriage expert, explains that we quickly thin slice” information reliably only after we ground such snap reactions in thick sliced” long-term study. When Dr. Gottman really wants to assess whether a couple will stay together, he invites them to his island retreat for a much longer evaluation

57、: two days, not two seconds.Our ability to mute our hard-wired reactions by pausing is what differentiates us from animals: dog can think about the future only intermittently or for a few minutes. But historically we have spent about 12 percent of our days contemplating the longer term. Although tec

58、hnology might change the way we react, it hasn7 t changed our nature. We still have the imaginative capacity to rise above temptation and reverse the high-speed trend.The time needed in making decisions may.vary according to the urgency of the situationprove the complexity of our brain reactiondepen

59、d on the importance of the assessmentpredetermine the accuracy of ourjudgmentOur reaction to a fast-food logo shows that snap decisions.can be associativeare not unconscious第24页共28页can be dangerousare not impulsiveTo reverse the negative influences of snap decisions, we should,trust our first impres

60、siondo as people usually dothink before we actask for expert adviceJohn Gottman says that reliable snap reactions are based oncritical assessment thin sliced studysensible explanationadequate informationThe author s attitude toward reversing the high-speed trend istolerantuncertainoptimisticdoubtful