美国合同模板法概述

1、标签： HYPERLINK /?c=blog&q=%C3%C0%B9%FA%BA%CF%CD%AC%B7%A8&by=tag t _blank 美国合同法 HYPERLINK /?c=blog&q=%D4%D3%CC%B8&by=tag t _blank 杂谈分类： HYPERLINK /s/articlelist_1303258702_12_1.html t _blank 法规公约条约诉讼仲裁公证 CONTENT目 录 (共十六章385条) Chapter 1 MEANING OF TERMS第一章 合同条款的含义Chapter 2 FORMATION OF CONTRATCTS-PARTI

2、ES AND CAPACITY第二章 合同的订立当事人及其缔约能力Chapter 3 FORMATION OF CONTRACTS-MUTUAL ASSENT第三章 合同的订立意思表示一致CHAPTER 4 FORMATION OF CONTRACTSCONSIDERATION第四章 合同的订立约因CHAPTER 5 THE STATUTE OF FRAUDS第五章 防止欺诈条例CHAPTER 6 MISTAKE第六章 错误CHAPTER 7 MISREPRESENTATION, DURESS AND UNDUE INFLUENCE第七章 虚假的意思表示，胁迫以及不当阻碍CHAPTER 8 U

3、NENFORCEABILITY ON GROUNDS OF PUBLIC POLICY第八章 合同因公共政策而不可执行CHAPTER 9 THE SCOPE OF CONTRACTUAL OBLIGATIONS第九章 合同义务的范围CHAPTER 10 PERFORMANCE AND NON-PERFORMANCE第十章 合同的履行与不履行CHAPTER 11 IMPRACTICABILITY OF PERFORMANCE ANDFRUSTRATION OF PURPOSE第十一章 履行不能和履行目的落空CHAPTER 12 DISCHARGE BY ASSET OR ALTERATION第十

4、二章 双方合意或变更合同以解除合同义务CHAPTER 13 JOINT AND SEVERAL PROMISORS AND PROMISEES第十三章 连带允诺人和受允诺人CHAPTER 14 CONTRACT BENEFICIARIES第十四章 合同受益人CHAPTER 15 ASSGINEMNT AND DELEGATON第十五章 合同权利的转让与合同义务的转托CHAPTER 16.REMEDIES第十六章 违约救济Chapter 1 MEANING OF TERMS第一章 合同条款的含义1. CONTRACT DEFINED 合同定义A contract is a promise or

5、a set of promises for the breach of which the law gives a remedy, or the performance of which the law in some way recognizes as a duty.合同指的是一个允诺或一组允诺，假如违反此允诺，则法律给与救济；假如 其履行了允诺，则法律以某种方式将其视为一项义务。2. PROMISE; PROMISOR; PROMISEE. 允诺；允诺人；受允诺人(1) A promise is a manifestation of intention to act or refrain

6、from acting in a specified way, so made as to justify a promisee in understanding that a commitment has been made.允诺确实是以特定方式实施或禁止实施某种行为的意思表示，这种意思表示 使受允诺人正当地认为一个允诺差不多作出。(2) The person manifesting the intention is the promisor.作出该意思表示的人是允诺人(3) The person to whom the manifestation is addressed is the p

7、romisee.该意思表示所指向的人为受允诺人。(4) Where performance will benefits a person other than the promisee, that person is beneficiary.假如该允诺的履行使除受允诺人之外的他人获利，则该人为受益人。 3. AGREEMENT DEFINED; BARGAIN DEFINED协议的定义；An agreement is a manifestation of mutual assent on the part of two or more persons. A bargain is an agre

8、ement to exchange promises or to exchange a promise for a performance or to exchange performances.交易磋商约定的定义 一个协议确实是两个或两个以上的人一致的意思表示。一个交易磋商约定是为允诺与允诺之间的交换，或为允诺与义务履行的交换，或为义务履行之间的交换而达成的协议。4. How a Promise May Be Made 允诺如何作出A promise may be stated in words either oral or written, or may be inferred w hol

