英语构词法知识

1、英语构词法知识Word-formation 构词法构词法知识Derivation派生法Compound 合成法 Conversion 转化法 掌握基本的构词法知识，对于正确地识记单词，扩大词汇量，提高记忆速度和记忆效果，培养自学能力，具有非常重要的意义。简略词 合成词 缩略词 Compound 合成法把两个或两个以上的词合成一个新词, 这种构词的方法叫做合成法 合成法1. 直接写在一起。2. 用连字符(-)连接。3. 由两个分开的词构成。方法概念方式1. 复合形容词的构成 2. 复合名词的构成。3. 其他复合词的构成。复合形容词的构成方式 例 词 形容词形容词 red-hot，bitter-s

2、weet, dark-blue 形容词名词 first-class, full-time, part-time, second-hand, bare-foot 形容词现在分词 good-looking, free-thinking, hard-working 形容词过去分词 ready-made 形容词名词-ed good-tempered, middle-aged, cold-blooded 名词名词-ed iron-willed 名词形容词 world-famous，snow-white, seasick， lifelong 名词现在分词 beauty-loving, freedom-lo

3、ving, job-hunting, time-saving 名词过去分词 man-made, water-covered, snow-covered, hand-made 副词形容词 ever-green, over-sensitive 副词现在分词 hard-working, far-seeing， far-reaching, well-meaning 副词过去分词 well-prepared, quickly-cured, well-known 数词名词 five-year, 数词名词+形容词 five-year-old, six-inch-tall 数词名词-ed four-legge

4、d, six-storied , two-faced, four-cornered red-hot，bitter-sweet, dark-blue first-class, full-time, part-time, second-hand, bare-foot good-looking, free-thinking, hard-working ready-made good-tempered, middle-aged, cold-blooded iron-willed world-famous，snow-white, seasick， lifelong beauty-loving, free

5、dom-loving, job-hunting, time-saving man-made, water-covered, snow-covered, hand-made ever-green, over-sensitive hard-working, far-seeing， far-reaching, well-meaning well-prepared, quickly-cured, well-known five-year, five-year-old, six-inch-tall four-legged, six-storied , two-faced, four-cornered现成

6、的 炽热 自由思维 铁的意志晕船 终身 美容爱好 求职 省时省力 水覆盖常绿，过度敏感 远看到 意义深远 善意的充分准备 快速固化，两面， 复合名词的构成方式例词名词名词 horseback , newspaper, cell-phone 形容词名词 back-yard, forehead， greenhouse, blackboard动名词名词 hiding-place, reading-room 动词副词get-off, break-in, breakdown, breakup 副词动词 output, overflow 动词名词pickpocket , 副词名词overcoat, inl

7、and代词名词he-goat, she-wolf名词介词名词 editor-in-chief, father-in-lawhorseback , newspaper, cell-phone back-yard, forehead， greenhouse, blackboardhiding-place, reading-room get-off, break-in, breakdown, breakup output, overflow pickpocket , overcoat, inlandhe-goat, she-wolfeditor-in-chief, father-in-law手机 温

8、室， break-in中断 breakdown故障breakup解体 output,输出 overflow泛滥pickpocket扒手editor-in-chief,总编辑 father-in-law岳父 其他复合词的构成方式例 词复合动词名词动词 day-dream，sun-bathe 副词动词 overcome, outgrow 形容词动词 white-wash 复合副词名词+名词 sideways名词+副词 headfirst 形容词+名词 meanwhile介词+名词 beforehand复合代词代词宾格或物主代词 + self (selves)himself, ourselves 某

9、些不定代词 + body (one, thing)everyone (everybody, everything), nobody (no one, nothing)day-dream，sun-bathe overcome, outgrow white-wash sidewaysheadfirst meanwhile beforehandhimself, ourselves everyone (everybody, everything), nobody (no one, nothing)outgrow长得比 . 快 sideways侧身 headfirst冒失地beforehand预先 转化

10、法 Conversion 转化法概念方式英语中有些单词,词形不变, 词性却可以由一种转化成另一种。一个单词由某一种词类转用为另一种词类, 这就是转化。单词转换后的意义往往与未转换前的意义有密切的联系。1. 名词和动词之间的转化2. 形容词转化为动词3. 名词转化为形容词(副词)4. 形容词转化为名词转化法（Conversion）tasten. 味道v.尝起来It has a good taste.It taste very good.record n.记录v. 记录He broke the record.He lies to record something while reading a b

