人教版新高考英语一轮复习名词和冠词

1、语法专项提升语法专题一名词和冠词 英 语2022高中总复习优化设计GAO ZHONG ZONG FU XI YOU HUA SHE JI内容索引核心考点分层突破 专项训练巩固提升核心考点分层突破高考链接1.(2020全国, 语篇填空)The far side of the moon is of particular(interesting) to scientists because it has a lot of deep craters(环形山), more so than to familiar near side. 2.(2020全国, 语篇填空)Chinese New Year is

2、 a (celebrate) marking the end of the winter season and the beginning of spring. interest “be+of+抽象名词” 为固定搭配。 celebration 根据前面的不定冠词a可知, 此处应用名词形式。 3.(2020全国, 语篇填空)The plum trees are first to flower even as the snow is melting(融化). 4.(2020全国, 语篇填空)Filled with (curious), the artist packed his bags and

3、left. the 设空处修饰后面的序数词first, 所以用定冠词, 特指 “第一个”。 curiosity with为介词, 后面需要跟名词做宾语, filled with curiosity表示 “充满好奇”。5.(2020山东, 语篇填空)Historical (accurate) is important but so is entertainment. accuracy 前面的Historical为形容词, 后面应使用名词做主语。 6.(2020浙江, 语篇填空)Later, they learned to work with the (season), planting at t

4、he right time and, in dry areas, making use of annual floods to irrigate(灌溉)their fields. seasons 句意: 后来, 他们学会了随着季节劳动, 在恰当的时间和干燥的地方播种, 利用每年的洪水灌溉他们的田地。因为一年有四个不同的季节, 故用season的复数形式。7.(2020浙江,语篇填空)Then,with rise of science, changes began. the 此处rise前用定冠词表示特指 “随着科学的兴起”。 8.(2019全国, 语篇填空)In recent years so

5、me Inuit people in Nunavut have reported increases in bear sightings around human settlements, leading to a (believe) that populations are increasing. belief 该空前有冠词a, 应填名词, 故填belief。 9.(2019全国, 语篇填空)Of nineteen recognized polar bear subpopulations, three are declining, six are stable, one is increas

6、ing, and nine lack enough data. the 该空后为名词短语, 根据语境及空格前的Of可知存在限定范围, 故填the。10.(2019全国, 语篇填空)When we got a call saying she was short-listed, we thought it was joke. a joke是单数可数名词, 根据句意可知此处是泛指, 故填a。 11.(2019全国, 语篇填空)When they were free from work, they invited us to local events and let us know of an int

7、eresting (compete) to watch, together with the story behind it. 12.(2018全国,语篇填空)Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 that showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all_(cause). competition 根据前面的an interes

8、ting可知, 所填的词是名词形式, 故填competition。 causes cause是可数名词, 根据前面的修饰语all可知, 该名词要用复数形式。13.(2018全国,语篇填空)This switch has decreased (pollute) in the countrys major lakes and reservoirs and made drinking water safer for people. 14.(2018全国,语篇填空)Unexpectedly, Im face-to-face with the gorilla, who begins screaming

9、at top of her lungs. pollution decrease “减少”, 是及物动词, 后接名词做宾语, 故填pollution。 the at the top of 为固定搭配。 考点归纳考点一 名词的数 一、可数名词的复数1.规则变化注意以-o结尾的下列名词要加-es, 它们是: 英雄爱吃土豆和西红柿, 即heroes, potatoes, tomatoes。 但下列以-o结尾的名词既可以加-es, 也可以加-s, 它们是: mosquitos (mosquitoes)蚊子, volcanos(volcanoes)火山。 以-f或-fe结尾的下列名词需要把f或fe变成v,

10、 再加-es。 它们是: 为了自己活命, 小偷和他的妻子手里拿着刀子和树叶站在架子上, 把狼劈成两半, 即selves, lives, thieves, wives, knives, leaves, shelves, wolves, halves。 但有的以-f结尾的名词既可以变f为v再加-es, 也可以直接加-s。handkerchiefs (handkerchieves)手帕。 名词前有man或woman修饰, 变复数时, 做定语的man或woman和后面的名词都要变成复数。woman doctorwomen doctors2.不规则变化(1)常见单复数同形的名词Chinese中国人; m

