英语句子成分讲解课件

1、一、介绍与其重要性句子是写作的基本单位，只有写好句子才有可能写好文章。英语的句子成分有八种： 主语、谓语动词、表语、宾语、定语、状语、主语补足语和宾语补足语。 学会判断句子成分对以后学习难句奠定了基础。英语句子的构成也有其特定的规律，掌握了句子的基本句型、常见句式和词语的习惯搭配，就能写出完整、正确的句子。第1页，共60页。句子成分与结构第2页，共60页。英语的句子成分： 一） 主语： Walls have ears. He will take you to the hospital. Three plus four equals seven. To see is to believe. Sm

2、oking is not allowed in public places. Whether or not they will come depends on the weather.二）谓语由_担任。助动词或情态动词加其他动词的适当形式也构成谓语动词。 Action speaks louder than words. The chance may never come again. Mary has been working at the dress shop since 1994. 动词/动词短语名词代词数词to do不定式doing动名词句子第3页，共60页。当不定式、动名词或从句在某个

3、句子中作主语时，为保持句子结构前后平衡，避免头重脚轻，因此常用it作形式主语置于句首，而将真正的主语放在句尾。此时it只起先行引导作用，本身无词义。什么情况下用it作形式主语？第4页，共60页。 你能划出下列句子的真正的主语吗?你懂得翻译下列句子吗？1) It is wrong to tell a lie. ( ) 2) It is no use arguing about it. ( ) 3) It is uncertain who will come. ( ) 说谎是错误的。争吵是没用的。谁要来还不确定。第5页，共60页。1. We love China.2. She seems tire

4、d. 3. He can speak English 4. We have finished reading this book.谓语谓语:说明主语做什么或怎么样。通常由_ 充当.动词常分为实义动词,连系动词,情态动词和助动词.动词实义动词连系动词情态动词助动词（V.）第6页，共60页。情态动词和助动词不能单独充当谓语,必须和实义动词或系动词一起构成谓语.They can speak English well.They are playing over there.第7页，共60页。1）状态系动词，用来表示主语状态，只有be （am,is ,are,was,were,been,being）一词

5、 He is a teacher. 2）持续系动词，用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有keep, remain, stay He always kept silent at meeting. 他开会时总保持沉默。 系动词第8页，共60页。3）表像系动词，用来表示看起来像这一概念，主要有seem, appear, look, 例如：He looks tired. He seems (to be) very sad.4）感官系动词，主要有feel, smell, sound, tasteThis flower smells very sweet. 第9页，共60页。5）变化系动词，表示主

6、语变成什么样，主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, comeHe became mad after that. 6）终止系动词，表示主语已终止动作，主要有prove, turn outThe rumor proved false. 这谣言证实有假。His plan turned out a success. 他的计划终于成功了。第10页，共60页。My father is a professor. Whos that? Its me. Everything here is expensive. The match became very exciting.

7、 The story of my life may be of help to others.Three times five is fifteen.His plan is to seek work in the city. My first idea was that you should hide your feelings. 三）表语 它的位置在_之后。是用来说明主语的_,_, _的.系动词、连系动词性质特征状态名词 n代词 pron形容词 adjadj介词短语数词to do不定式句子第11页，共60页。（四）宾语 表示动作的对象，是动作的承受者。宾语一般放在_之后。_词后也会跟宾语。S

8、he covered her face with her hands. We havent seen her for a long time. Do you mind opening the window? Give me four please. He wants to dream a nice dream. We need know what others are doing. We should care more about our friends. She felt it her duty to take good care of them. It作形式宾语，不定式是真正的宾语 动词

9、/动词短语介名词 n代词 pron动名词代词和数词to do不定式句子介词+名词第12页，共60页。（五）定语 是修饰_词.单词作定语时通常放在它所修饰的名词之_；短语和从句作定语时则放在它所修饰的名词之_。They are woman workers. Toms father didnt write home until yesterday. Mary is a beautiful girl. The play has three acts. This is her first trip to Europe. China is a developing country. I have not

