土木工程专业英语Unit-9-Water-supply-and-Drainage-Engineering课件

1、Water supply and Drainage Engineering给水排水工程Unit 9learning guidance ：1. Master：配水系统的组成部分及联合形式，配水系统的作用及设计2. Teaching important point ： 配水系统3.Teaching difficult point ： 科技英语翻译技巧：否定的译法9.1 INTRODUCTION 给排水工程是城市基础设施的一个组成部分。为了保障人民生活和工业生产，城市必须具有完善的给水和排水系统。 给排水分类生产给水消防给水生活给水室内给水工程热水供应系统居住小区给排水水景及游泳池高层建筑给排水建筑

2、中水系统室内排水工程雨水排水系统建筑给排水工程建筑给排水城市排水系统9.2 Part I Distribution SystemsQuestions:（1） For what purpose are distribution systems designed ?（2） What are the components consist of a distribution system?一、Words and Phrases 1. hydrant /haidrEnt/ n. 消防栓，消防龙头2. cavitation /kQviteiSEn/ n. 气穴现象3. hydropneumatic /ha

3、idrEunju:mQtik/ adj. 液压气动的，水和空气协同作用的4. stagnation /stQgneiSEn/ n. 停滞5. booster pumps 增压泵6. meters 水表7. water hammer 水锤8. pressure reducing valves 减压阀二、Distribution Systems(配水系统)The distribution system consists of booster pumps, meters, storage tanks, control valves, and hydrants. This part of the sy

4、stem is often neglected because much of it is underground and out of sight, but it needs and deserves almost as much operator attention as source and treatment facilities.配水管网由增压泵，管道，水表，贮水箱，控制阀和消火栓组成。由于多数配件埋于地下，配水管网往往被忽略不受重视。但事实上配水管网值得像供水设施和水处理设施同样的关注。An adequate distribution system is able to provi

5、de a sufficient amount of safe water to all users at a pressure that will satisfy normal needs. It also provides water without undue(过度的) water loss.优良的配水管网能为用户提供满足日常用水的安全水源，并减少水源流失。Distribution systems may be generally classified as grid systems, branching systems, or a combination of these. The co

6、nfiguration of the system is dictated primarily by street patterns, topography, degree and type of development of the area, and location of treatment and storage works. 配水系统一般可分为环状管网、枝状管网或这两种的联合形式。给水管网的结构形式主要由街道形式、地形条件、该地区的发展程度、类型及水处理厂和水库的位置等决定。A grid system is usually preferred to a branching syste

7、m, since it can furnish a supply to any point from at least two directions. The branching system does not permit this type of circulation, since it has numerous terminals or dead ends. A grid or combination system can also incorporate loop feeders, which act to distribute the flow to an area from se

8、veral directions. 一般情况下与枝状管网相比首选环状管网，因为它可以至少从两个方向对任意一点供水。环状管网因为有很多的端点和死水点，所以不会有这样的循环供水方式。环状管网或联合形式还可以合并为环状供水，也就是从多个方向对一个区域分配流量。二、Piping MaterialsA variety of pipe materials are available for use in a public water supply system to carry water under pressure. They include plastic, ductile iron, steel

9、and concrete. Service pipesthose running from the distribution system to a customermay be made of copper, plastic, iron, steel, or brass.市政给水系统可用各种管道材料负压给水。管道材料包括，塑料，延性铁，钢以及混凝土。给水管由配水管网铺设至用户的管道，可以是铜，塑料，铁，钢或黄铜材质。三、ValvesValves are a very important part of the distribution system because they regulate

10、 the flow of water, reduce pressure, provide air and vacuum relief, blow off or drain water from parts of the system and prevent backflow.控制阀是配水管网的重要部分，它调控水流，减压，排气，真空保压,分流或溢流泄压和防止逆流。Valves of any size need to be operated slowly. Water hammer is caused by closing the valve too quickly. When water is

11、suddenly stopped, shock waves are generated, which cause large pressure increases throughout the system. These shock waves travel quickly and can cause extensive damage, sometimes splitting pipes or blowing fittings completely off the system. Frequently in the operation of valves, conditions cause a

