公共课2012考研英语试题

1、2012 年入学英语(一)试题及2012 年 01 月 10 日 15:13来源：跨考教育Section IUse of English Directions:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered bland mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 pos)The ethical judgments of the Supreme Court justi ee an important ie recently. The court cannot _1_ its

2、 legitimacy as guardian of the rule of law _2_ justibee like politins. Yet, in several instan, justiacted in wayst _3_ the courts repuion for being independent and impartial.Justice Antonin Scalia, for example, appeared at political events. t kind of activity makes it less likelyt the courts deciswi

3、ll be _4_ as impartial judgments. Part of the problem ist the justiare not _5_by an ethics code. At the very least, the court should make itself _6_to the code of conductt _7_to the rest of the federal judiry.This and other similar cases _8_the question of whether there is still a _9_bet n the court

4、 and politics.The framers of the Constitution envi ed law _10_ ing authority apart from politics. They gave justi permanent itions_11_they would be free to _12_ those in er and e no need to _13_ political support. Our legal system was designed to set law apart from politics precisely because they ar

5、e so closely _14_.Constitutional law is political because it results from choi rooted in fundamental sol _15_ like liberty and property. When the court deals with sol policy decis, the law it _16_ is inescapably political-which is why decis split along ideological lines are so easily _17_ as unjust.

6、The justi must _18_ doubts about the courts legitimacy by making themselves _19_ to the code of conduct. t would make rulings more likely to be seen as separate from politics and, _20_, convincing as law.AemphasizeBmaainCmodifyD recognizeAwhenBlestCbeforeD unlessAredBweakenedtablishedD eliminatedAch

7、allengedBcompromisedCedD acceptedAadvancedBcaughtCboundDfoundedAresistantBsubjectCimmuneDprone0.11.Aresorts Aevade Aline AbyAsoBsticks BraiseBbarrierCloadsCdenyDappDsettlesCsimilarityDBasBsinceCthoughDtowardsCprovidedCupsetDthoughDreplace5.AconceptsAserve AconfirmAguardedBsatisfyBex

8、pressBfollowedCcultivateCstudiedDofferDtiedBtheoriesCdivi Bquestions BreleasedBexploitsDconceptionsAexcludesAdismissedAsuppress 19.CshsDcontrols DdistortedDignoreCredCaddressAacsibleBamiableCagreeableBatall costsDaccountable20. Aby all mesnsCin a wordDas aresultSectioPart AReading ComprehenDirection

9、s:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 s)Text 1textpoCome on Everybodysng it.t whispered message, halfinviion and half forcing, is what most of us think of when we hear thewords pere casual sex. Butt perere.

10、 It usually leads to no good-drinking, drugs andin her new book Johe Club, Tina Rosenberg contendsitive force through what she callsre cso be athe sol cure, in whichanizations and offils use theer ofgroup dynamics to help individuals improve their lives andsibly theword.Rosenberg, the recipient of a

11、 Pulitzrize, offers a host ofexample of the sol cure in action: In South Carolina, a se-sponsoredantismoking program called Rage Against the Haze sets out to makecigarettes uncool. In Soufrica, an HIV-prevention initiative knownas LoveLife recruits young people to promote safe sex among their peers.

12、The idea seems promising，and Rosenberg isHer critique of the lameness of many pubic-healthrceptive observer.ns is spot-on:they fail to mobilize perere for healthy habits, andtheyDare to be n aimed atdemonstrate a seriously flawed understanding of psychology.”different, please dont smoke!” pleads one

13、 billboardreducing smoking among teenagers-teenagers, who desire nothing morenfitting in. Rosenberg argues convincinglyt public-healdvocatesought to take a page from advertisers, so skilled at applying perere.But on tis less persuasive. Joeral effectiveness of the sol cure,Rosenberghe Club is filled

14、 with too much irrelevantand not enough exploration of the sol and biological factorst makecure asperere soerful. The most glaring flaw of the solits presented here istit doesnt work very well for very long.Rage Against the Haze failed the LoveLife program produTheres no doubtone funding was cut. Ev

15、idencetlasting changes is limited and mixed.t our peer groups exert enormous influenceon our beior. An emerging body of research showstitive healthhabits-as well as negative ones-spread through networks of friends viasol communication. This is a subtle form of perere: weunconsciously imie the beior

16、we see every day.Far less certain, however, is how sucsfully experts andbureaucrats can select our peer groups and steer their activities in virtuous directions. Its like the teacher who breaks up the troublemakershe back row by pairing them with better-beed classmates. The tacticnever really works.