9、ly or partly from conduct.一个允诺能够用口头言词或书面文字作出，也能够完全或部分地从行为中推断而得。5. Terms of Promise, Agreement, or Contract允诺，协议或合同的条件(1) A term of promise or agreement is that portion of the intention or assent manifested which relates to a particular matter.允诺或协议的条件确实是当事人就特定的事项表示了部分的缔约意图或对缔约的赞同。(2) A term of contr

10、act is that portion of the legal relations resulting from the promise or set of promises which relates to a particular matter, whether or not the parties manifest an intention to create those relations.合同的条件确实是由于当事人就特定事项作出了一个或一系列的允诺，由此引起他们之间部分法律关系的存在，不管当事人是否作出意思表示要建立这些 法律关系。6. Formal Contracts要式合同Th

11、e following types of contracts are subject in some respects to special rules that depend on their formal characteristics and differ from those governing contracts in general:下列类型的合同依照其形式上的特征，在某些方面受不同于一般合同规则的法律规则的调整：(1) Contracts under seal, 盖印合同 (2) Recognizances, 保证书(3) Negotiable instruments and d

12、ocuments,.可流通票据和单据（4）Letters of credit信用证7. Voidable contracts可撤消的合同A voidable contract is one where one or more parties have the power, by a manifestation of election to do so, to avoid the legal relations created by the contract, or by ratification of the contract to extinguish the power of avoida

13、nce.假如合同的一方或多方当事人有权通过意思表示，或通过订立一个取消撤消权的合同，撤消该合同差不多建立的法律关系，则该合同为可撤消的合同。8. Unenforceable Contracts不能强制执行的合同An unenforceable contract is one for the breach of which neither the remedy of damages nor the remedy of specific performance is available, but which is recognized in some other way as creating a

14、 duty of performance, though there has been no ratification.不可强制执行的合同是指如此一种合同，即违反该合同导致损害赔偿救济和强制履行救济均不可适用，然而却被认为是以其他方式创设了并没有获得认可的 履行义务。Chapter 2 FORMATION OF CONTRATCTS-PARTIES AND CAPACITY第二章 合同的订立当事人及其缔约能力9. Parties Required合同当事人There must be at least two parties to a contract, a promisor and a pro

15、misee, but there may be any greater number.合同必须至少有两个当事人，即允诺人和受允诺人，然而也能够有两个以上更多的当事人。10. Multiple Promisors and Promisees of the Same Performance针对同一项履行的多个允诺人和受允诺人(1) Where there are more promisors than one in a contract, some or all of them may promise the same performance, whether or not there are a

16、lso promises for separate performances.假如一个合同中有多个允诺人，则部分或全部的允诺人能够就同一项履行作出允诺，不管他们是否就个不的义务履行作出允诺。(2) Where there are more promises than one in a contract, a promise may be made to some or all of them as a unit, whether or not the same or another performance is separately promised to one or more of the

17、m.假如一个合同中不只有一个允诺，则部分或全部的允诺人能够一个单位作出允诺，不管相同或另外的履行义务是否被单独地对一个或一个以上的允诺人允诺。11. When a Person May Be Both Promisor and Promisee何时允诺人和受允诺人能够同为一人A contract may be formed between two or more persons acting as a unit and one or more but fewer than all of these persons, acting either singly or with other pers

18、ons. 在由两个或两个以上的人共同代表的一个单位和这些人中的一个或部分多数之间能够缔结合同，这些人能够单独地或者同他人一起行事。12. Capacity to Contract缔约能力(1) No one can be bound by contract who has not legal capacity to incur at least voidable contractual duties, Capacity to contract may be partial and its existence in respect of a particular transaction may

19、depend upon the nature of the transaction or upon other circumstances.没有法律行为能力的缔约人所缔结的合同所产生的义务是可撤消的，该合同对缔约人并没有约束力。是否享有部分缔约能力以及是否就某一特定交易享有 缔约能力取决于该交易的本质或者其他一些情况。(2) A natural person who manifests assent to a transaction has full legal capacity to incur contractual duties thereby unless he is一个自然人假如就某

