应用国际贸易

1、Application:International Trade应用：国际贸易Chapter 9International Trade 国际贸易What determines whether a country imports or exports a good?什么决定一个国家是否进口或出口一种物品?International Trade 国际贸易Who gains and who loses from free trade among countries?在国际自由贸易中谁获利谁亏损？International Trade 国际贸易What are the arguments that pe

2、ople use to advocate trade restrictions?人们用来支持贸易限制的各种观点是什么？Equilibrium Without TradeAssume:A country is isolated from rest of the world and produces steel.The market for steel consists of the buyers and sellers in the country. No one in the country is allowed to import or export steel.没有贸易时的均衡假设:一个生

3、产钢铁的国家孤立于其他国家钢铁市场由这个国家的买者和卖者组成这个国家的如何人都不允许进口或出口钢铁Equilibrium Without International TradePriceof SteelEquilibriumPrice0Quantityof SteelEquilibriumquantityDomesticsupplyDomesticdemandProducersurplusConsumersurplus没有国际贸易时的均衡钢铁的价格均衡价格0钢铁数量均衡数量国内供给国内需求生产者剩余消费者剩余Equilibrium Without TradeResults:Domestic p

4、rice adjusts to balance demand and supply.The sum of consumer and producer surplus measures the total benefits that buyers and sellers receive.没有贸易时的均衡结果:国内价格调整使国内卖者的供給量与国内买者的需求量平衡。消费者剩余和生产者剩余的总和来衡量买者和卖者从钢铁市场上得到的总利益。World Price and Comparative Advantage世界价格与比较优势If the country decides to engage in in

5、ternational trade, will it be an importer or exporter of steel?如果这个国家决定参与国际贸易，它将是钢铁进口国还是出口国？World Price and Comparative AdvantageThe effects of free trade can be shown by comparing the domestic price of a good without trade and the world price of the good. The world price refers to the prevailing pr

6、ice in the world markets.A country will either be an exporter or an importer of the good.世界价格与比较优势自由贸易的效果可以从没有贸易时国内物品价格与世界市场价格相比较中得到说明。世界价格一种物品在世界市场上所流行的价格。一个国家既可能是某种物品的出口国，也有可能是进口国。World Price and Comparative Advantage世界价格与比较优势If a country has a comparative advantage, then the domestic price will b

7、e below the world price, and the country will be an exporter of the good.如果一个国家在某种物品生产方面有比较优势，那么国内价格将比世界价格低，这个国家就会是该物品的出口国。World Price and Comparative Advantage世界价格与比较优势If the country does not have a comparative advantage, then the domestic price will be higher than the world price, and the country

8、will be an importer of the good.如果一个国家在某种物品生产方面没有比较优势，那么国内价格将比世界价格高，这个国家就会是该物品的进口国。Priceof Steel0Quantityof SteelDomesticdemandInternational Trade in an Exporting CountryDomesticsupplyWorldpricePrice after tradeExportsDomesticquantity demandedDomesticquantity suppliedPrice before trade钢铁价格0钢铁数量国内需求出

9、口国的国际贸易国内供给世界价格贸易后的价格出口国内需求量国内供給量贸易前的价格Priceof Steel0Quantityof SteelWorldpriceDomesticdemandHow Free Trade Affects Welfare in an Exporting CountryDomesticsupplyPrice after tradePrice before tradeABCDExports钢铁价格0钢铁数量世界价格国内需求自由贸易如何影响出口国的福利国内供给贸易后的价格贸易前的价格ABCD出口Priceof Steel0Quantityof SteelWorldprice

10、DomesticdemandHow Free Trade Affects Welfare in an Exporting CountryDomesticsupplyPrice after tradePrice before tradeAConsumer surplusbefore tradeBCProducer surplusbefore trade钢铁价格0钢铁数量世界价格国内需求自由贸易如何影响出口国的福利国内供给贸易后的价格贸易前的价格A贸易前的消费者剩余BC贸易前的生产者剩余Priceof Steel0Quantityof SteelWorldpriceDomesticdemandHo

11、w Free Trade Affects Welfare in an Exporting CountryDomesticsupplyPrice after tradePrice before tradeAConsumer surplusafter tradeCBProducer surplusafter tradeDExports钢铁价格0数量钢铁世界价格国内需求自由贸易如何影响出口国的福利国内供给贸易后的价格贸易前的价格A贸易后的消费者剩余CB贸易后的生产者剩余D出口How Free Trade Affects Welfare in an Exporting CountryThe area

