大学英语语法 第四讲 介词

1、第四讲介 词一、分类1 . 简单介词指由一个单词构成的介词, 简单介词也可能由形容词、副词、名词、连词等转变而来, 常用的有: by, in, after , on, at , past , since, till , until , over, opposite, off, near , of, with, up, under , toward( s) , through , like, from, for , down , during, except , but , beyond, between , besides, beside, beneath, below, behind, be

2、fore, among, along, against , above, across , about , amid( st) , onto, underneath , unlike, round, next , despite, than, save 除.之外, 等。. 这些介词有静态和动态之分, 或兼有两态。比较: in 静态(在.内) into动态(进入) across 静态(在.的另一边) 动态(从.一边到另一边) 2 . 以-ing 结尾的介词这类介词由现在分词演变而来, 常用的有: excepting 除.外, including 包括, regarding 关于, barring

3、 除.外, concerning 关于, touching 关于, considering 就.而言, saving 除外, respecting 关于, pending 在.之中(到.为止) , failing 如果没有(若无.时) , following 在.以后, 等。3 . 合成介词这类介词由两个单词组合而成, 凝聚力强, 连写, 已成为独立的单词, 常用的有: into 进入, outside 在.外, within 在.内, without 没有, throughout 遍及(贯穿) , inside 在.内, upon 在.上, alongside 在.旁边(沿着) , notw

4、ithstanding 虽然, 等。4 . 短语介词这类介词是短语性的固定介词搭配, 可以是介词+ 名词, 介词+ 介词, 介词+ 分词, 介词+ 动词, 介词+ 形容词, 介词+ 副词等构成, 常用的有: out of 从.里面(从.中) , but for 要不是, ahead of 在.前, according to 根据, apar t from 除.外, along with 同.一起, because of 由于(因为) , together with 同.一起, as regards 关于, as to 关于(至于) , due to 由于, in front of 在.前面,

5、in place of 代替, on behalf of 代表, near to 靠近, instead of 替代(而不) , next to 紧靠旁边(贴近) , on account of 由于(鉴于) , owing to 由于(因为) , with regard to 关于, in regard to 关于, prior to 在.前, in view of 考虑到, in spite of 尽管, in accordance with 根据, by means of 用(依靠) , as f rom 自.起, as for 至于, apar t from 除.外(若无) , exc

6、ept for 除.外, as concerns 关于, as compared with 同.相比, for want of 因为缺乏, at the cost of 以.为代价, over against 在.对面(正对着) , down to 下至( 直至) , away from 离开, irrespective of 不顾, with a view to 旨在(目的是) , on the point of 正要.之际, in the event of 如果发生(万一) , for the sake of 为了, by way of 经由(通新/ 世/ 纪/ 英/ 语/ 丛/ 书118

7、 第四讲介词 过) , up to 一直到, thanks to 由于(多亏) , previous to 先于, due to 由于, 等。. 要注意的是, 短语介词中的搭配都是固定的, 不可随意变更, 如by means of 不可说成by means to。.考察下面两句: Henry always does whatever A he pleases B , without regard for C the feeling of others D . (C 项有问题) They had spent A endless hours inB discussing the matter pr

8、evious of C drawing a conclusion .(C 项有问题) Note: 短语介词不同于介词短语。短语介词是用作介词的短语(如with a view to) , 不可独立使用, 本身不能作句子成分, 后面要跟名词、动名词或代词等; 介词短语是由介词+ 宾语构成的短语(如with a view to buying a car ) , 本身可作句子成分, 如作定语、状语等, 可独立使用。比较: I will help you for the sake o f our f riendship . 为了我们的友谊, 我是愿意帮助你的。( for the sake of 是短语介

9、词, for the sake of our friendship 是介词短语, 作状语) They lived among the hills . 他们住在山中。( among the hills 是介词短语, 作状语) I.ll take this one for want of a better . 没有更好的, 我就拿这一个。( for want of 是短语介词, for want of a better one 是介词短语) 5 . 从“天边的草原”看英语介词使用的复杂性1)英语介词虽然数量不多, 但用法还是颇为复杂的。就以汉语中的“的”为例, 英语中没有固定的与之相对应的词, 绝