17、 Andts the problem wisol cure engineeredfrom the outside:he real world, as in school, we insist on choosingourownfriends.21. According to theparagraph, perere often emergesasABCD 22. ABCD 23. ABCa supplement to the sol curea stimulus to group dynamicsan obstacle to school progressa cause of undesira

18、beiorspublic advocates should advertisersRosenberg holdsrecruit profestallearn from advertisers experiencestay away from commerrecognize the limil advertisersions of advertisementshe authors view, Rosenbergs book fails toadequay probe sol andbiological factorseffectively evade the flawsillustrate th

19、e functions ofof the sol curese fundingDproduce a long-lasting sol effect24. ABCParagraph 5shows is harmful to ourwill mislead bet our imiion of be networks of friendsioral studiesiorsoccurs without our realizing itD can produce negative health habits25. The author suggestshe last paragrapht the eff

20、ect ofpereABCDre is harmful desirable profoundquestionableText 2A deal is a deal-except,The company, a major energyapparently ,when Entergy is involved.r in New England, provoked justifiedoutrage in Vermont lastk when it announced it was reneging on alongstanding commitment to abide by the strict nu

21、clear regulations.Instead, the company has done precisely what id long promisedit would not challenge the constitutionality of Vermonts rulesheeefederal court, nuclearTheas part of a desperate effort to kets Vermont Ylant running. Its a stunning move.has been surfacing since 2002, when the corporati

22、onbought Vermonts only nuclearAs a condition of receiving slant, an aging reactor in Vernon.e approval for the sale, the company agreedto seek permisfrom se regulators to operate past 2012. In 2006,the se went a step further, requiringt any extenof the plants license be subject to Vermont legislatur

23、es approval. Then, too, thecompany went along.Either Entergy never reallyended to live by those commitments,or it simply didnt foresee what would happen next. A string of accidents, including the partial collapse of a cooling tower in 207 and the discoveryof an underground pipe system leakage, raise

24、d serious questions about bothVermont Yees safety and Entergys management espelly after thecompany made misleading sements about thpe. Enraged by Entergys beior, the Vermonate voted 26 to 4 last year against allowingan exten.Now the company i invalid because of the 2006ernmens regulatoryddenly claim

25、ing legislation, ander over nuclear it the 2002 agreement ist only the federales. The legal ies ines dothe case are obscure: whereas the Supreme Cours ruledt se some regulatory authority over nuclearer, legal scholars saytersVermont case will offer a precedent-setting test of how far thoseextend. Ce

26、rtainly, there are valid concerns about the patchworkregulationst could result if every se sets its own rules. BudEntergy kept its word,t debate wouldbe beside the po.The company seems toet its repuion in Vermontis already so damagedt is noting left to lose by going to war withthe se. But there shou

27、ld be consequen. Permisto run a nuclearplant is a poblic trust. Entergy runs 11 other reactorshe UnitedSes,including Pilgrim Nuclear s safely, the company has appfor another 20 years. But asion in Plymouth. Pledging to runPilgrimit opend for federal permisto keepthe Nuclear Regulatory Commis(NRC) re

28、views the companys application, it should kepromises from Entergy are worth.t mind what26. The phrase“reneging on”(Line 3.para.1) is closesteaningtoABCD 27. ABCDcondemning. reaffirming. dishonoring. securing.By enteringo the 2002 agreement, Entergyended toobtain protection from Vermont regulators.se

29、ek favor acquire anget permisfrom the federal legislature.extenof its business license .to purchase alant.28. According to Paragraph 4, Entergy seems toe problems withitsABCD 29. ABCD 30. ABCDmanagerial practi.technical innovativeness.finanl goals.business vihe authors view, Entergys capacity tothe

