英汉互译篇章翻译原则与策略(41p)课件

1、Translationofdiscourse英汉互译篇章翻译原则与策略Translation of discourseWhat is the discourse?Discourse means either written or spoken communication. The term is often used in semantics and discourse analysis. 汉语定义篇章（text）是表达整体概念的语义单位。篇章是语言在交际中，特别是在书面交际中的对象和理想单位。它不只是一连串句子和段落的集合，而是一个结构完整、功能明确的语义统一体。（陈宏薇）篇章翻译是指高于句

2、子层次或句以上的语言单位的翻译。（王治奎）篇章特征篇章它具有形式和逻辑的一致性。语篇并非是互不关联的句子的简单堆积，而是一些意义相联系的句子为达到一定交际目的，通过各种衔接手段而实现的有机结合。（一）A Comparison Between Chinese Discourse and English Discourse1.The Similarities 1.1 Cohesion (衔接）(cohesive devices)It concerns how the actual words we hear or see are mutually connected within a sequen

3、ce.（词汇上的衔接关系）1.2 Coherence （连贯性）(coherent)It concerns the ways in which the components of the textual word are mutually accessible and relevant. (distribute knowledge or attain a object)（意义上的内在联系）2. The Differences2.1 Chinese DiscourseInductive（归纳性的） Spiral English Discourse Deductive（演绎性的）Straight

4、他出生在这一类人中间，出生在这种地方，他还有这样的母亲，这些要是让他知道的话，他会多么丢人。 He knew how ashamed he would have been if she had known his mother and the kind of place in which he was born, and the kind of people among whom he was born.2.2 Parataxis VS HypotaxisChinese discourse -parataxis(意合）English discourse-Hypotaxis (形合）Exampl

5、e(1)牡丹江水，汹涌澎湃，万马奔腾，一泻千里。Translation: Waves upon waves, the Peony River rushed violently down its long course like a horse galloping.2.3 Subject consciousness VS Object consciousnessChinese discourse-Subject consciousness(主体意识）-person as subject（主语）English discourse-Object consciousness（客体意识）-Thing a

6、s subjectGeneral principles英汉语篇在结构形态和逻辑关系上相似时，一般可以采用“临摹”的办法，按照源语的发展思路，在译语中复制或基本照搬源语行文的建构方式。这种方法称作“逻辑顺组” （logic copying）。由于汉英在语言结构，语篇衔接模式，逻辑层次等方面存在很大的差异，汉英互译时往往需要进行 “逻辑重组” (logic reshuffling)(二）衔接与连贯(cohesion and coherence )1 cohesionHalliday & Hasan 在Cohesion in English 中将英语的衔接手段分成五大类照应 reference替代

7、substitution省略 ellipsis词汇衔接 lexical cohesion 连接 conjunction1.1 reference (照应）Personal reference (人称照应）人称照应是通过人称代词(如 they, she, him 等）、所属限定词（如his, your, its 等）,和所属代词（hers, theirs， mine 等）和冠词指示代词来实现。英语人称代词以及相应的限定词的使用率大大高于汉语。 为了衔接紧密增译代词和冠词孔乙己是站着喝酒而穿长衫的唯一的人。他身材高大；青白脸色，皱纹间时常夹些伤痕；一部乱蓬蓬的花白的胡子。穿的虽然是长衫，可是又脏又

8、破，似乎十多年没有补，也没有洗。（孔乙己）Kong was the only long-gowned customer to drink his wine standing. He was a big man, strangely pallid, with scars that often showed among the wrinkles of his face. He had a large unkempt beard, streaked with white. Although he wore a long gown, it was dirty and tattered, and loo

9、ked as if it had not been washed or mended for over ten years. (Tr. Yang Xianyi & Gladys Yang) 每年农历十二月二十以后，海岛上的居民便开始进入过年倒计时。先搞卫生，掸去一年尘土。接着准备食品，做年糕，炒倭豆、炒番薯片、打米花糖。二十五、二十六起，家家户户开始“谢年”：祀祖先。Every year after the 20th of the lunar 12th month, inhabitants on the island would start their countdown on the Spr