12、D shows the increase in total surplus and represents the gains from trade.Before TradeAfter TradeChangeConsumer SurplusA + BA- BProducer SurplusCB + C + D+ (B + D)Total SurplusA + B + CA + B + C + D+ D自由贸易如何影响出口国的福利面积 D 表示总剩余增加，并代表贸易的利益贸易前贸易后变化消费者剩余A + BA- B生产者剩余CB + C + D+ (B + D)总剩余A + B + CA + B

13、+ C + D+ DTHE WINNERS AND LOSERS FROM TRADEThe analysis of an exporting country yields two conclusions: Domestic producers of the good are better off, and domestic consumers of the good are worse off. Trade raises the economic well-being of the nation as a whole.自由贸易赢家和输家对出口国的分析得出了两个结论：当一国允许贸易并成为一种物

14、品的出口国时，该物品的国内生产者状况变好，而该物品的国内消费者状况变坏。 贸易增加了一国的整体经济福利。The Gains and Losses of an Importing Country International Trade in an Importing CountryIf the world price of steel is lower than the domestic price, the country will be an importer of steel when trade is permitted.Domestic consumers will want to b

15、uy steel at the lower world price.Domestic producers of steel will have to lower their output because the domestic price moves to the world price.进口国的得失 国际贸易与进口国如果世界价格低于国内价格，一旦允许自由贸易，该国家将是钢铁进口国。国内消费者就想以比国内价格更低的世界价格购买钢铁。因为国内价格移向世界价格，所以国内钢铁生产者不得不降低产量。Figure 4 International Trade in the Importing Count

16、ryPriceof Steel0Quantityof SteelDomesticsupplyDomestic demandWorld PricePrice after tradeDomesticquantitydemandedDomesticquantitysuppliedPrice before tradeImports图4. 进口国的国际贸易钢铁价格0钢铁数量国内供给国内需求世界价格贸易后的价格国内供给量国内需求量贸易前的价格进口Figure 5 How Free Trade Affects Welfare in an Importing CountryPriceof Steel0Quan

17、tityof SteelDomesticsupplyWorld PriceDomestic demandPrice after tradePrice before tradeABCDImports图5. 自由贸易如何影响进口国的福利钢铁价格0钢铁数量国内供给世界价格国内需求贸易后的价格贸易前的价格ABCD进口How Free Trade Affects Welfare in an Importing CountryPriceof Steel0Quantityof SteelDomesticsupplyWorld PriceDomestic demandPrice after tradePric

18、e before tradeAConsumer surplusbefore tradeCBProducer surplusbefore trade自由贸易如何影响进口国的福利钢铁价格0钢铁数量国内供给世界价格国内需求贸易后的价格贸易前的价格A贸易前的消费者剩余CB贸易前的生产者剩余How Free Trade Affects Welfare in an Importing CountryPriceof Steel0Quantityof SteelDomesticsupplyWorld PriceDomestic demandPrice after tradePrice before trade

19、AConsumer surplusafter tradeBDCProducer surplusafter tradeImports自由贸易如何影响进口国的福利钢铁价格0钢铁数量国内供给世界价格国内需求贸易后的价格贸易前的价格A贸易后的消费者剩余BDC贸易后的生产者剩余进口How Free Trade Affects Welfare in an Importing CountryThe area D shows the increase in total surplus and represents the gains from trade.Before TradeAfter TradeChan

20、ge Consumer SurplusAA + B + D+ (B + D) Producer SurplusB + C C- B Total SurplusA + B + CA + B + C + D+ D自由贸易如何影响进口国的福利面积 D 表示总剩余的增加量，并代表贸易的收益贸易前贸易后变化 消费者剩余AA + B + D+ (B + D) 生产者剩余B + C C- B 总剩余A + B + CA + B + C + D+ DHow Free Trade Affects Welfare in an Importing CountryThe analysis of an importin

21、g country yields two conclusions: Domestic producers of the good are worse off, and domestic consumers of the good are better off. Trade raises the economic well-being of the nation as a whole because the gains of consumers exceed the losses of producers.自由贸易如何影响进口国的福利对进口国的分析得出了两个结论:当一国允许自由贸易并成为一种物品

22、的进口国时，该物品的国内消费者状况变好，而该物品的国内生产者状况变坏。 贸易增加了一国的整体经济福利。The Gains and Losses from Free International TradeThe gains of the winners exceed the losses of the losers.The net change in total surplus is positive.国际自由贸易的得与失赢家的好处大于输家的损失。总剩余的净变动是正的。The Effects of a Tariffs 关税的影响Tariffs are taxes on imported good