11、ook. 名词转化为动词形容词转化为动词名词转化为形容词副词转换为动词 telephone电话打电话slow 慢的放慢front前面前面的down 向下击倒hand手 交给warm 暖的使温暖black 黑色黑色的back向后后退record 录音记录 empty 空的倒空noble 贵族高贵的up 向上提高date 日期 定日期better 较好 改善key 钥匙 关键的name 名字 命名cool 凉爽 使冷face 脸 面对 动词转化为名词动词转化为形容词形容词转化为名词一些形容词前加the后转换为名词 drink 喝饮料perfect 使完善完美的 chief 主要的首领the wou

12、nded受伤的人们 study 学习书房fit 适合 适合的first 第一的 第一个the blind盲人们look at have a look at wrong 错误的 错 误the beautiful美丽的东西 转化法例释简略词合成词缩略词examexaminationplane aeroplanead.advertisement maths mathematicssmoke + fog = smogmotor +hotel=motelTV televisionTOEFL Test of EnglishAs A Foreign LanguagePLA the peoples liber

13、ation Army of China加前缀： happy - _happy 加后缀： develop - develop_既加前缀又加后缀： employ -_employ_unmentunment派生词（derivation） 常见的否定前缀中学英语课本中有许多单词带有否定前缀，如果能理解这些否定前缀的含义，使用和记忆单词是很有帮助的。否定前缀加在一个词的前面就完全改变或否定了这个词的原来意义。前 缀意 义用 法例 词un-不，未（= not) 加在形容词或副词前unhappy, unnecessary, unexpected, unusual, , 相反动作加在动词前uncover, u

14、ntie, unlock, undressin- ，il-im-，ir-不， 非， 无加在形容词或其派生的名词或副词前 incomplete, impossible. impolite, irregular, inability, dis-表示否定加在名词或形容词前dishonour,羞辱 表示相反加在动词前dislike, disbelieve表示分离剥夺除去加在名词或动词前discharge,排出 dismiss解雇 mis-表示错、误加在名词、动词或及其派生词前mistake, misfortune,不幸 misunderstanding误解unhappy, unnecessary, u

15、nexpected, unusual, , uncover, untie, unlock, undress incomplete, impossible. impolite, irregular, inability, dishonour,羞辱 dislike, disbelievedischarge,排出 dismiss解雇 mistake, misfortune,不幸 misunderstanding误解表示时间和其他关系的前缀前 缀意 义用 法例 词re-表示：再一次，重新用于动词及派生名词名词、形容词及其它名词前(= again)renew,续借 reborn, rebuild, re

16、appear, retellfore-表示：时间或位置的“在前面”加在动词或名词前(= before)foresee, foreleg, foretell预言, foreknow预卜pre-表示：在前、事先、预先加在名词或形容词前(=before, in front, in advance)prepay, prewar, preschool, prehistorypost-表示：时间和顺序的“在后边”加在名词或形容词前(= after, behind)post-war, post-graduatea-表示：在 之上， 向， 在里加在动词或名词前，构成派生形容词、副词或介词asleep, alo

17、ng, aloud, , alive, acrossco-表示：联合、共同加在名词或动词前co-worker, coexistco-own, co-ownerinter-表示:“互相”、“在一起”加在名词、形容词前构成动词(= between, among)interchange, internationalmid-表示：中间加在名词前(= middle)midday, midnightsuper-表示：高级、在之上加在名词前(= above, over, upon)superpower,超级大国，superstructure上层建筑表示人和物的名词后缀后缀意 义 用 法例词 表示人 -er从

18、事职业的人，做的人，地方的人加在动词、名词、形容词上teacher, workerlearner, -or 与-er同义外来后缀，加在外来词上visitor, conductoreducator, translator-eer从事于.的人用于外来词engineer, volunteermountaineer-ess女.的加于名词后，表示阴性actress, waitress-ician.(专)家，.工作者加在以-ic结尾的名词或形容词上physician, politicianmusician-ist从事.职业的人，从事某种.文艺、学术的人，.主义者加在名词上，或 ize 结尾的动词上，或以-