10、hing to eat. Those who want to go to Tibet are to sign their names here. 名前后 名词名词所有格形容词 adj数词形容词 /序数词 /介词短语现在分词 doingto do 不定式从句第13页，共60页。六）状语 状语表示地点、时间、原因、目的、结果、条件、让步、伴随情况等。 The best fish swim near the bottom. I left the village five years ago. I arrived late because of the traffic jam . Well send

11、a car to fetch you. The fish can eat a person in two minutes , leaving only bones The students came into the classroom, singing and dancing. If he goes, so will I . Though he is a child, he knows a lot. 地点状语时间状语原因状语目的状语结果状语伴随状语条件状语让步状语第14页，共60页。七）宾语补足语。英语有些及物动词，除了要有宾语之外，还要加上宾语补足语，才能使句子的意义完整。They ele

12、cted me captain of the team. We try to make our country strong. We found everything in good order there. I should advise you to get the chance. I saw him going upstairs. They found the house broken in.名词形容词介词短语to do 不定式现在分词 doingdone 过去分词宾语和宾语补足语一起构成动词的复合结构第15页，共60页。八）主语补足语 如果上述结构变成被动语态，原宾语成为主语，原宾语补

13、足语相应地变为主语补足语I was elected captain of the team. Our country will be made strong.He died young. 他死时很年轻。（此句不是原宾补变过来的）She was called Lucy. 她名叫露西。He was seen to go upstairs.有人看见他上楼了。第16页，共60页。同位语是位于名词或代词后面的个别名词或名词词组，对前者进行补充说明The Great Wall, one of the wonders in the world, attracts a large number of fore

14、ign friends.This is my cousin, Helen. 这是我的表妹，海伦We students should study hard. / (students是we的同位语，都是指同一批学生）We all are students. / (all是we的同位语，都指同样的我们）九、同位语第17页，共60页。十. 独立成分 感叹词、应答词、呼语、插入语等，在句中可作独立成分，用逗号与其他成分隔开。第18页，共60页。Oh, my god!Come in, Mr Green.This , I think, is the best way to help them.感叹词呼语插入

15、语第19页，共60页。分词独立主格结构：分词作状语时其逻辑主语与句子的主语一致! 否则应有自己的逻辑主语，构成分词独立结构。例：错句：Studying hard,your score will go up.正确：(1) Studying hard,you can make your score go up.或 (2)If you study hard,your score will go up.解析：错句中分词studying没有自带逻辑主语，则其逻辑主语就是句子的主语，既your score . 显然做study的应是人，不应是your score（分数）. 正确句(1)更正了句子的主语,使

16、其与分词逻辑主语一致( 同为you );正确句(2)则使用条件分句带出study的主语,(不过已经不是分词结构了). 分词独立结构常省略being,having been.不过There being.的场合不能省略.如：第20页，共60页。 Hesatinfrontofthem,hisdustyfacemaskinghisage. Allthingsconsidered,thetripwillhavetobecalledoff. Game (being) over,he went home.He stands there,book (being) in hand. 独立结构还可用with、wi

17、thout引导，作状语或定语。这种结构不但可以用分词，还可以用不定式、形容词、介词短语、副词或名词等。如：With nothing to do,he fell asleep soon./无事可做，他很快就睡着了。The teacher came in,with glasses on his nose./老师进来了，戴着一付眼镜。（注意，此句on his nose不可省略！） 第21页，共60页。二.五种简单句基本句型主语+谓语+宾语主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语动词系动词不及物动词及物动词主语+系+表语主语+谓语第22页，共60页。1）Our city is at

18、the crossing of some important railways. 主语 系动词 表语 2）The city will become rich. 主语 系动词 表语在这类结构中最常用的系动词是： “变化”类：_. “感官”类: _. “持续”类：_. 其他：（似乎）_ _ (证明是)_get/ become/ turn/grow/gotaste/ smell/ feel/look/soundstay/ keep/remainSeem appearturn out/ prove(to be)1主语 + 系动词 + 表语第23页，共60页。Exercises你的故事听起来很有趣。_.