10、不等同于of 或.s 所有格, 在不同的词组结构中,“的”字往往要译为不同的介词(或其他词) , 视其所表达的内在含义而定。比如:“天边的草原”要译为the grassland on the horizon, 用on, 而“南山的竹”要译为the bamboos at South Hill, 用at . 比较下面“的”的译法: 路旁的野花. the wild flowers on the roadside 哈尔滨的夏天. the summer in Harbin 墙上的窗户. the window in the wall 穿过森林的小路. the path through the woods

11、博物馆的入口. the entrance to the museum 柏拉图的著作. the works by Plato 英语写的论文. the paper in English 作诗的天赋. the talent for writing poetry 水中的月. the moon reflected in water 早晨的太阳. the rising sun in the morning 历史的见证. the witness to history 描述自然风光的书. a book on natural scenery 岸边的垂柳. the willows on the shore 汉白玉

12、的雕像. a statue in marble 山中的寺庙. the temple in the hills 脾气暴躁的人. a man with a hot temper 追逐名利的人. a man after fame and gain大学英语语法讲座与测试(第二版) 119 一、分类不屑一顾的人. a man beneath notice 复原无望的人. a man beyond hope of recovery 树上的鸟儿. the birds in the tree 两国间的战争. a war between the two countries 对自由的渴望. a longing f

13、or freedom 对她不利的证据. the evidence against her 月光下的散步. a walk in the moonlight 河对岸的村庄. the village beyond the river 年轻时的梦想. the dream in youth 蓝天下的群山. the mountains against the clear blue sky 山脚下的小溪the st ream at the foot of the hill 地下的财宝the treasure beneath the ground 年逾古稀的老人an old man past seventy

14、他身后的好名声a good name behind him 废墟中的野花the wild flowers amid the ruins 2)同一介词可以与不同的动词搭配, 不同的介词也可以与同一动词搭配He lives She sat A car ran She went They came He entered They travelled He worked The price fell They sell by the river . 他住在河边。the window . 她靠窗坐着。them . 一辆车从他们旁边驶过。him without saying anything . 她默默无

15、言地从他身边走过。the nearest road . 他们抄近路来。the back door . 他从后门进入。land . 他们陆上旅行。day . 他白天工作。3 percent . 价格下降了3%。the pound . 他们按磅出售。The ship sailed on the sea . 船在海上航行。out of the harbour . 船驶出码头。into the harbour . 船驶进码头。under the bridge . 船在桥下航行。across the Atlantic . 船横渡过大西洋。towards the island . 船驶向那个岛。up th

16、e river . 船驶向河的上游。by the river . 船靠岸行驶。down the river . 船驶向下游。past the lighthouse . 船从灯塔旁驶过。against the wind . 逆风行船。before the wind . 顺风行船。for Shanghai . 船驶向上海。to New York . 船驶往纽约。with the tide . 涨潮时开船。6 . 从“从.开始”看英语介词表义的精确性“从.开始”无论是“从今天开始”,“从8 点钟开始”,“从南京开始”, 汉语中一个“从”新/ 世/ 纪/ 英/ 语/ 丛/ 书120 第四讲介词 字足矣

17、, 但这个“从”字绝不可一概译为英语的“from”。英语中介词的使用是非常严格而精确的, 汉语中的同一个词往往要用不同的英语介词表述, 试以“从”字为例。The winter vacation begins f rom today . 寒假从今天开始。The meeting began at eight o.clock . 会议从8 点钟开始。The mid-term examination will begin on Monday . 期中考试将从星期一开始。He began his career by doing odd jobs . 他是从打工开始起家的。Let.s begin with