23、s. 关税对进口物品征收的税。Tariffs raise the price of imported goods above the world price by the amount of the tariff. 关税使进口物品的价格提高到世界价格之上，其增加量等于关税。Price with tariffWorld pricePrice without tariffThe Effects of a Tariff.Priceof Steel0Quantityof SteelDomestic supplyDomestic demandTariffQ1SQ1DImports without tar

24、iffImports with tariffQ2DQ2S有关税时的价格世界价格没有关税时的价格关税的影响钢铁价格0钢铁数量国内供给国内需求关税Q1SQ1D没有关税时的进口量有关税时的进口量Q2DQ2SThe Effects of a Tariff.Priceof Steel0Quantityof SteelDomestic supplyDomestic demandWorld priceQ1SQ1DPrice without tariffImports without tariffConsumer surplusbefore tariffProducer surplusbefore tarif

25、f关税的影响钢铁价格0钢铁数量国内供给国内需求世界价格Q1SQ1D没有关税时的价格没有关税时的进口量关税前的消费者剩余关税前的生产者剩余The Effects of a Tariff.Priceof Steel0Quantityof SteelDomestic supplyDomestic demandTariffWorld priceQ1SQ2SQ2DQ1DPrice without tariffPrice with tariffImports without tariffImports with tariffAConsumer surpluswith tariffB关税的影响钢铁价格0钢铁

26、数量国内供给国内需求关税f世界价格Q1SQ2SQ2DQ1D关税前的价格关税后的价格没有关税时的进口量有关税时的进口量A关税后的消费者剩余BThe Effects of a Tariff.Priceof Steel0Quantityof SteelDomestic supplyDomestic demandTariffWorld priceQ1SQ2SQ2DQ1DImports without tariffImports with tariffCGProducer surplusafter tariffPrice with tariffPrice without tariff关税的影响钢铁价格0

27、钢铁数量国内供给国内需求关税世界价格Q1SQ2SQ2DQ1D没有关税时的进口量有关税时的进口量CG关税后的生产者剩余有关税时的价格没有关税时的价格The Effects of a Tariff.Priceof Steel0Quantityof SteelDomestic supplyDomestic demandTariffWorld priceQ1SQ2SQ2DQ1DImports without tariffImports with tariffETariff revenuePrice with tariffPrice without tariff关税的影响钢铁价格0钢铁数量国内供给国内需

28、求关税世界价格Q1SQ2SQ2DQ1D没有关税时的进口量有关税时的进口量E关税收入有关税时的价格没有关税时的价格The Effects of a Tariff.Priceof Steel0Quantityof SteelDomestic supplyDomestic demandTariffWorld priceQ1SQ2SQ2DQ1DPrice without tariffPrice with tariffImports without tariffImports with tariffABCEGDFDeadweight loss关税的影响钢铁价格0钢铁数量国内供给国内需求关税世界价格Q1S

29、Q2SQ2DQ1D没有关税时的价格有关税时的价格没有关税时的进口量有关税时的进口量ABCEGDF无谓损失Changes in Welfare from a TariffBefore TariffAfter TariffChange Consumer SurplusA+B+C+D+E+FA + B - (C+D+E+F) Producer SurplusG C + G+ C Government RevenueNoneE+ E Total SurplusA+B+C+D+E+F+GA+B+ C+ E+ G- (D + F)The area D+F shows the fall in total s

30、urplus and represents the deadweight loss of the tariff.关税带来的福利变化关税前关税后变化 消费者剩余A+B+C+D+E+FA + B - (C+D+E+F) 生产者剩余G C + G+ C 政府收入 无E+ E 总剩余A+B+C+D+E+F+GA+B+ C+ E+ G- (D + F)面积（ D+F） 表示总剩余减少，并代表关税的无谓损失The Effects of a TariffA tariff reduces the quantity of imports and moves the domestic market closer

31、to its equilibrium without trade.With a tariff, total surplus in the market decreases by an amount referred to as a deadweight loss.关税的影响关税减少了进口量，并使国内市场更接近于没有贸易时的均衡。有关税时，市场总剩余减少，这种减少被称为关税的无谓损失。The Effects of an Import Quota进口限额的影响An import quota is a limit on the quantity of imports.进口限额对进口物品的数量限制。P

32、rice with quotaWorld pricePrice without quotaThe Effects of an Import Quota .Priceof Steel0Quantityof SteelDomestic supplyDomestic demandQ1SQ2SQ2DImports without quotaImports with quotaDomestic supply+Import SupplyQuotaEquilibrium with quotaEquilibrium without tradeQ1D有限额时的价格世界价格没有限额时的价格进口限额的影响钢铁价格0