19、al结尾的其它词上artist, socialistcommunistphysicist表示物-er表示从事某工作的物加在动词和名词或复合词上washer,洗衣机 -or表示从事某工作的物加在动词上conductor,导体，用 法例 词表示“人”，加在动词上listener, adviser, speaker, writer, driver, teacher, worker, singer, leader, waiter, runner, discoverer, explorer, maker表示“人”，加在名词上banker, , officer, lawyer, prisoner, geo

20、grapher, joker, 表示“人”，加在某些地点名词或某些形容词Londoner, New Yorker, villager, Britisher, southerner, foreigner, outsider, stranger表示“人”，加在复合词上housekeeper,管家, looker-on,旁观者 表示“物”，加在动词上washer, boiler, container, lighter,打火机drawer, 表示“物”，加在名词上steamer,蒸笼washer, 表示“物”，加在复合词上loudspeaker,既表示 “人”也表示“物”，加在动词上fighter,战

21、斗机printer,打印机印刷者 recorder, ruler后缀-er 构词能力抽象名词和集合名词的后缀-agemarriage, luggage, postage邮费 -urefailure, temperature, pressure, pleasure, -itymajority, opportunity, -mentargument, statement, achievement, amusement, equipment -ismcommunism, criticism, internationalism, socialism -anceappearance, entrance,

22、 -domkingdom, wisdom, freedom-ydifficulty, discovery, bravery, machinery-alarrival, refusal, disapproval, -nesskindness, illness, brightness, selflessness, correctness-shipcitizenship, friendship, professorship, hardship, comradeship-hoodchildhood, brotherhood,兄弟情谊，-thstrength, growth, length, wealt

23、h, truth-erybravery, slavery, chemistry, surgery, machinery后缀为-ion的名词规 则例 词几乎所有以-ate结尾的动词在变为名词时首先去掉e再加-cate/education, liberate/liberation, translate/translation,graduate/graduation, separate/separation, operate/operation多数以-t结尾的动词直接在词尾加-ion,少数以-te结尾的动词首先去掉e再加-ion.act/action, invent/invention

24、, inspect/inspection, elect/election, select/selection, connect/connection, collect/collection, instruct/instruction, devote/devotion, pollute/pollution多数以-ss结尾的动词直接加-ion.discuss/discussion, oppress/oppression, express/expression, possess/possession多数以-de结尾与少数以-d结尾的动词先把-de或-d变成-s再加-ion.decide/decisi

25、on, divide/division, provide/provision, invade/ invasion, expand/expansion, extend/extension以-mit结尾的动词，先把t变成-ss,再加-ion.admit/admission, commit/commission,承诺permit/permission, transmit/transmission转交多数以-fy结尾的动词先把y改成i再加-cation,少数以-efy或-fy结尾的动词先去掉y再加-action.satisfy/satisfaction, modify/ modification,修改

26、 有些动词不是加-ion,而是加-ition, -tion, -ation或-sion而变成名词，其中有些词根因读音关系而发生了变化。add/addition, attend/attention, absorb/absorption, describe/ description, produce/production, reduce/reduction, solve/ solution, determine/determination, explain/explanation, found/ foundation, observe/observation, transport/transpor

27、tation形容词后缀后缀意 义用 法例 词-able可/能的加在名词或及物动词后valuable, horrible, -al有. 性质的加在名词后natural, technical, actual-ant, -ent.的加在外来动词词干上important, pleasant, excellent -ic, -ical.性质的，与.有关的加在外来词干的名词上atomic原子, electric,电动 basic基本的 -ish稍带.的，. 气的，.民族的，. 语的加在名词或形容词上用于民族国家地名之上feverish, childish, bookish书呆子English, Spanish-ive有.倾向的/性质的加在动词上instructive,教育性 expensive-ful充满.的， 引起. 的加在名词或少数名词上thankful, powerful, tearful-less无/不.的，不能.的加在名词或动词上homeless, harmless, wireless-ous充满.的，有.特性的加在名词上dangerous, famous, nervous-y有/多. 的，想.的加在名词上cloudy, s