英语词汇应试技巧

1、集体名词作主语主谓一致1)通常作复数的集体名词集体名词，如：police, people, cattle, militia, poultry等，通常作复数，用复数动词。如：Domestic cattle provide us with milk, beef and hides.2)通常作不可数名词的集体名词有些集体名词，如foliage, machinery, equipment, furniture, merchandise,通常作不可数名词，随后的动词用单数。例如：All the machinery in the factory is made in China.3)既可作单数也可作复数的

2、集体名词集体名词，如audience, committee, class, crew, family, public, government等，既可作单数，也可作复数用。The city council is meeting to set its agenda.4)a committee,etc. of +复数名词如果主语是由“a committee of /a panel of /a board of +复数名词”构成，随后的动词通常用单数。例如：A committee of five men and three women is to consider the matter.近义词辨析ti

3、red, exhausted, fatigued, weary, worn out这组词均含有“疲惫的”的意思。tired可指因体力或脑力消耗太多而需要休息，还可指因长期做某事而失去兴趣。Henry was so tired that he went to bed immediately after he got home.亨利很疲惫，一到家就上床睡觉去了。exhausted表达的疲惫程度最强，指因劳累过度而精疲力竭。The exhausted engineer fell asleep on the bus.精疲力竭的工程师在公共汽车上睡着了。fatigued所表达的疲劳程度比tired和we

4、ary强，表示由于过度劳累而引起疲乏，不能再继续下去。He felt fatigued and didnt want to say a single word.他疲惫不堪，不想说一句话。weary语气比tired强，指由于长时间努力工作或由于做单一的事而引起疲倦。After a long and weary wait, the plane finally came to take them back.经过漫长而又令人疲乏的等待后，飞机终于来接他们回去了。worn out词不太正式，多用于口语。The troops were wornout after winning the battle.战后

5、,部队疲惫不堪。关于used to的意义和用法：used to (只有过去时形式，没有现在时形式)表示过去习惯动作或状态，这种情况现已不复存在。例如：He used to smoke a lot, but he has long given up smoking.在否定陈述句或否定疑问句中，用didnt use to或usednt to均可：He didnt use to smoke cigarettes.He usednt to smoke cigarettes.Didnt Maria use to be interested in the theatre ?Usednt Maria to

6、be interested in the theatre ?在肯定疑问句中也可有两种形式：Used you to go to the same school as Edward ?Did you use to go to the same school as Edward ?近义词辨析use, apply, avail, employ, utilize这组词均含有“使用”或“利用”之意。use强调利用人或物作为工具。He used up all his resources in experimenting with the new paint.他为实验新的涂料，花光了一切钱财。apply指把某

7、物或某种方法、原理等加以应用。We should not only know the theory but also know how to apply it to practice.我们不仅要知道理论，还要知道怎样把理论应用于实践。avail指使用就近的或他人给予的东西，或使别人为自己提供服务。I dont think complaints will avail you much.我觉得抱怨对你没多大用处。We avail ourselves of every opportunity to speak English.我们利用一切机会讲英语。employ指使用未被利用的东西；用于人时表示雇用

8、。He doesnt know how to employ his energy and time.他不知道该怎么利用他的精力和时间。utilize指充分发挥某物的作用，使无用的东西变有用，或使人或物有新用途。She hopes to utilize her artistic talents in the job.她希望在工作中发挥她的艺术才能。 关于dare的意义和用法作为情态动词表示“胆敢”，dare通常只用于否定陈述句和疑问句。例如：I dare not go there.How dare he say such rude things about me?dare作为情态助动词没有过去式

9、形式，其否定式为darent，既可指现在时间，也可指过去时间。例如：Tom wanted to come, but he darent.dare还可用主动词，随后的不定式可带to,也可不带to。例如：He does not dare (to) answer.Does she dare (to) go there alone?近义词辨析besides, but, except, except for这组词均含有“除外”的意思。besides“除外，还有”，指更进一步的拥有，包括所“除”事物在内。Have you got any clothes besides these?除了这些衣服你还有别的吗

