应用文写作翻译课件13年

1、 高分作文是这样炼成的！高分作文是这样炼成的！Components Good English writing powerful words (vocabulary) + grammar + sentence patterns (syntax) + logical/reasonable/convincing idea(s)+ orderly organizationI. Principles for diction Proper words in proper places Fewer general words, more concrete words More prepositions in

2、 E rather than more verbs in Chinese level of E words (small word, big words 高分高分词词)China has a long history.April 1 is Fools Day.Of the people, by the people and for the peopleThis article has 3 parts.This book is very good.This book is surprisingly good. (effectiveness for the use of intensifier语气

3、加重词)近期北京一直笼罩着雾霾天气。参见英语写作技巧新编P60 万能开头写作 Recent days have/has seen/witnessed the phenomenon that+现象的陈述 It is universally acknowledged that +12 有害的：有害的： Bad, baneful, evil, harmful, detrimental, noxiousnks, toxic, malignantmlinnt 有益的有益的beneficial, profitable, helpful, rewarding, conducive 13 要求要求 ：requ

4、est, demand, needs, requisition14 消除消除 ：eliminate, clear, remove, clear up, take away, smooth away, get rid of15 导致：导致： Lead to, bring about, result in, cause, spark off, conduce to, procure, induce, generate spark, trigger 16 因此：因此：So, therefore, thus, hence, consequently, as a consequence, accordi

5、ngly, as a result, because of this, as a result of this17 增长至：增长至：Grow to，rise to，increase to，go up to，climb to，ascend to，jump to，shoot to18降低至：降低至：Dip to，fall to，decline to，decrease to，drop to，go down to，reduce to， slump to，descend to，sink to，slide to19保持稳定：保持稳定：Level out，do not change，remain still

6、，remain steady，be stable，maintain the same level，remain unchanged，be still，remain the same level，stay constant，keep at the same level，level off，stabilize，keep its stability，even out20 急剧地：急剧地：Dramatically，drastically，sharply，hugely，enormously，steeply，substantially，considerably，significantly，markedly

7、，surprisingly，strikingly，radically，remarkably，vastly，noticeably21平稳地：平稳地：Steadily，smoothly，slightly，slowly，marginally，gradually，moderately，mildly22 宣称：宣称：Allege, assert, declare, claim23.有益的有益的 beneficial rewarding,23 发生：发生：Happen, occur, take place24 原因：原因：Reason, factor, cause25 发展：发展：Development,

8、 advance, progress26 有益的：有益的：Useful, helpful, beneficial, profitable, rewarding， advantageous27 影响：影响：Influence, impact, effect28明显的：明显的：Clear, obvious, evident, self-evident, manifest, apparent, crystal-clear29占：占：Comprise, take up, account for, constitute, consist of, make up, occupy, hold, compos

9、e30与与相比：相比：Compared with，compared to，in comparison with，in comparison to，by comparison with，by comparison to31对比而言：对比而言：By contrast，in contrast，on the other hand，on the contrary=conversely32展示、表明：展示、表明：show, indicate, reveal, illustrate, demonstrate, depict, present, represent, describe33 大约：大约：appr

10、oximately，almost，about，around，nearly，roughly34波动：波动：fluctuate，go ups and downs，display a fluctuation，demonstrate a fluctuation35事实上：事实上：Practically，in practice，essentially，in essence，in reality，in effect，in fact，as a matter of fact，it is a fact that36换言之：换言之：Namely，that is to say，in other words，to p

11、ut it like this，to put it differently，to put it from another way，to put it from another angle.表示表示增长增长 上升上升的词的词 及其反义词及其反义词 Go up, rise, increase, boom, swell, soar, grow, wax and wane, ascend Go down, decrease, descend, decline, diminish, fall, drop, ebb, fade37.提高提高 improve, raise, advance, lift hi

12、ghten, boost, increase, promote38. 强化强化 intensify, strengthen, consolidate39. 倾向于、有意去做：倾向于、有意去做： tend to , prefer to, be inclined to 40. 容易去（做某事）容易去（做某事）be apt to; be prone to; be liable to41. 说法说法 argument, statement, version(几个版本几个版本/说法说法)42. 看到、看见看到、看见 witness, see, catch sight of43. 利用，使用利用，使用 u

13、se, adopt, employ, utilize, apply44. 走 go ,walk, stride, stroll, dash,march,head for, advance, hustle and bustle(匆匆走)，wander from place to place(走四方), find/fight/elbow ones way, slip, travel, pace(踱方步)back and forth, sneak (溜), tip-toe,45. 大声叫喊 cry, shout, clamor, yell, howl46. 笑 laugh, smile, giggl