33、钢铁数量国内供给国内需求Q1SQ2SQ2D无限额时的进口量有限额时的进口量国内供给+进口供给限额有限额时的均衡没有贸易时的均衡Q1DThe Effects of an Import QuotaBecause the quota raises the domestic price above the world price, domestic buyers of the good are worse off, and domestic sellers of the good are better off.License holders are better off because they ma

34、ke a profit from buying at the world price and selling at the higher domestic price.进口限额的影响因为进口限额使物品的国内价格上升到世界价格之上，所以国内买者的状况变坏了，国内卖者的状况变好了。许可证持有者的状况变好了，因为他们能从按世界价格购买并按较高的国内价格出售中得到利润。The Effects of an Import Quota .Priceof Steel0Quantityof SteelDomestic supplyDomestic demandWorld priceQ1SQ2SQ2DQ1DPri

35、ce without quotaPrice with quotaImports without quotaImports with quotaDomestic supply+Import SupplyQuotaABCEEFGD进口限额的影响钢铁价格0钢铁数量国内供给国内需求世界价格Q1SQ2SQ2DQ1D没有限额时的价格有限额时的价格无限额时的进口量有限额时的进口量国内供给+进口供给限额ABCEEFGDChanges in Welfare from an Import Quota A+B+C+D+E+E”+F+GA+B+C+E+E”+GThe area D+F shows the fall i

36、n total surplus and represents the deadweight loss of the quota.Before QuotaAfter TariffChangeConsumer SurplusProducer SurplusGovernmentRevenueTotal SurplusA+B+C+D+E+E”+FA+B -(C+D+E+E”+F)G C+G+CNoneE+E”+(E+E”)- (D+F)进口限额引起的福利变化 A+B+C+D+E+E”+F+GA+B+C+E+E”+G面积（ D+F ）表示总剩余的减少，并代表进口限额的无谓损失。限额以前限额以后变化消费者

37、剩余生产者剩余许可证持有者收入总剩余A+B+C+D+E+E”+FA+B -(C+D+E+E”+F)G C+G+CNoneE+E”+(E+E”)- (D+F)The Effects of an Import QuotaWith a quota, total surplus in the market decreases by an amount referred to as a deadweight loss.The quota can potentially cause an even larger deadweight loss, if a mechanism such as lobbyin

38、g is employed to allocate the import licenses.进口限额的影响有进口限额时，市场总剩余减少，这种减少被称为进口限额的无谓损失。如果采用游说议员这一机制来分配进口许可证，进口限额有可能引起更大的无谓损失。The Effects of Tariffs and Quotas关税和进口限额的影响If government sells import licenses for full value, revenue equals that of equivalent tariff and the results of tariffs and quotas are

39、 identical.如果政府按其全部价值出售进口许可证，政府收入就等于等量关税时的收入，进口许可证和关税的效果一样。Both tariffs and import quotas . . .关税和进口限额都raise domestic prices. 提高了国内价格。reduce the welfare of domestic consumers. 减少了国内消费者的福利。increase the welfare of domestic producers. 增加了国内生产者的福利。cause deadweight losses. 引起了无谓损失。Other Benefits of Inter

40、national Trade国际贸易的其它利益Increased variety of goods 增加了物品的多样性Lower costs through economies of scale 通过规模经济降低了成本Increased competition 增加了竞争Enhanced flow of ideas 加强了思想交流The Arguments for Restricting Trade各种限制贸易的观点Jobs 工作岗位论National Security 国家安全论Infant Industry 幼稚产业论Unfair Competition 不公平竞争论Protection

41、as a Bargaining Chip作为讨价还价筹码的保护论 Trade Agreements 贸易协定Unilateral: when a country removes its trade restrictions on its own. 单边的方法：一个国家取消自己的贸易限制。Multilateral: a country reduces its trade restrictions while other countries do the same. 多边的方法：一个国家与其它国家一起减少贸易限制。NAFTA 北美自由贸易协定The North American Free Trad

42、e Agreement (NAFTA) is an example of a multilateral trade agreement.北美自由贸易协定是一个多边贸易协议的例子In 1993, NAFTA lowered the trade barriers among the U.S., Mexico, and Canada.1993年，这个协定降低了美国、加拿大和墨西哥之间的贸易壁垒。GATTThe General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) refers to a continuing series of negotiations amon

43、g many of the worlds countries with a goal of promoting free trade.GATT has successfully reduced the average tariff among member countries from about 40% after WWII to about 5% today.关贸总协定关贸总协定 (GATT) 是世界上许多国家为了促进自由贸易的一系列连续的谈判。关贸总协定成功地把成员国之间的平均关税从第二次世界大战后的40左右降低到现在的5左右。SummaryThe effects of free trade can be determined by comparing the do