18、 this lesson . 让我们从这一课开始。The movement began at Beij ing . 这次运动是从北京开始的。Our school begins in September . 我们从9 月份开学。二、位置1 . 介词通常位于名词或代词前The book is beyond her . The man is beneath contempt . 2. 在某些结构中, 介词可以放在句尾1)在介词+ whom/ which/ what/ whose 结构位于句首的疑问句中, 介词常可放在句尾Who is she talking to ? Which desk did y

19、ou put the book on ? Which hotel did you stay at ? 2)定语从句中位于that/ whom/ which 之前的介词也可以放在句尾在这种情况下, 关系代词可以省略。但介词不可放在that 前面, 而必须放在句尾, that 可省略。例如: She is the teacher ( whom, that ) I once worked together with . ( = She is the teacher with whom . . ., 但不可说with that) This is the kind of life ( that , wh

20、ich) he is used to . 3)某些wh-词引导的名词性从句中, 关系代词为介词宾语位于从句句首时, 介词应后置I don.t know what you are driving at . Money is what he is badly in need of . I wonder whose room he was in . I don.t know what he looks like . 4)动词不定式作状语, 需要介词同句中主语构成介宾关系时, 介词应后置The lake is safe to swim in . The table camp is bright eno

21、ugh to read by . 5)动词不定式作定语, 需要介词同动词不定式所修饰的名词构成介宾关系时, 介词应后置It.s a nice place to live in . It is the key to open the box with . In those days he even didn.t have any money to buy food with . 3 . 在某些“(不及物)动词+ 介词”结构中, 介词紧跟动词后在这种结构中, 宾语不可放在动词和介词之间, 只能放在介词后面The thief broke into the house . She was lookin

22、g a f ter her brother . He takes a f ter his mother . 他像他母亲。(不可说He takes his mother after . )大学英语语法讲座与测试(第二版) 121 三、介词的宾语三、介词的宾语1)介词的宾语不仅限于名词和代词, 还可以是其他词类或句子等名词The car ran into a wall, and two men were killed . He is walking along the river . I shall answer you concerning your request . 代词Wherever h

23、e went , he car ried the photo with him . She is interested in it . 形容词Your plan is far f rom per f ect . I have advised him in private . In short , I have done my best . 副词I can.t see the tower clearly f rom here . She came f rom a far . He shouted f rom below . We have t rusted her till recently .

24、 They have never seen each other since f ive years ago . 动名词He entered the room without taking off his hat . She spent the morning in reading . He insisted on doing it that way . 不定式He did nothing but cry. I would sooner die than yield . He knew better than to trust the hypocrite . She could do no o

25、therwise than ( to) wait . He couldn.t do anything except wait for the reply . 介词短语She often studies till af ter midnight . They came f rom across the river . He suddenly appeared f rom behind the door . She read till into the night . 数词In nine out o f ten he won.t come . The students walked there i

26、n twos and threes . 疑问词+ 不定式That depends on which method to take . The problem of how to get enough money is difficult to settle . I have informed her of when to start . 疑问词引导从句He does not care about who will be promoted . She asked to be informed of which university was the best for her . I have no

27、 idea as to what he will do there . That depends on whether he has persistence . The night was dead quiet save ( except) that a bird flew from tree to tree occasionally . that 引导的从句Man differs from other animals in that man can laugh and speak . I would go with you but that I am too busy . She is no

28、t happy notwithstanding that she is rich . 2)介词后的其他结构: He is away from home with his children alone . (名词+ 形容词)新/ 世/ 纪/ 英/ 语/ 丛/ 书122 第四讲介词 With the sun down , night came on . (名词+ 副词) He left home without a cent in his pocket . (名词+ 介词短语) The night was beautiful with the moon shining brightly . (名词

29、+ 现在分词) His success depends on him (或his) working hard . (代词+ 现在分词) They parted f rom each other without a word said . (名词+ 过去分词) The soldiers returned with a man bound up in rope . (名词+ 过去分词) He wandered about without anything to do . (代词+ 不定式) She stayed late with a lot o f letters to write . (名词+