14、e, grin, beam, sneer, mock, titter(傻笑)同意、赞成：agree, approve of, support, for, favor, affirm, pro观点：opinion, idea, viewpoint, standpoint, argument, 许多的许多的/大量的大量的: a host of = a multitude of = a large/vast number of = a vast amount of (numerous, considerable, seas of, a wealth of, myriads of lights 万家灯

15、火万家灯火), a galaxy of1.贫穷的：贫穷的： poor = needy = impoverished = poverty-stricken2. 富裕的：富裕的： rich = wealthy = affluent= well-to-do = well-off3. 优秀的：优秀的： excellent = eminent = top= outstanding4. 积极的，好的：积极的，好的： good = conducive = beneficial=advantageous:5. 消极的，不良的：消极的，不良的： bad = detrimental = baneful =unde

16、sirable6. 明显的：明显的： obvious = apparent = evident =manifest7. 健康的健康的 : healthy = robust = sound= wholesome8. 惊人的：惊人的： surprising = amazing = extraordinary = miraculous9. 美丽的：美丽的： beautiful = attractive = gorgeous = eye-catching10. 有活力的：有活力的： energetic = dynamic= vigorous =animated11. 流行的：流行的： popular

17、= prevailing = prent = pervasive高频动词：高频动词：提高，加强：提高，加强： improve = enhance= promote = strengthen = optimize2. 引起：引起： cause = trigger = endanger3. 解决：解决： solve =resolve =address = tackle =cope with = deal with4. 拆除：拆除： destroy = tear down = knock down = eradicate5. 培养培养 : develop = cultivate = foster =

18、 nurture6. 激发，鼓励：激发，鼓励： encourage = motivate = stimulate = spur7. 认为：认为： think = assert = hold = claim = argue8. 完成：完成： complete = fulfill = accomplish= achieve9. 保留：保留： keep = preserve = retain = hold10. 有害于、破坏：有害于、破坏： destroy = impair = undermine = jeopardize11. 减轻减轻 : ease = alleviate = relieve =

19、 lighten高频名词：高频名词：1.影响：影响： influence= impact2.危险：危险： danger = perils =hazards3. 污染：污染： pollution = contamination4. 人类：人类： human beings= mankind = humane race5. 老人：老人： old people= the old = the elderly = the aged = senior citizens6. 幸福：幸福： happiness = well-being7. 老师：老师： teachers = instructors = educ

20、ators = lecturers8. 教育教育 education = schooling = family parenting = upbringing9. 青少年：青少年： young people = youngsters = youths = adolescents10. 优点：优点： advantage = merits = superiority = virtue11. 责任：责任： responsibility = obligation= duty = liability12 能力：能力： ability = capacity = power= skill13. 职业：职业：

21、job = career = employment = profession14. 娱乐：娱乐： enjoyment = pastimes = recreation= entertainment15. 孩子：孩子： children = Offspring = descendant = kid高频短语：高频短语：充满了：充满了： be filled with = be brimming with = be inundateinndeit with = be saturated with2. 努力：努力： struggle for = aspire after = strive for = sp

22、are no efforts for3. 从事：从事：embark in take up set about = go in for4. 在当代在当代 : in contemporary society = in present-day society= in this day and age5.许多的许多的/大量的大量的: a host of = a multitude of = a large/vast number of = a vast amount of (numerous, considerable, seas of, a wealth of, myriads of lights

23、万家灯火万家灯火), a galaxy of 口语词汇与书面语词汇实例口语词汇与书面语词汇实例：Put up with (colloq.) tolerateGive in surrenderPile up accumulate; amassCome in enterLook into investigateFind out (discover) Blow up (explode)Cut down (reduce)Leave (depart)词汇加强办法: 1. 背会并运用以上所给词汇 2. 在学习阅读中遇到的好的词汇，狂背几遍，积累词汇。该景点的亮点 highlight 3. 多利用有道桌面词

24、典，看看一个词所提供的相关词汇。工作扎实 down-to-earth4. 学会修辞词汇, a difficult question (thorny)5. 避免英语词汇与母语词汇的生硬对应I took it for granted and I 经常向爸爸发脾气fly a temper（lose ones temper）莫大的幸福（happiness,pleasure blessing） 英语写作第二步：由词到句 The second step for E writing: from words/phrases to sentence Principles for English sentence