12、 partial vacuum or void to occur on the downstream side of a valve. These voids will fill with low-pressure vapors from the water. 阀门应该轻开轻关。水锤现象由迅速关闭阀门所致。水流急速停止时会产生冲击波，进一步致使给水系统增压。冲击波流动迅速，可产生大面积危害，有时会震裂水管或将管件冲出给水系统。迅速操作阀门会使阀门水流侧形成真空，真空与低压下分离出的气泡相融合。When these pockets implode or collapse, they create

13、 a mechanical shock causing pockets of metal to break away from the valve surface. A noisy or vibrating valve may be an indication that cavitation is occurring, which will eventually result in leaks and a valve unsuitable for service.当气泡破碎时形成机械冲击，致使阀门内部金属构件脱离阀门。若有噪音或震动表示有气穴现象发生，进而导致系统渗漏和阀门性能减弱。四、Pre

14、ssure Reducing ValvesPressure reducing valves reduce the water pressure by restricting the flow. Pressure on the downstream side of the valve regulates the amount of flow permitted through it.减压阀通过限制流量来减压。阀门水流侧压力控制通过这一端的水流量。Small water systems may have a small amount of storage in the form of a hydr

15、opneumatic tankeither a standard pressure tank with an air/water interface, or a captive air tank. Other systems might have ground level concrete or steel storage tanks or elevated steel tanks which serve the system by gravity.小型给水系统所需贮水量少，因此用液压气动储箱带气/水界面的标准压力罐，或是自备燃气罐。其他系统用置于地面的混凝土或钢材储罐，或是架空钢材储罐重力给

16、水。Small hydropneumatic pressure tanks, are used to maintain pressure within the distribution system and to prevent well pumps from cycling too frequently. Larger hydropneumatic tanks use on-site, permanent, air charging devices to maintain the needed air pressure within the vessel.小型液压气动储存罐用来维持给水系统压

17、力和避免井泵运作过快。大型储存罐用换气装置提供所需气压。五、Looped Systems and Dead End Mains Water lines should be installed to loop back into another part of the distribution system. This allows circulation of water to all users. Dead ends should be avoided. The lack of movement of the water in these lines will cause stagnatio

18、n and result in the growth of slimes and bacteria, and development of taste and odor problems.给水管道应被安装在系统间回环，以此为所有用户供水。应尽量避免死水端。不流动会导致水源停滞进而引起细菌滋长，水质变差产生异味。六、Leak Detection ProgramLeak detection programs are an effective way to reduce operating and maintenance costs. If leaks can be detected when th

19、ey are small, the system may save many dollars, hours of work and possible property damage. Leaks not only waste water but may create an environment around the pipe which increases corrosion. Once corrosion develops pinhole leaks in the pipe, contamination can be drawn into the system when the press

20、ure in the pipe is reduced.渗漏检测系统是降低系统安装和维修费用的有效途径。若渗漏在初期就被检测到，可节省下物力财力及可能的财产危害。渗漏不只浪费水资源，它会引起渗漏管道区侵蚀，当腐蚀程度加重管道形成孔状渗漏，在管道内压力变小的条件下污染便会在给水系统内发生。To effect the hydraulic design of a water distribution system, information must be available on the anticipated local rates of water consumption, the manner

21、in which these design flows are distributed geographically, and the required pressure gradients for the system. It should be reemphasized that the designer ought to investigate both the maximum day rate plus fire protection and the maximum hourly rate to determine which will govern the design. 为配水系统

22、做水利设计，需清楚该配水区的预计用水量，不同地段的设计流量，及所要求的气压梯度。应该再次强调的是设计人员要研究包括在内的日最大用水量和每小时最大用水量，以便确定用哪一个量控制设计。The spatial distribution of consumption can be estimated by studying population densities, and commercial and industrial use pattern, that are known or predicted for the region.通过研究人口密度、商业与工业用水格局，能够估算出耗水量的空间分布；

23、对于一个区域来说，人口密度、商业与工业用水格局也可以知道或预测出来。七、 Exercises I. Read the whole passage and answer the following questions.1. For what purpose are distribution systems designed?2. What are the three types distribution systems generally classified?3. What are the components consist of a distribution system?4. What