30、 不定式) He stayed there three years with Jim his only f riend . (名词+ 同位语) 3)值得注意的是, 除了in that , except that , save that , but that , notwithstanding that 外, that 引导的从句不可直接作介词的宾语, 必须在介词和that 之间加上先行词, 一般是it You can count on that your needs will be satisfied . (误) You can count on it that your needs will

31、 be satisfied . (正) We may depend upon that they will do as they have promised . (误) We may depend upon it that they will do as they have promised . (正) 4)能作介词宾语的形容词是不多的, 常见于下列固定词组中: in common 共同, in common with 与.相同, in the open 在户外(公开地, 在露天) , in full 充分地(全部地) , far from+ adjective 远远不., for the b

32、etter 好转, in earnest 认真地, in brief ( short )简言之(总而言之) , for the worse 恶化(变坏) , for sure ( certain) 肯定地, at ( the) most 至多, at least 至少, for short 简称(缩写) , in bad( with sb . ) 失去.欢心, for good 永久地(一劳永逸地) , at ( the) longest 至多( 指日期) , from bad to worse 越来越坏(每况愈下) , to the full 尽量地(充分地) , of late 最近, o

33、n the whole 总的来说(大体上) , to the good 有好处(净增) , on the sly 偷偷地(秘密地) , to the cont rary 相反的(地) , in the wrong 错的, in the right 正确的( 有理的) , in the rough 大体上( 未完成) , in the red 亏损(出现赤字) , of late 近来, in the raw 处于自然状态的(裸露的) , in vain 徒劳(无效) , in particular 尤其(特别) , for better or worse 不论好坏(不管怎么样) , at (

34、the ) latest 最迟, at one.s ( it.s ) + best . . .处于最.状态, at large 逍遥法外(一般的) , in the clear 按(两边之间的)内宽计算(无嫌疑, 无罪, 还清债务) , of old 昔日的(很久前)They pledged to stand together f or better or worse . The project will be finished in a month at the longest . The hall is 50 meters in the clear . 大厅内宽为50 米。Having p

35、aid the money, she is now in the clear . 钱已还清, 她现在不欠债了。The suspect is now in the clear . 那个涉嫌者已被解除了嫌疑。He is 200 dollars in the red this month . 他这个月亏损200 美元。With that business he netted 1, 000 dollars to the good . 那项业务他净赚了1 000 美元。Note: 介词短语作另一介词的宾语是常见的语言现象, 如: f rom behind the hill 从山后面, till afte

36、r dinner 到晚饭后, since before the war 自战前以来, from below the river 从河的下游, from behind the tree 从树后面, till after sunset 太阳落山后, from among the crowd 从人群中, till after examination 到考试后, from under the table 从桌子下面, up to about midnight 大约到午夜, till about last Sunday 直到大约上星期天, till after six 直到6 点钟后, for abov

37、e ten days 10 多天, from before sunrise 从日出前, buy it at over five dollars 用5 美元多买它, drive at from 80 to 100 miles an hour 以大学英语语法讲座与测试(第二版) 123 五、常见介词用法例解每小时80 公里到100 公里的速度行驶, be done by from ten to twenty students 由10 名至20 名学生做的, from behind the cur tain 从幕后, sell for under twenty dollars 以低于20 美元的价格

38、卖。比较: What is he drawing ? 他在画什么? (what 作动词宾语) What is he drawing on ? 他在什么上面画? (what 作介词宾语: 在.上画) 四、介词的语法功能介词与其他词类或成分结合后方能在句子中充当语法成分, 构成介词短语。介词短语可以作定语(须后置)、状语、表语、宾语补足语、另一介词的宾语, 间或作主语等。例如: He is a man o f integrity . (定语) The skyscraper in the distance is a five-star hotel . (定语) Her eyes were tired

39、 f rom long reading . (状语) In all probability , he will decline your invitation . (状语) The decision is o f great importance to me . (表语) Hundreds of new products are on display in the shop windows . (表语) A conceited man always thinks himself above others . (宾语补足语) They found the machine in a bad sta