19、把鱼放在冰箱里，否则它会变坏的。_.这种炎热的天气将会保持几天。_.这个计划证明是可行的。_.Your story sounded very interesting.Put the fish into fridge, or they will go bad.The hot day will remain/stay/ keep a few days.The plan turned out/proved （to be) practical.第24页，共60页。一.纵观历年的高考题，对系动词的考查一直是高考中非常重要的热点之一，对于考生来说也是难点所在。高考对系动词考查的覆盖面广，涉及的系动词较多，

20、重点考查的是 get ，其次是 feel 和 remain ，考查的难度在逐年增大。 二 . 对表示状态变化的系动词的考查 英语中常见的表示状态变化的系动词有 get ， turn ， turn out （结果是）， go ， come （成为）， fall ， become 等。 第25页，共60页。1. 对 get 的考查 get 表示状态的改变，意为“变成，变得，做成”，它后面可以接形容词、 v-ing 形式、过去分词等。 Sarah, hurry up. Im afraid you wont have time to _ before the party. A. get changed

21、 B. get change C. get changing D. get to change 第26页，共60页。 Be careful when you cross this very busy street, if not, you may _ run over by a car. A. have B. get C. become D. turn As we joined the big crowd I got _ from my friends. A. separated B. spared C. lost D. missed 分析：例中考查的是“ get 过去分词”构成的系表结构。例

22、 get changed 意为“换衣服”，例 get run over 意为“碾过，压过”，例 get separated 意思是“冲散，分离”，所以正确答案分别是 A 、 B 、 A 。 第27页，共60页。2. 对 go 的考查 系动词 go 的意义是“变成，成为”，后多跟形容词，如 go bad, go mad, go wrong, go hungry, go sour 等。例如： On hearing the news of the accident in coal mine, she _ pale. A. got B. changed C. went D. appeared 分析：该

23、题考查的是“ go+adj. ”系表结构。 got 和 changed 不能与 pale 搭配起来表达这一状态的变化，而 appeared 是表示状态存在的系动词。所以正确答案是 C 。 第28页，共60页。3. 对 fall 的考查 系动词 fall 表示“（不知不觉地或突然地）进入状态”，后常跟形容词、副词或介词短语等，如： fall ill （生病）， fall apart （散开）， fall asleep, fall into a deep sleep （睡熟）。例如： As she _ the newspaper, Granny _ asleep. A.read; was fall

24、ing B. was reading; fell C. was reading; was falling D. read; fell 分析：该题第二空考查的是系动词“ fall+adj. ”结构， fall asleep 是短暂性动词短语，不能用于进行时态，故正确答案是 B 。句意是“她读报时，奶奶睡着了。”第29页，共60页。三 . 对表示状态存在的系动词的考查 常见的有 be, seem, appear, look, feel, smell, sound, keep, taste, remain, prove, stay, lie （处于某种状态）， stand （处于某种状态）等。 1.

25、 对 remain 的考查 系动词 remain 的意思是“保持，继续，依然不变”，后常接名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式等。 Having a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couple, but it remains _ whether they will enjoy it. A. to see B. to be seen C.seeing D. seen 第30页，共60页。 Although he has taken a lot of medicine, his health _ poor. A. proves B. remai

26、nsC. maintains D. continues 分析：例中的 remain 是个半系动词，“有待被看，证实”，所以应用不定式的被动式，故答案是 B 。例中 remain poor 意为“仍然很差”， maintain 意为“维持，保持，继续”，不与形容词 poor 连用，所以正确答案是 B 。 第31页，共60页。2. 对 stay 的考查 stay 意为“保持原状，维持”，后面可以接形容词、副词、介词短语、名词等。 The weather has stayed warm all week. Why dont you put the meat in the fridge? It wil

27、l _ fresh for several days. A. be stayed B. stay C. be staying D. have stayed 分析：该题考查的是系动词 stay 后接形容词（ fresh ）的系表结构，它表示一种存在的状态，主动形式表示被动意义，这种结构一般不能用于进行时态，所以正确答案是 B 。 第32页，共60页。3. 对 appear 的考查 appear 的含义是“似乎，好像，看来（如关于某人的性格、感情或意图）”，此时不用进行式，后接形容词、名词、动词不定式等。 She appeared rather upset about something. 看来有