20、项 交易作出同意的意思表示，则该自然人享有完全合法的创设合同义务的缔约能 力，除非该自然人是(a) under guardianship, or处于监护之中，或(b) an infant, or为成年人，或(c) mentally ill or defective, or有精神疾病或精神缺陷者，或(d) intoxicated. 醉酒者。13. Persons Affected by Guardianship受监护的人 A person has no capacity to incur contractual duties if his property is under guardiansh

21、ip by reason of an adjudication of mental illness or defect. 假如一个人由于被判决存在精神疾病或精神缺陷，其财产处于监管之中，则该人没有创设合同义务的行为能力。14. Infants未成年人Unless a statute provides otherwise , a natual person has the capacity to incur only voidable contractual duties until the beginning of the day before the persons eighteenth b

22、irthday.除非法令另有规定，自然人在18 岁生日之前只具有创设可撤消合同义务的行为能力。15. Mental Illness or Defect有精神病或精神缺陷的人(1) A person incurs only voidable contractual duties by entering into a transaction if by reason of mental illness or defect在下列情况下，一个存在精神疾病或精神缺陷的人，在从事交易活动时所创设的合同义务是能够撤消的：(a) he is unable to understand in a reasonab

23、le manner the nature and consequences of the transaction, or他不能以正常方式理解此项交易的性质以及会产生的后果，或者(b) he is unable to act in a reasonable manner in relation to the transaction and the other party has reson to know of his condition.他不能像正常人那样从事此项交易，同时交易的相对方有合理的理由明白这一事实。(2) Where the contract is made on fair ter

24、ms and the other party is without knowledge of the mental illness or defect, the power of a voidance under Subsection (1) terminates to the extent that the contract has been so preformed in whole or in part or the circumstances have so changed that a voidance would be unjust. In such a case a court

25、may grant relief as justice requires. 假如合同的缔结是基于公平的条款，同时他方当事人不明白该缔约人患有 精神疾病或存在精神缺陷，那么，假如该合同差不多被全部或部分地履行或者情势变更，以至撤消该合同有失公平，则在(1)小节中所规定的撤消权不再适用。在这种情况下，法院能够依公平正义之需判决给与当事人救济。16. Intoxicate Persons醉酒的人A person incurs only voidable contractual duties by entering into a transaction if the other party has r

26、eason to know that by reason of intoxication假如缔约他方当事人有合理的理由明白一方当事人由于醉酒存在下列情况，则该当事人在从事交易活动时所创设的合同义务是能够撤消的。(a) he is unable to understand in a reasonable manner the nature and consequences of the transaction, or他不能以正常方式理解此项交易的性质以及会产生的后果，或者(b) he is unable to act in a reasonable manner in relation to t

27、he transaction, 他不能像正常人那样从事此项交易。Chapter 3 FORMATION OF CONTRACTS-MUTUAL ASSENT第三章 合同的订立意思表示一致TOPIC 1. IN GENRERAL主题一 一般规定17. Requirement of a Bargain交易磋商的条件(1) Except as stated in Subsection (2), the formation of a contract requires a bargain in which there is a manifestation of mutual assent to the

28、 exchange an d a consideration.除(2)小节的规定外，合同的订立要求当事人就允诺与允诺、允诺与义务履行、以及义务履行之间的交换和约因意思表示一致。(2) Whether or not there is a bargain a contract may be formed under special rules applicable to formal contracts or under the rules stated in 82-94.合同能够依据适用于正式合同中的专门规则或依据82-94 中的规则订立，不管有没有交易磋商。TOPIC 2, MANIFESTA