24、is the function of a valve?5. What is the reason that causes a water hammer?6. What is the function of a pressure reducing valve and how does it work?7. What are the functions of storage reservoirs?8. What are the functions of loop feeders in a grid or combination system?9. Should dead ends be avoid

25、ed? What is the reason?10. What information must be available to effect the hydraulic design of a water distribution system?II. Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text.1. The _ consists of booster pumps, meters, storage tanks, control valves, and hydrants. 2. The _is dictated prima

26、rily by street patterns, topography, degree and type of development of the area, and location of treatment and storage works.3. The total amount of water delivered to the customers is usually measured in _ (mgd), or in _ (gpcd) which is the total number of gallons divided by the number of persons be

27、ing served. 4. A noisy or vibrating valve may be an indication that _ is occurring, which will eventually result in leaks and a valve unsuitable for service.5. Small water systems may have a small amount of storage in the form of a _. Other systems might have ground level concrete or steel storage t

28、anks or elevated steel tanks which serve the system _.6. If it is necessary to have a dead end line, a _ or a _ should be installed on the end of the line so stagnant water can be routinely discharged.III. Translate the following terms into English.引入管 室内给水系统 生活给水系统 消防给水系统 配水器具 . 卫生器具 市政管道 . 存水弯 建筑给

29、水系统 建筑排水系统IV. Translate the following sentences into Chinese.1. The function of a drainage system in a building is to remove safely and quickly sanitary sewage, industrial wastes, and rainwater.2. In locations where sharp changes in topography occur it is common practice to divide the distribution s

30、ystem into two or more service areas or zones. This precludes the difficulty of extremely high pressure in low-lying areas in order to maintain reasonable pressures at higher elevations.3. Usual practice is to interconnect the various systems, with the interconnections closed off by valves during no

31、rmal operations.4. A water supply engineering for a town usually includes a storage reservoir at the source of the supply, a pipeline from the storage reservoir to the distribution reservoir near the town, and finally the distribution pipes buries in the street. 5. A pump is a mechanical device that

32、 adds energy to water or other liquids. In most water distribution systems, pumps are needed to raise the water in elevation and to move it through the network of water mains under pressure. 6. Sometimes it is necessary to increase the pressure within the distribution system or to raise the water in

33、to an elevated storage tank,; booster pumps can be used for this purpose. 7. Plumbing is the practice, materials, and fixtures used in installing, maintaining, and altering of pipes, appliances, and appurtenances, utilized for potable water supply, sanitary or storm drainage and venting systems. 8.

34、The individual pipes used to collect and transport wastewater are called sewers, and the network of sewers used to collect wastewater from a community is known as a collection system. 9.3 Part II Reading MaterialsText A: House Water-Supply SystemsText B: Distribution Reservoirs and PumpsRequirements

35、 of reading materials:( it is arranged by teachers)英语里表示否定意义的词汇、语法手段等和汉语不完全相同。因此，在翻译科技英语资料时，对于否定句须特别注意。要正确翻译英语否定形式，必须对英语各种否定句型的意义正确理解，才能使汉语译文正确表达英语原文的意义。英语中的否定句型大致上可划分为五类：1）完全否定（full negative）。常见的否定词有：no, not, none, never, nothing, nobody, nowhere, neither, nor 等。 2）几乎否定（semi negative）。常见的否定词有：hardl

36、y， scarcely, seldom, barely, few, little 等。 3）部分否定（partial negative）。常见的否定表达有：not every, not all, not both, not many, not much, not often, not always 等。 8.4 Part III Translation of EST(8)-否定的译法4)双重否定（double negative）。常用的否定表达有：no.not, without.not, not.until, never.without, not.too 等。 5）意义上的否定（words w

37、ith negative implication）。英语中有些单词或词组，虽然形式上是肯定的，但在意义上是否定的。常见的单词有动词、名词、形容词、副词、介词、连词。例如：fail, without, beyond, until, unless, lest, ignorant, refrain, neglect, absence。常见的词组有：but for, free from, short of, far from, too.to(do), but that, rather than, instead of 等。 下面综合探讨一下各类否定句的译法。1. 全部否定的译法 英语中用来表示全部否定