28、些什么事使她心烦。 Do let your mother know all the truth. She appears _ everything. （上海 2001 ） A. to tell B. to be told C. to be telling D. to have been told 第33页，共60页。分析：句意是“一定要把一切真相告诉你妈妈。她看上去已经知道一切事情。”句中 tell 后面没有宾语，故用不定式的被动式，又因为“知道一切”发生在“告诉真相”之前，要用完成式。所以正确答案是 D 。4. 对 feel 的考查 feel 的意思是“感觉是，似乎”，后常接形容词、副词、介

29、词短语等。 I love to go to the seaside in summer. It _ good to lie in the sun or swim in the cool sea. A. does B. feels C. gets D. makes 第34页，共60页。 - Do you like the material? - Yes, it _ very soft.A.is feeling B.felt C.feels D.is felt 分析：这两道考题考查的是“ fell+adj. ”的系表结构。例中 feel good 意为“感觉舒服”；例 feel soft 意为“摸

30、上去软和”，此时，主动结构表示被动的含义。所以正确答案分别是 B 和 C 。 第35页，共60页。5. 对系动词 look 的考查 look 有“看来，显得”等意，后面常接形容词、介词短语、不定式短语、从句等。 The plan looks good on paper, but will it work? 这个计划从表面上看来不错，但能行得通吗？ -You dont look very _. Are you ill? - No,Im just a bit tired.A. good B. well C. strong D. healthy 分析：尽管提供的四个备选项都是形容词，但 look w

31、ell 的意思是“看上去气色好”，符合对话的语境，故正确答案是 B 。第36页，共60页。6. 对 sound 的考查 sound 有“听起来，令人觉得，似乎”等含义，后面可以接形容词、名词短语、介词短语、不定式等。 She sounds to be a very strange woman. 听起来她似乎是一个非常古怪的女人。 What he said sounds _ . A. nicely B. pleasantly C. friendly D. wonderfully 分析：四个选项中只有 friendly 是形容词，可以和 sound 连用构成系表结构，其他三项都是副词，只能作状语不

32、能作表语，所以正确答案是 C 。 第37页，共60页。7. 对 taste 的考查 taste 在使用时不用进行时态，含义是“尝起来，有某种特殊的味道”，一般接形容词构成系表结构。 These oranges taste nice. 这些橙子味道很好。 These oranges taste _ . A.good B. well C. to be good D. to be well 分析： taste 是系动词，所以要用形容词 good 作其表语。 well 作形容词时，意思是“健康的”，只能形容人，不能形容物。故正确答案是 A 。 第38页，共60页。8. 对 smell 的考查 smel

33、l 经常与形容词连用，意思是“闻起来，有气味，发出的气味”。 This book smells old. 这本书有一股霉味。 We dont care if a hunting dog smells _, but we really dont want him to smell _ . A. well; well B. bad; bad C. well; badly D. badly; bad 分析：第一空前的 smell 是不及物动词，意为“嗅，闻，有嗅觉”，副词 badly 修饰 smells ；而第二空前的 smell 是系动词，与形容词 bad 构成系表结构。 答案为D第39页，共60

34、页。2主语 + 谓语1）Building has started. 主语 谓语2）The train leaves at 7:40. 主语 谓语_搭配：The teacher teaches well. The child walks very slowly._搭配： The girl looked at the picture. The children ran to the forest.动词副词动词介词第40页，共60页。Exercise我每天起的很早，走到小花园，坐在凳子上。小鸟在树上欢快的歌唱，鱼儿在池塘 里自由的嬉戏，我玩得也高兴. _.Every day I get up ear

35、ly, walk to the park and sit on the bench.The birds sings happily in the tree, the fish plays freely in the pool and I also enjoys myself.第41页，共60页。主语可有修饰语-定语，谓语可有修饰语-状语。如: 1. The red sun rises in the east.2. So they had to travel by air or boat.3.We got up early so as to catch the first bus.4. She