40、te . (宾语补足语) The dog ran out towards the criminal . (介词宾语) A pretty girl appeared f rom behind the curtain . (介词宾语) On purpose or not on pur pose is of great difference . (作主语) Between f ive or six ( chairs) will be enough for them . (主语) From f reezing to boiling is 180 degrees on the Fahrenheit sc

41、ale . 在华氏温度表上从冰点到沸点相差180。(主语) 五、常见介词用法例解1 . about They gathered about the desk . 在.周围He felt weak about the knees . 在.部位She left on or about the eighth of May . 在.前后, 大约( a little more or less) I haven.t enough money about me then . 在.身边There is something queer about him . 状貌, 属性He has read about th

42、e adventure . 关于What the hell are you about ? 从事There is a mature wisdom about him . 这人颇有大智。(在.性格中) . about 构成的惯用短语: (1) be about to 正要., 正打算. They are about to leave . (2) How about . . . ? (你觉得).怎么样? (你认为).好吗? How about a cup of tea ? (3) What about . . . ? .好吗? 怎么样了? (建议或询问消息) What about a walk ?

43、 What about your new job ?新/ 世/ 纪/ 英/ 语/ 丛/ 书124 第四讲介词 2 . above The water was already above our knees . 在.的上方The coat cost above.10 . 多于, 超过He is above me in rank . (在级别上)高于, 优于, 重于The book is above my understanding . 超乎.之所及He is above doing such things . 不屑于Oxford is above Henley on the Thames . 从

44、.往上游The ship sank just above the island . 船在群岛正北方沉没。(在.北方) He ran to the first building above the factory . 他朝工厂前方的第一幢楼房跑去。( 比.更远) . above 构成的惯用短语: above all 尤其是, 最重要的是above suspicion 无可怀疑above praise 赞美不尽above criticism 无可指责above reproach 无可厚非above price 价值连城above the average 超过一般水平be above oneself

45、 兴高采烈above one.s head ( understanding) 不可理解above one.s income (means) 入不敷出3 . after He will return af ter three o.clock . 在.以后(时间) Shut the door af ter you, please . 在.后面(位置) Day a f ter day he worked on . 接着Af ter water, food is the most important for human life . (地位, 重要性)低于, 次于A f ter what has ha

46、ppened, he refused to accept it . 鉴于, 由于A f ter all his effor ts , he failed at last . 尽管All men seek af ter happiness . 追求, 追赶, 搜寻, 询问She asked a f ter your health . 关于It is a large hall fitted up af ter the Roman style . 以.为模仿对象Jim was named af ter his father . 按照His actions are not a f ter our ex

47、pectations . 与.一致, 符合He takes a f ter his mother . 像. after 构成的惯用短语: after all 毕竟, 到底(作状语) day after day 日复一日one after another 接二连三page after page 一页又一页地year after year 年年岁岁wave after wave 一波又一波地bus after bus 公共汽车一辆接一辆time after time 一次又一次4 . against My house stands against the church . 向着, 正对着The r

48、esolution was adopted by a vote of 92 in favour to 9 against it. 逆, 反Can you show any evidence against him ?对.不利It was a race against time. 以.为竞争对手The building was insured against fire. 以.为抵御(抵抗)对象He saw a woman leaning against a pine t ree . 倚, 靠The sunset was charming against the clear blue sky. 以

49、.为背景大学英语语法讲座与测试(第二版) 125 五、常见介词用法例解Our steel output is 3 , 000 tons this month as against 2 , 500 tons last month. 和.对比You should balance what you spend against what you earn . 以.为标准The rates against U . S . dollars have dropped. 以.为交换对象5 . atShe lives at 15 Alley 20 Lane 150 Park Street. (地点)在.里, 在

50、.上(比较: She lives on Park Street . ) The dog barked at the old man . 向, 朝He retired at 60 . (时间)在.时刻, 在.岁时The storm was at its worst. 处于.状态He drank the wine at a gulp . 以.方式Please go out at the back entrance . 经由, 通过I found her at her desk . 忙于, 从事于He was not at the garden party last night . 出席, 参加Th