25、s4.强调 （emphasis）凡是重要的意思都应在表达时予以强调。为此说话时人们可用各种方法，如提高声音、放慢语速、使用短句或加上手势。写文章时，也可以使用倒装、感叹、重倒装、感叹、重复、反问复、反问等方法对应该强调的词语和句子加重语气。5.多样性 (variety) 句型的多样化，对好的文章来说是必不可少的。好几句长短相同、结构相似的句子连在一起，如又用同一个名词或代词作主语，必然会显得很单调。为多样化起见，短句和长句，简单句、并列句和复合句，圆周句和松 散句都应错杂使用。也可偶尔用一个问句、祈使句或感叹句。但是不要只是为了多样化而频频变换句型。句子的结构和长度首先要由所要表达的思想来决定

26、。只有恰当地表达思想时多样化才可取 How to achieve Sentence Variety ?Variety in structure simple sentences compound sentences (并列句并列句) complex （复合句）（复合句） compound-complex (并列复合句并列复合句) 2. Variety in length (句子长短变化句子长短变化) 3. Avoid similar structure (避免雷同避免雷同) a series of simple sentences a series of compound sentences

27、(and, but,so 引引导的句子，变法：用分号，分号加连接副词导的句子，变法：用分号，分号加连接副词来代替并列连词来代替并列连词) avoid the same subjects 英语英语专业八级写作怎样使句子多样化英语英语专业八级写作怎样使句子多样化 一篇好文章的条件很多。除了内容丰富和组一篇好文章的条件很多。除了内容丰富和组织紧密之外，词汇的运用和句子的处理，也起织紧密之外，词汇的运用和句子的处理，也起着决定性作用。句子可长可短，着决定性作用。句子可长可短，同一件事，可同一件事，可以用不同的句式表达。以用不同的句式表达。如果句子清一色是简单如果句子清一色是简单句，文章必定很单调乏句，

28、文章必定很单调乏 味。如果全篇充满了冗味。如果全篇充满了冗长的复杂句，读起来也很费力。长的复杂句，读起来也很费力。 最好的方法是以简单句为基础，配合适当的最好的方法是以简单句为基础，配合适当的并列并列 句和复杂句。简单句可长可短，通常要加句和复杂句。简单句可长可短，通常要加些附属成分，如分词短语、介词短语、副词短些附属成分，如分词短语、介词短语、副词短语、不定式动词语、不定式动词 短语，以及节缩成分。总之，短语，以及节缩成分。总之，作者可根据情况，使句子多样化，使文章灵活作者可根据情况，使句子多样化，使文章灵活多姿。例如下列五个句子的基本概念一样，但多姿。例如下列五个句子的基本概念一样，但 是

29、句式不同，内容重点也有些差别：是句式不同，内容重点也有些差别：(1) The goats grazed peacefully in the farm and were unaware of the approaching hunter. (并列分句并列分句(1)+2) (2) Grazing peacefully, the goats in the farm were unaware of the approaching hunter. (现在分语短语现在分语短语+简单句简单句) (3) In the farm, the goats grazed peacefully and were una

30、ware of the approaching hunter. (副词短语副词短语+并列分句并列分句(1)-(2) )(4) There were goats grazing peacefully in the farm, unaware of the approaching hunter. (简单句简单句+形容语短语形容语短语) (5) As the goats grazed peacefully in the farm, they were unaware of the approaching hunter. (原因副词从句原因副词从句+主句主句) (6) The young pilot

31、was on his first overseas training. (7) He felt very uneasy.(a) The young pilot on his first overseas training felt very uneasy. (b) The young pilot felt very uneasy during his first overseas training. (c) The young pilots first overseas training made him feel very uneasy. (d) Extreme uneasiness sei

32、zed the young pilot on his first overseas training. (e) The young pilot was on his first overseas training, feeling very uneasy. (f) It being his first overseas training, the young pilot felt very uneasy. (g) Being on his first overseas training, the young pilot felt very uneasy. (h) The young pilot

33、 was on his first overseas training and felt very uneasy. (i) The young pilot, who was on his first overseas training, felt very uneasy. (j) When the young pilot was on his/first overseas training, he felt very uneasy. (k) As the young pilot was on his first overseas training, he felt very uneasy. (

34、l) The young pilot was on his first overseas training, so that he felt very uneasy.连句手段1.使用标点符号2.分析句语句之间的逻辑关系，分清主次句子，主句与从句，然后按逻辑关系连接合并，即连词的使用3.语法手段的使用，主要是非谓语动词4.形容词副词位置的改变 此处连接 连句合句练习连句合句练习a.你的皮肤很好 Yr skin is very good.b. 我爱你c. 他干劲十足，工作扎实，深受同行尊重。d. 发展体育运动，增强人民体质合句练习： 常见错误 1. Since private companies