10、ing Festival. They would sweep their houses clean, flickering every bit of dust off the furniture. After that they begin to prepare various foods: steamed New Year cakes, fried beans, fired sweet potato chips, and baked rice cookies. On the 25th and 26th of the month, households start their “New Yea

11、r Thanks-giving” rites to pay homage to their ancestors. 1.2 Substitution (替代）Substitution could be found in Chinese language and English Language, but comparatively, it is used more frequently in English Language.甲：玛丽学近代文学，不学近代语言学。乙: 她学近代历史么？A：Mary studies modern literature and doesnt do modern lin

12、guistics.B：Does she do modern history?1.3 ellipsisChinese -repetitionEnglish-ellipsis近朱者赤，近墨者黑。Association with the good can only produce good, with the wicked, evil.阅读训练人的眼睛，说话训练人的口齿，写作训练人的思维。Reading exercises ones eyes; speaking , ones tongue; while writing, ones mind.1.4 lexical cohesion (词汇衔接）Ch

13、inese- lexical repetition （词汇重复）English-Semantic repetition（语义重复 or relative pronoun）1）每年有2000多个等待器官移植的病人濒于死亡 （人体）器官的短缺非常严重。More than 2，000 patients are dying annually while waiting for transplant,The shortage of organs is so serious2)这个时候他来了，而这时我根本想不到他会来。He came at a time when I least expected him.

14、3)那是一个寒冷潮湿的晚上，这样的晚上大部分人呆在家里。It was one of those cold, wet evenings when most people stay indoors.1.5 conjunction连接成分本身就具有明确含义，通过在语篇中使用这类连接性词语，“人们可以了解子句之间的语义联系，甚至可经前句从逻辑上预见后续句的语义。（胡壮麟，1994：92）表示递进关系：also, too, furthermore, besides, moreover, in addition, what is more 表示因果关系：because, for. For this rea

15、son. Since, as a result, thus, therefore, so, consequently, of course, accordingly表示文章意义的转折或对比：although, however, on the contrary, still, but, otherwise, despite, nevertheless, though, in fact, on the other hand, as a matter of fact表示文章中事件发生的时空顺序：first, second, third after this/that, meanwhile, sudd

16、enly, and so on, then, before, next, formerly, later, finally in the end, at last表示列举：firstly, secondly, for one thing, for another; first of all, to begin with, then, last , in conclusion, last of all, to conclude表示举例、解释：for example, for instance, that is, namely, to illustrate表示总结：in short, to sum

17、 up, in conclusion, briefly, on the whole, to conclude, to summarize本人在香港创业二十余年，历尽艰辛，虽在事业上略有成就，但也饱尝人世间的风风雨雨。每次回乡总是得到家乡各级领导的热情接待，心头总有一种温馨的感受，一种到家的感觉。 It has been more than 20 years since I started my career in Hong Kong, where I have weathered through various hardships . My modest achievements in bus

18、iness also go along with multitudinous pains and tears. As a result, every time when I return to my hometown, where I am given warm receptions by the local government leaders, my heart will be over flown with tenderness and affection, for it gives me a feeling of home. Reference指称2)Reference is grea

19、tly encouraged to use in English discourse. But it is seldom adopted in Chinese discourse. 他双手插进口袋，然后耸了耸肩。He put his hands into his pockets and then shrugged his shoulders.名落孙山孙山，滑稽才子也。赴举时，乡人托以子偕往。榜发，乡人子失意，山缀榜先归。乡人问其子得失，山曰： “ 解名尽处是孙山，贤郎更在山外。”名落孙山： A name after the last one on the list.孙山，滑稽才子也: Suns

20、han was a talented scholar known for his sense of humour赴举时，乡人托以子偕往: Sunshan was about to set off to sit for an imperial civil examination at the country level when a villager came to ask him to accompany with his son who was leaving for the same purpose.榜发，乡人子失意，山缀榜先归。When the list of successful ca

21、ndidates was published/ made public, the villagers son turned out a failure, and Sunshans name was, by good fortune, the last one on the list, Sunshan first hurried home with glad news.乡人问其子的失，山曰The villager was extremely anxious and asked him about his sons fortune. Sun replied suggestively in vers