29、TION OF ASSENT IN GERNERAL主题二 意思表示的一般条款18. Manifestation of Mutual Assent意思表示一致Manifestation of mutual assent to an exchange requires that each party make a promise or begin or render a performance. 对一个交换作出一致的意思表示要求各方当事人作出允诺或开始或实施一项义务履行。19. Conduct as Manifestation of Assent依意思表示实施的行为(1) The manifes

30、tation of assent may be made wholly or partly by written or spoken words or by other acts or by failure to act.意思表示能够完全或部分地通过书面或口头、或其他作为或不作为作出。(2) The conduct of a party is not effective as a manifestation of his assent unless he intends to engage in the conduct and knows or has reason to know that

31、the other party may infer from his conduct that he assents.一方当事人以行为作出的意思表示是无效的，除非他有意实施这一行为，同时明白或有理由明白他方当事人能够从他的行为中推断出他有此缔约意思。(3) The conduct of a party may manifest assent even though he does not in fact assent. In such cases a resulting contract may be voidable because of fraud, mistake, or other i

32、nvalidation cause.一方当事人的行为能够作为意思表示，尽管事实上他并没有此缔约意思。在这种情况下所缔结的合同能够基于欺诈、错误或其他无效的理由被撤消。20. EFFECT OF MISUNDERSTANDING误解的效力 (1) There is no manifestation of mutual assent to an exchange if the parties attach materially different meanings to their manifestations and假如当事人就他们的意思表示给予了实质上不同的理解，同时有如下情况存在时，则表明他

33、们就磋商的交换没有达成一致：(a) neither party knows or has reason to know the meaning attached by the other; or双方当事人任一方都不明白或没有理由明白对方的意思表示所给予的含义；或(b) each party knows or each party has reason to know the meaning attached by the other.任一当事方明白或有理由明白对方的意思表示所给予的含义。(2) The manifestations of the parties are operative in

34、 accordance with the meaning attached to them by one of the parties if一方当事人能够依据该意思表示所指的含义执行该意思表示，假如(a) that party does not know of any different meaning attached by the other, and the other knows the meaning attached by the first party; or该当事人不明白另一方当事人所指的不同含义，而另一方当事人明白第一方 当事人所指的含义。(b) that party has

35、 no reason to know of any different meaning attached by the other, and the other has reason to know the meaning attached by the first party.该当事人没有理由明白另一方当事人所指的不同含义， 而另一方当事人有理由明白第一方当事人所指的含义。21. INTENTION TO BE LEGALLY BOUND具有法律拘束力的意图Neither real nor apparent intention that a promise be legally bindin

36、g is essential to the formation of a contract, but a manifestation of intention that a promise shall not affect legal relations may prevent the formation of a contract.当事人有关允诺具有法律拘束力的意图不管是真实的依旧表面的，关于合同的缔结并不重要，然而假如当事人作出允诺并不阻碍当事人法律关系的意思表示，则当事人之间的合同并不成立。22. Mode of Assent: Offer and Acceptance合意的模式： 要约

37、与承诺(1) The manifestation of mutual assent to an exchange ordinarily takes the form of an offer or proposal by one party followed by an acceptance by the other party or parties.双方当事人就交换达成合意的意思表示通常是由一方当事人提出要约或提议，然后由另一方当事人或另一方多数当事人作出承诺。(2) A manifestation of mutual assent may be made even though neithe

38、r offer nor acceptance can be identified and even though the moment of formation cannot be determined. 即使要约和承诺都无法被识不，同时合同成立的时刻也无法确定，双方当事人也能够作出合意的意思表示。23. Necessity That Manifestation Have Reference to Each Other作出意思表示应相互参考的必要性It is essential to a bargain that each party manifest assent with referenc

39、e to the manifestation of the other.任何当事人作出意思表示都应参考对方的意思表示，这一点对交易磋商专门重要。TOPIC 3. MAKING OF OFFERS 主题三 要约的发出24. Offer Defined要约的定义An offer is the manifestation of willingness to enter into a bargain, so made a s to justify another person in understanding that his assent to that bargain is invited and