30、Vermont case will test fulfill all its promises.patchwork regulations.the thethemature of sesfederal authority over nuclear ies .limits of seser over nuclear ies.tIt can be inferred from the last paragraphEntergys businesewhere might be affected.the authority of the NRC will be defied.Entergy will w

31、ithdraw its Plymoupplication.Vermonts repuion might be damaged.Text 3he idealized verof how science is done, facts about theworld are waiting to be observed and collected by objective researcherswho use the scientific method to carry out their work. Buthe everydaypractice of science, discovery frequ

32、ently follows an ambiguous andcomplicated route. We aim to be objective, but we cannot escthe contextof our unique life experience. Prior knowledge anderest influence whatxperience, what we think our experien actions we take. Opportunities for misself-deception abound.mean, and the subsequentreion,

33、error, andConsequently, discovery claims should be thought of asprotoscience. Similar tly staked mining claims, they are full ofpotential. But it takes collective scrutiny and acceptance to transforma discovery claimo a mature discovery. This is the credibility pros,through which the individual rese

34、archers me, here, nowes thecommunitys anyone, anywhere, anytime. Objective knowledge is the goal,not the starting po.Once a discovery claimes public, the discoverer receivesellectual credit. But, unlike with mining claims, the community takescontrol of whappens next. Withhe complex sol structure of

35、thescientific community, researchers make discoveries; editorsandpros; es; andrevieweras gatekeepers by controlling the publicationother scientists use the new finding to suit their own purfinally, the public (including other scientists) receives the newdiscovery andsiblypanying technology. As a dis

36、covery claimworks it through the community, theeraction andbetnshared and competing befs about the science and the technology involvedtransforms an individuals discovery claimdiscovery.o the communitys credibleTwo paradoxes exist throughout this credibility pros.,tscientific work tends to focus on s

37、ome aspect of prevailing Knowledgeis viewed asplete or incorrect. Little rewardpaniesduplication and confirmation of what is already known and beved. Thegoal is new-search, not re-search. Not surprisingly, newly publisheddiscovery claims and credible discoveriest appear to be important andconvincing

38、 will always be open to challenge and potential modificationor refuion by future researchers. Second, novelty itself frequentlyprovokes disbef. Nobel Laureate and physiologist Albert Azent-Gyyionce described discovery as “seeing what everybody has seen and thinkingwhat nobody has thought.” But think

39、ing what nobody else has thought andling others what theye missed may not change their views. Sometimesyears are required for truly novel discovery claims to be accepted andappreted.he end, credibility“happens”to a discovery claim a prost corresponds to what philosopher Annette Baier has described a

40、s the commons of the mind. “We reason together, challenge, revise, and completeeach others reasoning and each others conceptions of reason.”31. According to theparagraph, the pros of discoveryis characterized by itsABCD 32.requiresuncertay and complexity.misconception and deceptiveness. logicality a

41、nd objectivity.ess and regularity.It can be inferred from Paragraph 2t credibility prosA strict inspection. Bshared efforts.C individual wisdom. Dpersistent innovation.33.Paragraph 3 showst a discovery claimes credible afteritA has attracted the attention of teral public.has been examined by the sci

42、entific community.has received recognition from editors and reviewers. Dhas been frequently quoted by peer scientists.34. Albert Szent-Gy?rgyi would most likely agreetA scientific BdiscoveriesC efforts toclaims will survive challenges. today inspire future research.make discoveries are justified.Dsc

43、ientific work calls for a critical mind.35.Which of the following would be the best title of the test?A Novelty as an Engine of Scientific Development. BCollective Scrutiny in Scientific Discovery.C Evolution of Credibility inng Science.DChallenge to Credibility at the Gate to Science.Text 4If the t

44、rade unionist Jimmy Hoprobably represent civil servant. When Howere alive today, he wouldsters wereheirprime in 1960, only oneen Americanernment workers belonged toa union; now 36% do. In 2009 the number of unionists in Americas publicsector passed Britain, moreprivate-sectort of their fellow member