22、e.解名尽处是孙山，贤郎更在孙山外。”Sun Shan is at the end of the name-list, your worthy son comes after Sunsan.（三）Translation Techniques1）如果静思太久，觉得孤独了，不妨翻开你可爱的书，书会使你轻松让你充实。（2）在静静的空间里读一本好书，如同冬日里围坐一盆炭火与挚友谈心。（3）平日，因工作太忙，或交际太繁，你难得与古今中外的智者交谈。（4）而今，你却可以凝神倾听他们的教诲了。（5）在静心的阅读中，你的学识逐渐得到增长。（6）你也可以依随自己的爱好，去干任何一件感兴趣的事。（7）静静地听一段

23、音乐，专注地画几笔画，认真摆一盘残局，甚至翻翻往日影集，想念一番遥远的朋友。（8）这些，无一不是人生的快乐。 1）如果静思太久，觉得孤独了，不妨翻开你可爱的书，书会使你轻松让你充实。（1）When loneliness comes over you as a result of too much thinking, a favorite book will ease your mind and broaden your horizons. 点评： shift of perspective(视角转化）, combination（合并),amplification(增词）2）在静静的空间里读一本好

24、书，如同冬日里围坐一盆炭火与挚友谈心。Reading a good book is like having a fireside chat with a close friend. 点评： （3）平日，因工作太忙，或交际太繁，你难得与古今中外的智者交谈 At other times you may be so occupied with work or social intercourse as to have no time for books. 点评：4）而今，你却可以凝神倾听他们的教诲了（5）在静心的阅读中，你的学识逐渐得到增长 Then you can peacefully liste

25、n to wise men of all times, enriching yourself with their ideas and enlarging your stock of knowledge点评：6）你也可以依随自己的爱好，去干任何一件感兴趣的事。（7）静静地听一段音乐，专注地画几笔画，认真摆一盘残局，甚至翻翻往日影集，想念一番遥远的朋友。 6）Or you can do other things to suit your taste: enjoy a piece of music, attentively draw a picture or arrange Chinese che

26、ss pieces for a near-end game. If you are in the mood, you may as well open an album and let the photos bring back memories of those now far away. 点评：8）这些，无一不是人生的快乐 Isnt any one of these a real pleasure in life?点评1、想要体面生活，又觉得打拼辛苦；想要健康身体，又无法坚持运动。人最失败的，莫过于对自己不负责任，连答应自己的事都办不到，又何必抱怨这个世界都和你作对？人生的道理很简单，你想

27、要什么，就去付出足够的努力。2、时间是最公平的，活一天就拥有24小时，差别只是珍惜。你若不相信努力和时光，时光一定第一个辜负你。有梦想就立刻行动，因为现在过的每一天，都是余生中最年轻的一天。3、无论正在经历什么，都请不要轻言放弃，因为从来没有一种坚持会被辜负。谁的人生不是荆棘前行，生活从来不会一蹴而就，也不会永远安稳，只要努力，就能做独一无二平凡可贵的自己。4、努力本就是年轻人应有的状态，是件充实且美好的事，可一旦有了表演的成分，就会显得廉价，努力，不该是为了朋友圈多获得几个赞，不该是每次长篇赘述后的自我感动，它是一件平凡而自然而然的事，最佳的努力不过是：但行好事，莫问前程。愿努力，成就更好的

28、你！5、付出努力却没能实现的梦想，爱了很久却没能在一起的人，活得用力却平淡寂寞的青春，遗憾是每一次小的挫折，它磨去最初柔软的心智、让我们懂得累积时间的力量；那些孤独沉寂的时光，让我们学会守候内心的平和与坚定。那些脆弱的不完美，都会在努力和坚持下，改变模样。6、人生中总会有一段艰难的路，需要自己独自走完，没人帮助，没人陪伴，不必畏惧，昂头走过去就是了，经历所有的挫折与磨难，你会发现，自己远比想象中要强大得多。多走弯路，才会找到捷径，经历也是人生，修炼一颗强大的内心，做更好的自己！7、“一定要成功”这种内在的推动力是我们生命中最神奇最有趣的东西。一个人要做成大事，绝不能缺少这种力量，因为这种力量能够驱动人不停地提高自己的能力。一个人只有先在心里肯定自己，相信自己，才能成就自