36、sat there alone, reading a novel.5. He came back when we were eating.6.Weak buildings will fall down in an earthquake, but strong ones may stay up.第42页，共60页。3主语 + 谓语 + 宾语1）The boss employed five more workers. 主语 谓语 宾语2）My brother takes care of the vegetable garden.3）Few students like taking exams.4）

37、He forgot to close the door.5）I hope I can speak English fluently. 第43页，共60页。Exercise他车子开得如此快以至于违反了交通规则。_.他拿出一瓶啤酒，很快将其喝光。_.他许诺给我一个礼物。_.He drove his car so fast that he broke the traffic rules.He took out a beer and drank it up quickly.He promised to give me a gift.第44页，共60页。4主语 + 谓语 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语1）H

38、e has fetched us some new textbooks. 主语 谓语 间接宾语 直接宾语2）Grandma cooked us a nice meal. 主语 谓语 间接宾语 直接宾语 3）The man told the girl that he wants to test her the subject. 4）The boy asked me if I could speak Chinese.第45页，共60页。顺便问一下，她把钱付给你了吗？_.下学期谁教你们生物？_.Mr. White告诉我为什么他要出国。_.By the way, has she paid you mo

39、ney?Who will teach you biology next term?Mr. White told me why he went abroad.第46页，共60页。但若要先说出直接宾语（事物），后说间接宾语（人），则要借助于介词to或for。如： He brings cookies to me every day. She made a beautiful dress for me.第47页，共60页。用to侧重指动作的方向，表示朝着，向着，对着某人。用for 侧重指动作的受益者，表示为了某人，替某人。常跟双宾语的动词有：（需借助to的）bring, give, lend, han

40、d, offer, pass, pay, promise, return, send, show, teach, tell, write, ask等；（需借助for 的） buy, call, cook, choose, draw, find, get, make, order, sing, save, spare等。第48页，共60页。巩固练习：1Johnson 先生去年教我们德语。 2奶奶昨晚给我们讲了一个有趣的故事。 3请把那本字典递给我好吗？ 4他把车票给列车员看。 Mr Johnson taught us German last year. Grandma told me an in

41、teresting story last night. Would you please pass me the dictionary? He showed the ticket to the conductor. 第49页，共60页。巩固练习： 5我替你叫辆出租汽车好吗？6新式机器将会为你节省许多劳动。7他用他的第一个月工资给他妈妈买了一件毛衣。 Shall I call you a taxi? The new machine will save you a lot of labour. 7.He bought a new coat for his mother with his first

42、 months salary.第50页，共60页。5主语 + 谓语 + 宾语 + 宾语补足语1）The villagers didnt allow them to do this. 主语 谓语 宾语 宾语补足语 2）I will keep the box in the shade. 3）We found him a very good pupil.4）She let me stay in the company.参看第15张第51页，共60页。Exercise他总是把他的卧室收拾得干干净净。_.我建议他多读点书。_. 他修了机器。_.我们选他当班长。_.He always keeps his

43、room cleanI suggest him reading more books.He had his machine repaired.We made him monitor.第52页，共60页。 用 it 做形式宾语，而将真正的宾语放到宾语补足语的后面，以使句子结构平衡，是英语常用的句型结构方式。即：主语+谓语+it+宾补+真正宾语。如：I found it very pleasant to be with your family.第53页，共60页。 巩固练习：1我们叫她Alice. 2我们大家都认为他是诚实的。 3他们已经把小偷释放了。 4我要你把真相告诉我。 5 .卫兵命令我们立

44、即离开。 6. 每天早晨我们都听到他大声朗读英语。 7他每个月理一次发8我们不会让她在晚上外出的。 We call her Alice. All of us considered him honest.They have set the thief free. I want you to tell me the truth. The guards ordered us to leave at once. Every morning we hear him read English aloud. He has his hair cut every month. We wont let her go out at night. 第54页，共60页。9那可怕的声音把孩子们吓坏了 10她正在听人家讲故事。11我从来没看见这个字这样用过。 12他感到很难跟你交谈。 13我认为有可能用另一种方法解题。 14学校定了一条规则，开始上课时学生要起立。 The terrible sound made the children frightened. She is listening to some