38、意义的词或短语很多，主要有以下这些：never, none, not, no, neither, nothing, nobody, nowhere, not at all 等。含有这些词的否定句通常均译成汉语的全部否定句，翻译过程中无须考虑其所修饰的成分以及句子中所占的地位，只要注意译文符合汉语表达习惯即可。Neither refractory materials nor magnetic materials can be used to make the part.耐火材料和磁性材料都不适合生产这种零件。 He can analyze neither of the circuits.这两个电

39、路他一个也不能分析。He knows none of the electronic meters.这些电子仪表他全都不知道。2. 几乎否定的译法 几乎否定词，通常是以下这些词：hardly, scarcely, rarely, barely, seldom, few, almost no, little 等。翻译成汉语时，一般可以译成“极少”、“几乎没有”、“几乎不”、“很少”等。如：It seldom makes such difference to the user which winding or windings are tapped.哪个绕组或哪些绕组上有分接头，对使用者来说这没有多

40、大区别。The installed capacity in this power plant hardly changes at all.这个电厂的装机容量几乎没有什么变化。There was little electric power supply in China before 1949.在一九四九年之前中国几乎没有什么电力供应。 Little information is given as to damage of the machine.关于机器损坏情况的信息极少。Curiously, Uranus has almost no such excess heat.奇怪的是，天王星几乎没有

41、这种多余的热量。Much of Britains liner fleet rarely sees a British port.英国远洋货轮很少在本国港口停靠。3. 部分否定的译法(1)如果句子中的主语带有不定代词或形容词all, both, each, some, many, every, everybody, everyone, everything 等，并与not 构成否定句，这种句子不表示完全否定，而只是部分否定句子的内容，在翻译时通常译为“不都是”、“并非都”、“不全是”。All metals do not conduct electricity equally well. 并非所有

42、金属的导电性能同样好。 Every electric motor here is not new.这里的电机不全是新的。Each transistor in the box is not out of order.盒子里的晶体管并非每一个都是坏的。Both of the instruments are not digital ones.这两种仪表不全是数字的。Both the instruments are not precision ones.这两件东西不都是精密仪器。(2)如果否定句中带有副词always, entirely, completely, totally, altogether

43、, often, quite, enough 等，句子也表示部分否定，一般应翻译成“不总是”、“不全是”、“不常”等。Digital oscilloscopes cannot be often used in our experiments.数字示波器不常用在我们的实验中。The water is not hot enough.水不够热。4. 双重否定的译法英语中的双重否定形式通常由否定词no, not, never等表示否定意义的词连用构成，如nowithout, withoutnot, neverwithout, not/nonethe less, not/neverunless, no

44、lessthan, notuntil, notany the less, impossiblewithout等。 有一些双重否定词因其本身含义的确定性，在翻译成汉语时通常译成固定的意思，比如toonot to, not tooto 一般译成“太肯定会”、“必然”、“不要不”等。 Without electricity, there could be no todays civilization. 没有电也就没有现代文明。 There is no rule that has no exception.任何规则都有例外。There is no modern communication mean t

45、hat has no disadvantage.现代通信手段都有缺点。No flow of water occurs unless there is a difference in pressure.如果没有压差，水也就不会流动。Now no spaceship cannot be loaded with man.现在的宇宙飞船都能够载人了。It is impossible for electricity to be converted into certain energy without something lost.电转换成某种能量时不可能不产生损耗。There is nothing u

46、nexpected in the simulation investigation.仿真研究的一切都在预料之中。All these electric protective devices should not be unboxed or unwrapped until the moment for fitting has arrived. 不到安装这些电气保护装置是不应打开包装箱或包装纸。5. 意义否定的译法意义否定即内容否定，是指英语中某些形式上肯定，内容上否定的句子，也有人称其为含蓄否定句。句子中没有否定词，但意义上却是否定的，而且有时否定的语气还很强烈。原因是句中有带否定意义的词或词组，翻译是要把否定的意义明确译出。如：The performance of the machine is short of the requirements.机器的性能没有达到要求。 Short of transformers, they make their own in their lab. 没有变压器，他们在实验室自