51、e tea is sold at the rate of 60 dollars a pound . 以. 价格The boat went at a speed of eighty miles an hour . 以.速度(程度) The parents rejoiced at the news of his success . 因为, 由于At a sign from him, she stopped talking . 作为对.的反应He did it at her request . 按照, 应We can see the tower at a distance . 从相隔(一段距离)的地

52、方She is a genius at music . 在.方面. at 构成的惯用短语: affected at 感动moved at 感动at the sight of 看到at the news ( sound) of 听到at (one.s) ease 在安乐中, 放心at ( one.s) leisure 在闲暇时at the thought of 想到at a drought 一口气at liberty 闲暇, 自在, 随意at peace 和平, 心情平静at large 自由自在at home 安适at one.s height 酒酣at stake 在危险中at bay 陷入

53、绝境at one.s wit.s end 智穷才尽at the zenith 在高峰状态at one.s convenience 在.方便时at anchor 停泊at a standstill 停顿at an end 结束at rest 休息, 静止at a loss 迷惑, 茫然at sea 茫然at fault 迷惑at sixs and sevens 混乱at one.s will 随意at one.s beck and call 任人支配at (one.s) command 依.的命令at one.s discretion 随.之意at random 随便地at one.s disp

54、osal 任人支配at intervals 时时at one.s summons 听凭使唤at one.s mercy 任人支配, 由.摆布at the expense of 以.为代价at dusk 黄昏at one.s service 任人使用at length 详细地at hand 不远, 在身边at least 至少at the risk of 冒险at half price 半价at any rate 至少新/ 世/ 纪/ 英/ 语/ 丛/ 书126 第四讲介词 at most 至多at cost 照原价at a cost 亏本at all events 不管怎样at one str

55、oke ( blow) 一下子at a bargain 廉价at full speed 以全速at the earliest ( latest ) 最早(迟) at a trot 快步at a profit 获利at the risk of 冒.的危险at the point of 就要Note:“敲门”既可以说knock at the door , 也可以说knock on the door, 但knock at 多用于“门”, 而knock on 还可用于其他事物, 如: knock on the desk , knock on the window。6 . before He died

56、be f ore the war . (时间)在.之前We should put quality be fore quantity . (顺序, 重要性)先于He paused be fore the door . (位置)在.前面True men choose death be fore dishonour . (宁可.而)不愿. A bright future lies be f ore you . 等待着比较: before long 不久He will return be f ore long . long before 很久以前He left his hometown long be

57、 fore . 7 . beyond There is a village beyond the river . (空间)在.的那一边He has gone beyond seas . (空间)在.以外He stayed beyond the hour of welcome . 迟于, 晚于The situation is beyond his control . 超出, 非.可及He is beyond this kind of thing . (品质, 习性)超脱于He did nothing beyond what he was told to do . 除.以外The stars ar

58、e beyond number . 星星无数。The villa is beyond my means . 这幢别墅我买不起。Good advice is beyond price . 良言无价。. beyond 构成的惯用短语: beyond words 难以言喻beyond cont rol 难以控制, 不受控制beyond all hope 毫无希望beyond belief 难以置信beyond all comprehension 不可理解beyond dispute 无可争议beyond all comparison 无可比拟beyond doubt 无可怀疑beyond one.s

59、 grasp 力所不及beyond cont roversy 无可争论beyond criticism 无可非议beyond reproach 无可厚非beyond human endurance 非人所能忍受beyond redemption 不可救药beyond belief 不可信beyond the help of the doctor 无法医治beyond description 无法描绘8 . but (常用在no, nothing, nobody, all 等词后, 与except 同义, 表示“除.以外”) Nobody saw it but me . He is the be

60、st student but one in the class . (第二名) She could do nothing but wait . . but 构成的惯用短语: (1) but for 要不是, 如果没有But for your help ( = if it were not for your help) , he would have failed .大学英语语法讲座与测试(第二版) 127 五、常见介词用法例解(2) nothing but 只是, 不过是That.s nothing but a joke . (3) anything but 决非He is anything