40、 will conclude it. 要约确实是以交易磋商为目的而为意思表示，使得他人合理地认为该意思表示被邀请同时该交易将要进行。25. Option Contracts选择权合同An option contract is a promise which meets the requirements for the formation of a contract and limits the promisors power to revoke an offer.假如一个允诺符合了订立合同的条件，同时限制允诺人撤回要约，则该允诺即构成选择权合同。26. Preliminary Negotiat

41、ions订约前之商量A manifestation of willingness to enter into a bargain is not an offer if the person to whom it is addressed knows or has reason to know that the person making it does not intend to conclude a bargain until he has made a further manifestation of assent.假如意思表示所指向的人明白或有理由明白作出意思表示的当事人在作出进一步的意

42、思表示之前并没有意图达成交易，则该以缔结合同为目的的意思表示并不属于要约。27.Existence of Contract Where Memorial is contemplated在意图制作记录情况下合同的存在Manifestations of assent that are in themselves sufficient to conclude a contract will not be prevented from so operating by the fact that the parties also manifest an intention to prepare an a

43、dopt a written thereof; but the circumstances may show that the agreements are preliminary negotiations. 双方当事人作出意思表示要采纳书面 方式缔结合同这一事实，并不阻碍当事人差不多作出的足以导致合同缔结的意思 表示的执行；然而这种情况表明这些合意仍然属于订约前之商量。28.Auctions拍卖(1) At an auction, unless a contrary intention is manifested,在拍卖时，除非有相反的意思表示，(a) the auctioneer invi

44、tes offers from successive bidders which he may accept or reject;拍卖人向所有连续的出价人发出要约邀请，出价人能够承诺或拒绝；(b) when goods are put up without reserve, the auctioneer makes an offer to sell at any price bid by the highest bidder, and after the auctioneer calls for id the goods cannot be withdrawn unless no bid is

45、 made within a reasonable time;假如拍卖标的实行无保留低价拍卖，则拍卖人应发出要约，将拍卖标的以任何价格卖给出价最高者，在拍卖人将标的拍卖后，拍卖人不得撤回其无保留 低价之拍卖标的，除非在合理的时刻内无人竞买；(c) whether or not the auction is without reserve, a bidder may withdraw his bid until the auctioneers announcement of completion of the sale, but a bidders retraction does not rev

46、ieve any previous bid.不管该拍卖是否是无保留低价之拍卖，竞买人能够在拍卖人宣布成交之前能够撤回竞价，然而竞买人撤回竞价的行为不得使先前的出价生效。(2) Unless a contrary intention is manifested, bids at an auction embody terms made known by advertisement, posting or other publication of which bidders are or should be aware, as modified by announcement made by th

47、e auctioneer when the goods are put up.除非有相反的意思表示，在拍卖标的时，竞买人的出价包含了竞买人明白或应该明白的广告、海报或其他出版物所公布的条款，拍卖人在拍卖标的时能够 通过公告的方式对这些条款加以修改。 29. To Whom an Offer is Addressed要约所指向的对象(1) The manifested intention of the offeror determines the person or persons in whom is created a power of acceptance.要约人的意思表示决定了有权作出承

48、诺的人。(2) An offer may create a power of acceptance in a specified person or in one or more of a specified group or class of persons, acting separately or together, or in anyone or every one who makes a specified promise or renders a specified performance.要约能够在一个明确的人或一个或多个明确的、单独或集体行动的群体或团体之中，或者也能够在作出明

49、确允诺或实施明确义务的任何人之中创设一种承 诺的权利。 30. FORM OF ACCEPTANCE INVITED.承诺的形式(1) An offer may invite or require acceptance to be made by an affirmative answer in words, or by performing or refraining from performing a specified act, or may empower the offeree to make a selection of terms in his acceptance.要约人能够要

50、求承诺人通过给出书面的确定性答复、或者作为或不作为某一特定的行为来作出承诺，或者要约人能够授权受约人作出选择性的承诺。(2) Unless otherwise indicated by the language or the circumstances, an offer invites acceptance in any manner and by any medium reasonable in the circumstances.除非语言或情势有相反的表示，要约人能够要求承诺人以任何方式，采纳特定情况下合理的媒介作出承诺。31. Offer Proposing a Single Cont