10、?but不包括所引事物在内，多与nothing, not anything, nobody, nowhere, all, anybody等连用。He has nobody but himself to blame for that.那件事他没法指责别人，只能怪他自己。except不包括所引事物。常与no, none, nothing等否定词或all, everyone, everything等连用，但不可用于句首。They all went to the Summer Palace except one.除一人之外他们都去了颐和园。except for常指除去所引情况让人稍感遗憾之外，整体情况

11、尚属理想，被除去的事物与正在谈及的事物之间不具有共同属性或性质。The roads were clear except for a few cars.除几辆小汽车外，路面很空旷。定语从句中关系代词that的用法1)在既指人又指事物的两个或两个以上的先行词后面。例如：They are talking about the people and countries that they had visited.2)在限制性定语从句中有形容词最高级的先行词后面。例如：He is the best student that I have ever met.3)在以“It is.”,“It was.”等开头

12、的强调句中，和相应的疑问句中。如：What is it that he wants?4)在only, all, little的后面This is all that I know.5)在no, every, some和any等词后面，也包括在它们的复合词在内。如：There is no person that is always in the right.Is there anything that I can do for you?近义词辨析beautiful, good looking, handsome, lovely, pretty这组词均含有“美丽”、“漂亮”、“可爱”的意思。beau

13、tiful指能不仅给人带来感官上的快乐，而且通过感官产生思想和灵魂的愉悦，在同类词中层次最高。She was even more beautiful than I had remembered.她比我记忆中的她更漂亮了。good looking不如handsome, pretty意思强烈，指一般的“好看”或“悦目”。That goodlooking young man visited the house once or twice a week.那个长相不错的年轻人一星期光顾一两次。handsome通常是一种客观的不带感情色彩的评价。一个人如被形容为handsome,是指此人外貌符合观察者的要

14、求，但不激发更深层的感受。He looked very handsome in his dark suit.他穿深色西装显得非常英俊。lovely比感官的快乐更进一步，是强调纯粹情感上的愉悦，指觉得某人或某物“可爱”。Mary has two lovely daughters.玛丽有两个可爱的女儿。prettypretty也是“漂亮、可爱”的意思。很少形容大而有影响力的事物，多形容事物不以其优秀、完美而以小巧、优雅、精致见长，使人容易接受并喜爱。Her boyfriend believes that she is the prettiest girl in the town.她男朋友觉得她是镇

15、上最漂亮的女孩。 be+不定式结构表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作。例如：Theres to be an investigation.I am to have tea with Betty this afternoon.这一结构常见于报纸和广播，用以宣布官方的计划或决定。例如：The Queen is to visit Japan next year.二是表示命令、禁止或可能性等。例如：You are to stand here. Do you understand?Tell her shes not to be back late.一般现在时也可表达将来时间，常见于条件状语和时间状语从句。例如

16、：If she comes, Ill tell her all about it.Wait here till the meeting is over.It wont be long before the rain stops.近义词辨析begin, commence, initiate, launch, start这组词均含有“开始”的意思。begin在这组词中最常用，泛指开始做某事。但口语中近年来start用得较多。The band began to play joyful music.乐队开始演奏欢快的音乐。commence比begin用法正式。在宗教或其它仪式及军事用语中人们倾向用co

17、mmence.The officer ordered the soldiers to commence the attack.军官命令士兵开始进攻。initiate指进程中的第一步，与何时停止或结束没有关系。The government has initiated a new reform program.政府启动了新的改革方案。launch指开始或着手一项活动、计划等大规模或声势浩大的行动，行动前或行动中有一定的宣传鼓动。The company will launch an advertising compaign to introduce its new product.那个公司要发起广告

18、攻势推出自己的新产品。start与stop构成反义用法，指从一特定地点出发，由静止或等待状态开始做某事。在口语中常可代替begin。They started operations at once.他们马上开始行动。1.形容词的句法功能形容词在句中做定语、表语和主语。考生应注意：(1)以 “a” 开头的形容词如alone, alike, asleep, awake等不能做前置定语，可做表语或后置定语。(2)某些以副词词缀 “-ly” 结尾的词是形容词，如friendly, leisurely, lovely等。(3)下列动词既是实义动词又是系动词，注意用做系动词时，要求形容词做表语：remain