35、dont care much about the public interests, so the government has a significant role to play in scientific research. (助动词否定式不能缩写) dont, didnt arent isnt havent hadnt 2. The mother tongues interference a. 走在田野里，空气很新鲜。 Walking in the field, the air is fresh. grammatical errors/mistakes Big taboo: the e

36、rrors or mistakes in the first Pare. It is said that peoples life now is becoming more and more stressful. What are the causes and how to solve it? （引入）引入）The acceleration of industrialization and the prosperity of economy benefit our society a great deal. （转折）（转折）But with the speeding up of economi

37、c development, people are facing more and more pressure from various aspects of their life. （引出下面要写的（引出下面要写的内容）内容）This essay will explore the causes for the heavy pressure and put forward some feasible solutions. (52 words) （原因一）（原因一）One of the major causes is that peoples living rhythm has been pro

38、moted immensely with the upgrading of neo-knowledge and hi-tech. To keep abreast with the society, people have to work intensively on the one hand and improve their knowledge on the other. The economic globalization strengthened international cooperation and expand peoples scope of activity. The fie

39、rce social competition deprives people of their spare time and makes their life more stressful. (71 words) （原因二）（原因二）Another factor comes from the pressure of peoples family. People in the current society have to shoulder the responsibility of family maintenance. On the one hand, people have to care

40、 for their parents, creating for them a happy and comfortable life. On the other hand, they have to give their children good education. To earn more money, people have to work very hard to finance their family. (67 words) （解决方法三个）（解决方法三个）If people live in heavy pressure, they will have problems both

41、 physically and psychologically. To relieve the pressure, I think the following suggestions are feasible and practical. Firstly, people are suggested to go in for some sports games in their spare time or at the weekend. Sports can build up peoples physique and make them vigorous. Secondly, people sh

42、ould communicate with others frequently and confess their trouble and difficulty to others, which is a very magic way to release ones pressure. Finally, people have to find a balance between money and health. Otherwise, ones health will be overdrawn and spoiled by money earning. (103 words) In brief

43、, good life should not be obtained at the price of the deterioration of ones health. People should improve their living pattern and lead a life of high quality. (30 words) (323 words totally) 1.One is always on a strange road, watching strange scenery and listening to strange music. Then one day, yo

44、u will find that the things you try hard to forget are already gone. 一个人总要走陌生的路，看陌生的风景，听陌生的歌，然后在某个不经意的瞬间，你会发现，原本是费尽心机想要忘记的事情真的就那么忘记了。 2.Happiness is not about being immortal nor having food or rights in ones hand. Its about having each tiny wish come true, or having something to eat when you are hun

45、gry or having someones love when you need love. 幸福，不是长生不老，不是大鱼大肉，不是权倾朝野。幸福是每一个微小的生活愿望达成。当你想吃的时候有得吃，想被爱的时候有人来爱你 3.Love is a lamp, while friendship is the shadow. When the lamp is off,you will find the shadow everywhere. Friend is who can give you strength at last. 爱情是灯，友情是影子，当灯灭了，你会发现你的周围都是爱情是灯，友情是影子

46、，当灯灭了，你会发现你的周围都是影子。朋友，是在最后可以给你力量的人。影子。朋友，是在最后可以给你力量的人。 4.I love you not for who you are, but for who I am before you. 我爱你不是因为你是谁，而是我在你面前可以是谁。我爱你不是因为你是谁，而是我在你面前可以是谁。 5.Love makes man grow up or sink down. 爱情，要么让人成熟，要么让人堕落。爱情，要么让人成熟，要么让人堕落。 6.If you can hold something up and put it down, it is called

47、weight-lifting; if you can hold something up but can never put it down, its called burden-bearing. Pitifully, most of people are bearing heavy burdens when they are in love. 举得起放得下的叫举重，举得起放不下的叫负重。可惜，大举得起放得下的叫举重，举得起放不下的叫负重。可惜，大多数人的爱情，都是负重的多数人的爱情，都是负重的 写作新动向：图表类作文英语专业八级写作满分经验及技巧英语专业八级写作满分经验及技巧1. 注重写好文

48、章的框架注重写好文章的框架 我们不能老是采用大三段的形式我们不能老是采用大三段的形式-开头，经过，开头，经过， 结尾。我们可以多用用连接词，结尾。我们可以多用用连接词， 例如：例如：first of all, moreover, secondly, lastly等，另外可以多分等，另外可以多分自然段，自然段， 给考官一目了然的感觉。给考官一目了然的感觉。2. 句型的多样化句型的多样化 如果一篇文章，如果一篇文章， 从头到尾，从头到尾， 永远用的只有永远用的只有一种句型，一种句型， 那么这篇文章一定拿不到高分，我那么这篇文章一定拿不到高分，我们可以适当的改换一下句型，们可以适当的改换一下句型，