51、ract or a Number of Contracts提议缔结一个或几个合同的要约An offer may propose the formation of a single contract by a single acceptance or the formation of a number of contracts by successive acceptances from time to time.一个要约能够通过一个承诺缔结一个合同，或者也能够通过不时地、连续性的承诺缔结几个合同。32. Invitation of Promise or Performance允诺或义务履行邀请

52、In case of doubt an offer is interpreted as inviting the offeree to accept either by promising to perform what the offer requests or by rendering the performance, as the offeree chooses.在存在怀疑的情况下，要约应被解释为邀请受约人选择或者通过允诺履行要约所要求的义务、或者履行该义务。33. Certainty确定性(1) Even though a manifestation of intention is i

53、ntended to be understood as an offer, it cannot be accepted so as to form a contract unless the terms of the contract are reasonably certain.尽管意思表示作为一个要约意在使相对方理解，然而该意思表示不能被承诺以形成一个合同，除非合同的条款相当确定。(2) The terms of a contract are reasonably certain if they provide a basis for determining the existence o

54、f a breach and for giving an appropriate remedy.假如合同就违约和适当救济作出差不多的规定，则该合同的条款则是相当确定的。(3) The fact that one or more terms of a proposed bargain are left open or uncertain may show that a manifestation of intention is not intended to be understood as an offer or as an acceptance.假如一个被提议交易的一个或多个条款悬而未决、或

55、者是不确定的，则表明作为要约或承诺的意思表示并不意在使相对方理解。34. Certainty and Choice of Terms; Effect of Performance or Reliance条款的选择与确定性；义务履行或信赖的效力(1) The terms of a contract may be reasonably certain even though it empowers one or both parties to make a selection of terms in the course of performance.合同当事人在履行义务过程中，尽管能够就合同的条

56、款作出选择，然而合 同的条款应是具有相当确定性的。(2) Part performance under an agreement may remove uncertainty and establish that a contract enforceable as a bargain has been formed.部分履行的合同具有确定性，同时表明作为交易的可执行合同差不多成立。(3) Action in reliance on an agreement may make a contractual remedy appropriate even though uncertainty is

57、not removed.尽管合同的条款并不确定，然而基于对合同的信赖而实施的行为能够获得适当的合同救济。 TOPIC 4. DURATION OF THE OFFEREES POWER OF ACCEPTANCE主题四 受要约人承诺能力的期间35. The Offerees Power of Acceptance受要约人的承诺能力(1) An offer gives to the offeree a continuing power to complete the manifestation of mutual assent by acceptance of the offer.受要约人有权通

58、过对要约的承诺持续地作出合意的意思表示。(2) A contract cannot be created by acceptance of an offer after the power of acceptance has been terminated in one of the ways listed in 36假如受要约人的承诺能力依据36 所列方式终止之后，则该受要约人的承诺并不创设一个合同。36. Methods of Termination of the Power of Acceptance承诺权利终止的方式(1) An offerees power of acceptance

59、 may be terminated by受要约人的承诺能力能够通过下列方式终止(a) rejection or counter-offer by the offeree, or受要约人拒绝要约或提出反要约，或(b) lapse of time,or期间届满，或(c) revocation by the offeror, or要约人撤回要约，或(d) death or incapacity of the offeror or offeree. 要约人或受要约人死亡或丧失行为能力(2) In addition, an offerees power of acceptance is termina

60、ted by the non- occurrence of any condition of acceptance under the terms of the offer. 除此之外，假如受要约人对要约条款未作任何承诺，则该受要约人的承诺 能力终止。37. Termination of Power of Acceptance Under Option Contract选择权合同项下承诺能力的终止Notwithstanding 38-49, the power of acceptance under an option contract is not terminated by rejecti