11、eans方式; works工厂; sheep绵羊; deer鹿; series系列; fish鱼; fruit水果等。 其中 fish, fruit表示种类时, 可加复数词尾, 即fishes, fruits。 (2)自身有特殊变化的名词child孩子childrenman男人menfoot脚; 英尺feettooth牙teethmedium传播媒介mediamouse老鼠micephenomenon现象phenomena3.有些名词通常只用复数形式。glasses眼镜, clothes衣服, goods货物, trousers裤子, belongings所有物, wages工资, riche

12、s财富, surroundings环境, ashes灰尘, compasses圆规, cattle牛, congratulations祝贺等。 另外, 有些固定搭配中的名词通常用复数形式。have words with sb 同某人吵架, in high spirits 情绪高昂, give ones regards to sb 向某人问候, in rags衣衫褴褛, have good manners 有礼貌等。 二、不可数名词1.不可数名词没有单复数之分, 它包括抽象名词、物质名词和专有名词。fun, advice, weather, progress, information, brea

13、d, butter, baggage, clothing, equipment, furniture, homework, juice, luggage, luck, music, milk, meat, production, permission, rice, soup, wealth, health, English, America 等。 I look forward to your valuable advice. 我期待着您的宝贵建议。 2.有些名词既可以用作可数名词, 也可以用作不可数名词, 但意义不同。 work工作(不可数), 作品; 著作(可数); glass 玻璃(不可数

14、), 杯子(可数); room 空间(不可数), 房间(可数); experience 经验(不可数), 经历(可数); paper 纸(不可数), 报纸, 文件, 试卷(可数)。 考点二 名词所有格 名词所有格表示所有关系, 它分-s所有格和of所有格两种形式。 1.-s所有格(1)多用来表示有生命的东西。 Many students eyesight is getting poorer and poorer. 很多学生的视力变得越来越差了。 (2)用and连接的并列名词的所有格要分两种情况, 即表示各自的所有关系时, 要分别在每个名词后加-s或; 表示共同的所有关系时, 只在最后一个名词后

15、加-s或。 Toms and Jims rooms汤姆和吉姆(各自)的房间Tom and Jims room汤姆和吉姆(共同)的房间(3)表示店铺、办公室或某人的家时, 名词所有格后被修饰的名词一般省略。 at the barbers在理发店at the teachers在老师办公室2.of所有格表示无生命的事物的名词通常用of所有格表示所有关系; 名词短语或有定语修饰的有生命的名词也常用of 所有格。 From the top of the hill, you can get a birds view of the city. 从山顶上, 你可以鸟瞰整座城市。 3.双重所有格指名词所有格或名

16、词性物主代词同of构成的所有格, 即 “of+名词所有格”。 a play of Shakespeares莎士比亚的一部戏剧a friend of my wifes我妻子的一个朋友考点三 常见名词后缀1.动词变名词的后缀2.形容词变名词的后缀 考点四 不定冠词a/an 不定冠词表示泛指, 一般修饰可数名词单数。 a用于以辅音音素开头的单词前; an用于以元音音素开头的单词前。a pen 一支钢笔an old man 一位老人一、不定冠词的基本用法1.用在首次提到的人或物的可数名词单数前面, 泛指某一个人或某一个事物。A car is waiting for you at the gate. 有

17、辆车在门口等你。2.表示“一”, 相当于one。Ill return in a day or two. 我将在一两天后回来。3.表示“每”, 相当于per, 常用于表示时间、重量、长度等单位前。We have three meals a day. 我们每天吃三顿饭。4.表示“同一性”, 常构成“of+a/an+名词”形式, 相当于the same。The children are of an age. 这些孩子们同岁。5.表示类指, 意为“某类”。He wants to be a doctor. 他想成为一名医生。6.后面接人名可以表示“一个叫的人”, 或是其作品。A Mr Smith is

