主旨大意题讲与练

1、 阅读理解解题指导 （主旨大意题）特点：这种题型要求考生能够把握文章的总体，并真正理解主题和中心；要求能较好地运用概括、判断、归纳、推理等逻辑思维方法解题，难度较大，属于高层次题。分类： 1确定文章的标题和主题(title or topic) 标题位于文章之首，用来高度概括文章内容，点明文章主题。它可以是单词，短语，也可以是句子。要确定文章标题，首先，要在阅读原文的基础上，考虑标题是否与主题密切相关；其次，看标题是否能概括全文内容。不能只概括短文中的某些事实或细节；然后，要注意标题范围不应太大或太小；最后，标题应简练并能吸引读者。主题的内涵与标题相似。常见的标题型题干：1)The best t

2、itle/ headline for this passage might be_.2)The text (passage) could be entitled _.3)What is the best title for the passage? 4) Which of the following would be suitable as a title for the passage? 常见的主题型题干：5) This passage chiefly deals with_.6) Whats the topic of the article?7)What is the subject di

3、scussed in the text?8) With what topic is the passage chiefly concerned?相关练习： A)Kleptomania is an illness of the mind that gives a person the desire to steal. Such a person is not really a thief. They are sick and cannot help themselves. All small children act naturally and as they grow up they norm

4、ally learn to control their actions. People with kleptomania for certain medical reasons have failed to develop control over their desire to take things that do not belong to them. With medical help they may become normal citizens again. They things that a kleptomaniac steals are seldom of great val

5、ue. They often give away what they have stolen or collect objects without using them. Q: What is the topic of the text? A. Young Thieves. B. An Unusual Illness.C. Reasons for stealing D. A Normal Childs Actions B) In the 1930s, a lot of people in the USA were out of work. Among these people was a ma

6、n named Alfred Butts. He always had an interest in word games and to fill his time he planned a game which he called “Lexico”. However, he was not completely satisfied with the game, so he made a number of changes to it and changed its name from “ Lexico” to “Alph” and then to “Criss Cross”. He want

7、ed to make some money from his new game but he didnt have any real commercial(商业性的)success.Q: The text is mainly about_.A. Lexico B. Three men C . A word game D. Alfred Butts.C)In Shanxi Province you may be offered brains to eat. Frightened? You shouldnt be, because these brains are only a kind of f

8、ood, which is famous for its unusual name and rich nutrition.(营养). Brains as a kind of food were invented more than 300 years ago by Fu Shan, an artist whose mother had been ill for along time. To help her become well again, he studied medicine and invented a kind of soup(汤)made of meat, vegetables

9、and a number of Chinese medicines. Rich wine was also used in the soup to help illness caused by old age. Fus soup became the talk of the town. Many people came to see him. One day a restaurant owner asked him what was in the soup. “Ill tell you,” Fu said, “ but if your restaurant is going to sell t

10、he soup, you must call it brains because of its shape and color. And your restaurant should be renamed after my mother.”Q: The best headline for this newspaper article is _. A. A Good Son B. A Special Soup C. How to Make Brains D. How to Live Long Life.D)Boston Thieves dressed as police entered a mu

11、seum early Sunday and stole 11 paintings, including major works by Rembrandt, Dagas, Manet and Vermerr, FBI (美国联邦调查局) and the museum officials said. The first judgment placed value of at least $100 million on the works stolen from the Isabella Gardener Museum, said Boston police spokes-man Jim Torda

12、n William Bobinson of Harvard Universitys Foggel Museum, called the objects stolen “major works.” Q: What is the best headline for this newspaper article ?A. A Theft Took Place in Boston B. Artworks stolen by ThievesC. Major Works D. Investigation into the theftE)As prices and building costs keep ri

13、sing, the “do-it-yourself” (DIY) trend in the U.S. continues to grow.John and Jim are not unusual people. Most families in the country are doing everything they can to save money so they can fight the high cost of living. If you want to become a “do-it-yourself, you can go to DIY classes. And for th

14、ose who dont have time to take a course, there are books that tell you how you can do things yourself.Q: What would be the bets title for the text?A. The joy of DIY B. You can Do It Too! C. Welcome to Our DIY Course! D. Ross and Hatfield: Believers in DIY主题句（topic sentence）及主旨大意(main idea)的概括 一篇文章一般

15、表达一个中心内容或主题。这个中心内容或主题通常用一个句子来概括。此句叫做主题句。这类题主要考查读者把握全文内容或理解中心思想的能力，也包括分析归纳文章的段落大意，重要情节，人物特征，写作特点的能力。一般来说，说明文和议论文都有主题句，而且多位于文章的开头，有时也位于文章的中间或末尾。但有时不能在文中直接找到主题句，要求读者把握每段的主题句，弄清段于段之间逻辑关系的基础上自己归纳总结。主题句必须能简洁明了地概括全文的主要内容，具有高度的综合性和概括性。文章或段落的其他句子都是对主题句的进一步解释,说明,论证或扩展. 常见的主题句和主旨型题干：1) What is the topic senten