45、she private sector. Inn half of public-sector workers but only about 15% ofones are unionized.There are three reasons for the public-sector unions thriving., they can shut things down without suffering muchhe way ofconsequen. Second, they are mostly bright and well-educated. A quarterof Americas pub

46、lic-sector workerse a university degree. Third, theynow dominaeft-of-centre politics. Some of their ties go back a longway. Britains Labor Party, as its name imps, has long been assotedwith trade unionism. Its current leader, Ed Miliband, owes hisitionto votes from public-sector unions.At the se lev

47、el their influence can be even more fearsome. MarkBaldassare of the Public Policy Institute of California pos outtmuch of the ses budget is patrolled by unions. The teachers unionskeep an eye on schools, theon health care.OA on prisons and a variety of labroupsany rich countries average wageshe se s

48、ector arehighernhe private one. But the real gains come in benefits andwork practi. Politinse repeatedly “backloaded” public-sectorpay deals, keng thepay increases modest but adding to holidays andt are already generous.espelly pensReform has been vigorously oped, perhaps most egregiously ineducatio

49、n, where charter schools, academies and merit pay all faceddrawn-out battles. Even though there is plenty of evidencet thequality of the teachers is the most important variable, teachers unionse fought against getting rid of bad ones and promoting good ones.As the cost to everyone else hase clearer,

50、 politinsebegun to clamp down. In Wisconshe unionse rald thousands ofsupporters against Scott Walker, the hardline Republicanernor. Butmany withhe public sector suffer under the current system, too.John Donahue arvards Kennedy School pos outt the normsof culture in Western civil servisuit those who

51、want to stay put but is bad for high achievers. The only American public-sector workers whoearn well above $250,000 a year are university sports coaches and theof the United Ses. Bers fat pay packetse attractedreward highmuch criticism, but a public-sector systemt does not America.paragraphachievers

52、 may be a much biggroblem forfrom the36. ABCIt can be Teamsters Jimmy Hounionslearnedstillte a large body of members.used to work as a civil servant.e enlarged their public-sector membership.Dtheernmens improved its relationship witionists.37. ABWhich of the following is true of Paragraph 2?Public-s

53、ector unions are prudentaking actions.Education is required for public-sector union membership.C Labor Party has long been fighting against public-sector unions.DPublic-sector uniondom getrouble for their actions.38. It can be learned from Paragraph 4sector ist theehe seABCillegally secured.indirect

54、ly augmented.exsively increased.Dfairly adjusted.39. The example of the unions in Wisconsin showst unions Aoften run against the current political system.BcanCmayDarechange peoples political attitudes.be a barrier to public-sector reforms.dominantheernment.40. John Donahues attitude towards the publ

55、ic-sector system isone ofAdisapproval.Bappretion.Ctolerance. Dindifference. Part B Directions:he following text, some sentene been removed. ForQuestions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fito each of the numbered bls. There are two extra choi, which donot fit in any of the bls

56、. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.（10pos）Think of those fleeting moments when you look out of an aeroplanewindow and realiset you are flying, highern a bird. Now think ofyour laptop, thinner n a brown-p r envelope, or your cellphone in the palm of your hand. Take a moment or two to wonder at thos

57、e marvels. You are the lucky inheritor of a dream come true.The second half of the 20th century saw a collection of geniuses,warriors, entrepreneurs and viaries labour to create a fabulousmachinet could function as atypewriter and pring press, studioand theatre, pabrush and gallery, piano and radio,

58、 thas wellas thcarrier. (41)The networked computer is an amazing device, themediamachinet serves as the mode of production, means of distribution, siteof reception, and place of praise and critique. The computer is the 21stcenturys culture machine.But for all the reasons there are to cerate the comp

59、uter, wemust also tread with caution. (42)I call it a secret war for two reasons., most people do not realiset there are strong commerl agendasat work to keep them in passive consumption mode. Second, the majorityof people who use networked computers to upload are not even aware of thesignificance o

60、f what they areng.All animals download, but only a few upload. Beavers build damsand birds make nests. Yet for the most part, the animal kingdom movesthrough the world downloading. Humans are uniqueheir capacity to notonly make tools but then turn around and use them to create superfluousmaterial go