49、我给大家一定建我给大家一定建议，希望给大家有点帮助议，希望给大家有点帮助.3. 词汇的词汇的Variety 说实话做到这点真的很难，说实话做到这点真的很难， 首先你要有庞大的词汇首先你要有庞大的词汇量，第二你要用的恰当，不出错误。我自认做不到这量，第二你要用的恰当，不出错误。我自认做不到这点，所以我用的词汇有时候会重复。当然大家可以累点，所以我用的词汇有时候会重复。当然大家可以累计一些固定搭配的词汇，例如：激烈的竞争计一些固定搭配的词汇，例如：激烈的竞争 fierce competition等等 4. 多举多举EXAMPLE（重要）（重要）字数不够，例子凑字数不够，例子凑 一篇文章如果让你从头

50、到尾都在讲道理，一篇文章如果让你从头到尾都在讲道理， 你有这你有这么多话要说吗？而且有时候还不一定说的清楚。那么么多话要说吗？而且有时候还不一定说的清楚。那么这时候你就用例子来表明你的观点。我认识一个朋友，这时候你就用例子来表明你的观点。我认识一个朋友， 可以说她的英语基础很差，可以说她的英语基础很差， 但她的文章也拿了但她的文章也拿了6分，分， 我问她怎么写的，我问她怎么写的， 她告诉我说就是拼命的举例子。就她告诉我说就是拼命的举例子。就这点我也曾问过我的外教老师，这点我也曾问过我的外教老师， 他曾是他曾是IELTS的考官，的考官， 他说考官欢迎考生多举例子。他说考官欢迎考生多举例子。 5.

51、 吐血建议：吐血建议： 写文章最关键的就是审题千万不要出错误，写文章最关键的就是审题千万不要出错误， 不然就前功尽弃了。不然就前功尽弃了。 例如我积累的句子：例如我积累的句子： Cultivate independence Develop a strong sense of responsibility Enhance social awareness Build up ones confidence and offer ones a sense of achievementrealize ones value and capacity Widen ones horizon and sharp

52、 ones character With unprecedented advances in medical technology, a debate has developed over whether or not a person on life support has the right to die. On one side of the debate are those who argue that. On the other side is the view that. In my mind, I completely agree/disagree the latter . Th

53、ere is no denying that.has many positive effects. To begin with, .Secondly, .Finally, . However, every coin has its two sides. .is no exception. Many opponents say that. To conclude, Approach to English writing in TEM-8 Structure of an article Part I Thesis Sentence 1. State the phenomenon (by rewri

54、ting, not copying the original sentences) S2 pro S3 Con S4 your standpoint (in favor of/against the alternativeformer/latter ; or your compromise) 引出主题及拓展，引出主题及拓展， Part II DevelopmentPara 1 Pro Sentence 1 ( Topic Sentence -this sentence should be a short and a simple sentence ) S2Sx ( supporting sen

55、tences) S(x+1) examples or figures (you can invent any numbers you like)Para 2 ConOr Para 3 Your compromisePart III Conclusion In conclusion, S1 (one-sidedness of pro ). S2 (one-sidedness of con ) . S3 Your attitude (or more scientific ideas). S4 (ending sentence by adopting an emphatic sentence)总结及

56、补充说明总结及补充说明 中国学生喜欢在最后一段发出感慨，呼吁各方携手为美好的明天努力 大家写到最后一段，不要再发挥了 Discussion: 1. How to collect the hot topic from life? 2. How to classify the pros and cons ? 3. How to distinguish facts from ideas?Prejudice against women is still a problem in modern society.Schools place too much emphasis on testing.Pets

57、 should not be allowed on campus.Im perfectly satisfied with the style of the new design.Teachers should give Ss homework, but not much.The First Lady may occasionally get involved in making decision.Examples: Polluted air does great harm to peoples respiratory resprtri organs.Facts: My brother has

58、had a bad cough since he began to work in the workshop. The workshop has been producing chemical products. Conclusion: My brother is a victim of the air pollution in the workshop.Example 2Some people believe that they can do anything if they have enough money. They can buy beautiful houses and cars,

59、 they can travel first-class around the world, and they can become famous in the world. However, money cannot buy them everything. They cannot buy real friendship, neither can they buy true love. 2010年专八作文题年专八作文题 Recently newspapers have reported that officials in a little-known mountainous area nea

60、r Guiyang, Guizhou Province wanted to turn the area into a “central business district” for Guiyang and invited a foreign design company to give it an entirely new look. The design company came up with a blueprint for unconventional, super-futuristic buildings. This triggered off different responses.