19、, keep, become, get, grow, go, come, turn, stay, stand, run, prove, seem, appear, look。2.考比较级时，考生应把握(1)形容词和副词比较级的形式是否和比较连词对应出现，即是否符合原级比较及比较级的结构。如：Do you enjoy listening to records? I find records are often as good as, or better than an actual performance.On the whole, ambitious students are more lik

20、ely to succeed in their studies than are those with little ambition.(2)比较的成分是否属于同类事物或同类概念。如：The number of registered participants in this years marathon was half that of last years.Young readers, more often than not, find the novels of Dickens far more exciting than Thackerays.(3)比较级的修饰语如 a little,

21、a lot, the, any, even, far, hardly, lots, much, rather，还有表示倍数比较的词等，他们的位置是：修饰语+asas, 或修饰语+morethan。如：Smoking is so harmful to personal health that it kills seven times more people each year than automobile accidents.“Do you regret paying five hundred dollars for the painting?” “No, I would gladly hav

22、e paid twice as much for it.”(4)下列词和短语不用比较级形式却表示比较概念：inferior，minor，senior，prior，prefer to，superior，major，junior，preferable，differ from，compared with，in comparison with，different from，rather than。如：Their watch is superior to all the other watches on the market.3.最高级形式应注意的问题比较级形式表示最高级意义时，比较对象的范围应用：an

23、y other +单数名词the other +复数名词the othersanyone/anything else上述词是用来将比较级结构转变成最高级意义的关键词语，切不可遗漏，否则会造成逻辑混乱的错误。如不能说：John runs faster than anyone.注意与汉语表达的不同。4.有关比较级的特殊句型(1)not so muchas与其说不如说The chief reason for the population growth isnt so much a rise in birth rates as a fall in death rates as a result of

24、improvements in medical care.(2)no/not any morethan两者一样都不The heart is no more intelligent than the stomach, for they are both controlled by the brain.There is no reason they should limit how much vitamin you take, any more than they can limit how much water you drink.(3)no /not any lessthan两者一样都She

25、is no less beautiful than her sister.(4)just asso.正如，也(用倒装结构)Just as the soil is a part of the earth, so is the atmosphere.beat, win, conquer, defeat, overcome这组词均有“获胜，征服，击败”之意。beat指在战争、竞赛或其他方面最终彻底战胜对方，对象可以是人，也可以是物。win指在竞赛或战斗中击败对方，其对象一般应是物，如battle, race, victory等。conquer既可指靠武力或精神道方面的力量使对方屈服，又可指在排除障碍

26、和阻力后取得胜利。defeat意为“击败”，强调的是暂时的胜利。overcome既可指在战斗和竞赛中战胜对方，也可指在感情、习惯等方面压倒，胜过。如：We can easily beat you at baseball.打垒球我们可以轻易地击败你们。The Chinese team won in the end.最后中国队赢了。The Normans conquered England in 1066.1066年，诺曼底人征服了英格兰。He defeated his opponents in this election.在这次竞选中，他击败了对手。He made efforts to over

27、come every difficulty.他努力克服每一个困难。award, reward这组词均含有“授予，给予”的意思。award意为“授予，给予”，通常指官方或法院根据规定把钱财等奖给或判给某人。reward意为“酬劳，奖赏”，通常指因做了某一件事或提供了某种服务而应得到的报答或酬谢。如：He was awarded a medal for his outstanding contribution to science.由于对科学作出了杰出贡献，他被授予一枚奖章。He rewarded me with 30 dollars for taking him to the airport.我把他送到机场，他给了我30美元作酬金。it用来充当形式主语或形式宾语，后面的真正主语或真正宾语通常是不定式结构、动名词或名词性分句。It的这种用法叫