18、asking to see you. 一个叫史密斯的人要求见你。7.与抽象名词连用, 可以表示“一场, 一次, 一件”。a success一件成功的事/一个成功的人; a pity一件遗憾的事; an honour一个引以为荣的人/一件引以为荣的事。8.与物质名词连用, 表示“一种, 一阵, 一份”。What a heavy rain! 好一阵大雨!9.序数词前使用冠词的情况“the+序数词”表示排序; “a/an+序数词”不表示排序, 而表示“又一; 再一”。Mr Li has decided to buy a second car. 李先生已经决定买一辆二手车。I have failed

19、twice, but Ill try a third time. 我已经失败两次了, 但是我将再试一次。10.比较级和最高级前冠词的选择“a/an+比较级”表示“(众多人或事物中)比更的一个”, 属于泛指; “the+比较级”表示“两者中较的一个”。“the+最高级”表示三者或三者以上的人或事物中“最的一个”; “a most+形容词”表示“一个很/非常”, 此时后面没有比较范围, most只表示“很, 非常”。Tom is the older of the two boys. 汤姆是两个男孩中较大的一个。The first unit is a most difficult part but

20、not the most difficult. 第一单元是非常难的一部分, 但不是最难的(部分)。二、常用不定冠词的固定搭配all of a sudden突然 as a matter of fact事实上once a week每周一次at a loss不知所措; 困惑be on a visit参观; 拜访be/go on a diet节食give sb a lift让某人搭便车have a gift for.在方面有天赋have a good time玩得开心have a word with.与谈话in a hurry匆忙地in a way从某种意义上说make a living谋生take

21、a walk散步take an interest in.对感兴趣take/have a rest休息一会儿考点五 定冠词the一、定冠词的基本用法1.特指上文提到过的特定的人或事物, 或双方都明确的人或事物。I have a car. The car is red. 我有一辆车。这辆车是红色的。Pass me the book, please. 请把那本书递给我。2.表示某一类人或物。The bike is a useful means of transportation. 自行车是一种有用的交通工具。3.用于世上独一无二的事物名词前。the universe 宇宙, the moon 月亮,

22、 the Pacific Ocean 太平洋4.用于乐器前。play the violin 拉小提琴, play the piano 弹钢琴5.表示“一家人”或“夫妇”。Could you tell me the way to the Greens, please? Sorry, we dont have a Green here in the village. 请问你能告诉我去格林家的路吗?对不起, 在这个村里没有格林这个人。6.用于表示国家、党派等以及江、河、湖、海、山川、群岛等名词前。the United States 美国7.用于表示发明物的单数名词前。The compass was

23、invented in China. 指南针是在中国发明的。8.在表示逢十的数词之前, 指世纪的某个年代。in the 1990s(在20世纪90年代)9.用于表示度量单位的名词前。I hired the car by the hour. (对比I hired the car by time.)我是按小时租车的。10.用于形容词和-ing形式或-ed形式前表示一类人。the old 老年人, the living 活着的人, the wounded 伤者11.用于方位名词、身体部位名词前。The sun rises in the east.太阳从东方升起。clean the teeth 刷牙1

24、2.用于普通名词转化而来的专有名词前。the Great Wall 长城, the West Lake 西湖13.与比较级和最高级连用。(1)the+比较级, the+比较级, 表示“越越”。The more, the better. 越多, 越好。(2)表示两者中“较的一个”, 比较级前加the。Who is the taller of the two boys? 这两个男孩中较高的那个是谁呀?(3)三者或三者以上相比较, 表示最高程度时, 用“the+最高级”的结构表示。这种句式一般常有表示比较范围的介词短语。Mary is the tallest child in her family.