16、ce of the passage?2)This article/text/passage mainly tells that _.3) Which of the following gives a general idea of the passage?4) Which of the following is the main idea of the passage?5) This passage is mainly concerned with _ .6) Which of the following best sum up the passage? 7)Which of the foll

17、owing can summarize the main idea of this text?8) Which of the following can best express the main idea of the passage?相关练习： A)1）文首开门见山, 提出主题, 随之用细节来解释, 支撑或发展主题句所表达的主题思想. 最常见的演绎法写作方式.Passage 1The panda is a popular animal. Stories about the panda in the Washington Zoo are always front page news and

18、important features on television newscasts. Stuffed pandas are among the most popular toys for children, and panda postcards are always in demand in zoo gift shops.Passage 2 Today the problem of environment has become more and more serious. The world population is rising, so quickly that the world h

19、as become too crowded. We are using up our natural resources too quickly and at the same time we are polluting our environment with dangerous chemicals. If we continue to do this, human life on earth will not survive. Man has made great progress in environment protection. Governments of many countri

20、es have established laws to protect the forests and sea resources and waste water and poisonous gases have been also dealt with. Still more measures should be taken to solve the problems. People should be further educated to realize the importance of the problem, to use modern methods of birth contr

21、ol and learn to recycle our natural resources. We are sure that we shall have a better and cleaned planet in the future.2). 首尾呼应为突出主题, 作者先提出主题, 结尾时再次点出主题, 这种首尾呼应的写作方式较为多见. 但前后表述主题的句子不是简单的重复, 后面的表述往往有进一步的引申或发展的意味。Passage 3 （首段）Shu Pulong has helped at least 1000 people bitten by snakes, “ It was seei

22、ng people with snakes bites that led me to the career. “ she said（尾段）“ The sad story touched me so much that I decided to devote myself to helping people bitten by snakes. Shu said.3). 文尾在表述细节后, 归纳要点, 印象, 结论建议或结果, 以概括主题. 这是英语中最常见的归纳法写作方式 passage4A human body appears to be rather soft and delicate, c

23、ompared with that of a wild animal, but it is actually surprisingly strong. In deed, its very softness and looseness is an advantage; it makes man good at moving about movement of all living things of his own size, because he can do so many different things with his limbs. Mans games show how he can

24、 control his own body. No other land creature can swim as skillfully as man; more has such varied grace; very few lives as long as he; none is so strong in its natural resistance to disease. Therefore man has a great advantage in his battle against the risks of damage and death that threaten him. 4)

25、. 文中 通常前面只提出问题， 文中的主题由随之陈述的细节或合乎逻辑的引申在文中导出, 而后又作进一步的解释, 支撑或发展.Passage5Nothing is as useful as a flashlight in a dark night if a tire goes flat. Few inventions are so helpful to a child who is afraid of the dark. In fact, the modern flashlight brings light to many dark situations. Finding something i

26、n the back of a closet is easy with a flashlight in hand a camper also needs one after the light of the campfire has been out.5). 无主题句即主题句隐含在全文中, 没有明确的主题句. 必须根据文篇中所提供的事实细节，进行全面考虑，综合分析，然后找出共同的东西，归纳成一般概念。必须注意的是，既不能以偏概全，也不能在概括时过于宽泛，要恰如其分。 Passage6Joshua Bingham studied 4 years at the University of Pari

27、s and decided to leave his graduation. He transferred to the University of Berlin and graduated with honors. Harvard Law School and, later, Boston College provided him with an excellent legal background. He is presently a corporation lawyer in Miami, Florida. Q: What is the main idea of the passage?

28、A. How Joshua Bingham became a lawyer.B. Bingham is a diligent student.C. Joshua Bingham received an excellent education.D. A good lawyer needs good education. 【解题思路】 此文没有主题句。全篇共四句，只陈述了四个细节(detail)性的事实。因此就答案本身看，个个都对。读者只能将所有的details综合起来，进行逻辑推理，才能构成一个没有言明的主题思想(unstated main idea)。由于文中主要涉及了Joshua Bingh

29、am接受教育的情况，即作者想告诉我们的是：Joshua Bingham接受过良好的教育，所以答案是 B)On the night of the party Merlin rolled into the room playing his violin. Everyone was astonished to see him. There was just one problem. Merlin had no way to stop his roller skater. He rolled on and on. Suddenly he ran into a huge mirror that was

30、hanging on the wall. Down fell the mirror, breaking to pieces. Nobody forgot Merlins grand entrance for a long time! Q: What is the main point the writer is trying to make in the paragraph?A. The roller skates needed further improvement.B. The party guests took Merlin for a fool!C. Merlin succeeded

31、beyond expectation.D. Merlin got himself into trouble.C) Reading is the key to school success and, like any skill it Takes practice. A child learns to walk by practicing until he no longer has to think about how to put one foot in front of the other. A great athlete practices until he can play quick

32、ly, accurately(精确), without thinking. Tennis players call that “ being” in the zone.” Educators call it “ automaticity (自如).Question: The first paragraph tells us _.A. what automaticity is B. how accuracy is acquired (获得)C. how a child learns to walk D. how an athlete is trained. D)You dream each night, even though you may not remember your dreams. While you dream your eyes move and your