25、 玛丽是她家中最高的孩子。二、常用定冠词的固定搭配at the moment此刻; 目前at the same time同时by the way顺便说一下on the spot当场make the best/most of.充分利用in the distance在远处in the end最终in the habit of有的习惯the other day前几天on the one hand., on the other hand.一方面, 另一方面to the point中肯, 切题考点六 零冠词一、零冠词的基本用法1.专有名词、物质名词和抽象名词表示一般概念时, 其前不用冠词。Beijing

26、 is the capital of China. 北京是中国的首都。Kindness is virtue. 善良是美德。Snow dissolves into water. 雪融化成水。2.表示季节、月份、星期、节假日、棋类、球类、学科、一日三餐、语言、运动等的名词前一般不加冠词。Spring is the best season of the year. 春天是一年中最好的季节。I have been studying in this college since July, 2015.自从2015年7月我就在这所学院学习。We have a seven-day holiday on Chi

27、nas National Day. 在中国的国庆节我们有七天的假日。Tom enjoys playing chess. 汤姆喜欢下棋。The boys like playing football after class. 这个男孩课后喜欢踢足球。They can choose other subjects like Art and Computer Science. 他们可以选择其他科目, 比如艺术和计算机科学。Do you have breakfast at home or at school? 你在家还是在学校吃早饭?3.称呼语、自己的家庭成员及表示头衔、职务的名词做表语、补足语及同位语时

28、, 一般不加冠词, 但用作主语或宾语时要用冠词。Sam has been appointed manager of the engineering department to take the place of George. 萨姆被任命为工程部经理,接替乔治的工作。Im captain of the class team at school. 我是学校班级队的队长。The chairman declared the meeting open. 主席宣布会议开幕。4.当by与表示交通工具的名词连用表示方式时, 名词前不用冠词。Id rather travel by bus than airpl

29、ane. 我宁愿坐公共汽车也不愿坐飞机。二、常用零冠词的固定搭配in fact事实上for example例如in danger在危险中with pleasure高兴地in time及时in fear恐惧地at work在上班at dinner在吃饭after school放学后at first起初at last最终by hand手工pay attention to注意set fire to放火take pride in以为豪take care of照顾take office就职take part in参加in town在城里keep.in mind牢记in trouble处在麻烦中on fo

30、ot步行leave word留言on time按时catch sight of看见do harm to对有害lose weight减肥专项训练巩固提升单句语法填空1.(2020北京房山高三衔接诊断二)This (donate) was to support local education and public welfare. 2.(2019北京, 语法填空)No matter what you like to do, there is a way to get involved in various (activity) on Earth Day. donation This 在句中做主语,

31、 故填名词形式donation。 activities activity是可数名词, 根据前面的修饰语various可知, 此处要用复数形式。3.(2019辽宁葫芦岛协作校高三二模)Thats the surprising_ (conclude) of a new study based on a curious find in northeastern Jordan. conclusion 根据前面的the surprising可知, 所填的词是名词形式。conclusion “结论”。4.(2019安徽定远高三模考)He is going to visit university which

32、 is located in the west of the USA. a university 是以辅音音素开头的单数可数名词, 此处是泛指, 故填a。5.(2019河北邢台高三模考)The study found that coffee (drink) appear to live longer, regardless of whether they consume regular coffee. 6.Driven by the (curious) in my heart, I came to China and took part in a cruise along part of th

33、e river last year. drinkers根据句意可知, 所填的词是指人的名词, 结合谓语动词appear判断所填的词要用复数形式。curiosity 根据前面的冠词the可知, 此处应填名词形式。driven by the curiosity意为 “受好奇心驱使”。7.It is reported the housing prices in some big cities fall in different_(degree). 8.However, as for William and Kate, the (decide) to dress George in shorts is

34、 more likely down to the tradition than a class issue.degrees degree是可数名词, 根据前面的different可知, 此处要用复数形式。decision 根据定冠词the可知, 空处用名词形式。 9.I eventually came to long staircase. a staircase作 “楼梯” 讲时是可数名词, 且其前无限定词修饰, 故用不定冠词a表示泛指。10.Like university students, the US high school students have the (free) to choose the courses that most interest them. freedom 由定冠词the可知, 此处应用名词,