英美文学要点中英文对照版

1、Part one: English LiteratureChapter1The Renaissance period（14 世纪至十七世纪中叶）文艺复兴1. Huma nism is the esse nee of the Ren aissa n人文主义是文艺复兴的核心。2. the Greek and Roman civilization was based on such a conception that man is the measure of all thi ngs人文主义作为文艺复兴的起源是因为古希腊罗马文明的 基础是以“人”为中心，人是万物之灵。3. Renaissanee h

2、umanists found in then elassies a justifieation to exalt human nature and eame to see that human beings were glorious ereatures eapable of individual development in the direetion of perfeetion, and that the world they inhabited was theirs not to despise but to questi on, explore, and enje人文主义者们去卩从古代

3、 文化遗产中找到充足的论据， 来赞美人性， 并开始注意到人类是崇高的生命， 人可以不断发展完善自己，而且世界是属于他们的，供他们怀疑，探索以及 享受。4. Thomas More, Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare are the best representatives of the English humanist托马斯.摩尔，克利斯朵夫.马洛和威廉. 莎士比亚是英国人文主义的代表。5. Wyatt introdueed the Petrarehan sonnet into Englan怀亚特将彼特拉克的十四 行诗引进英国。6. The

4、 first period of the English Renaissanee was one of imitation and assimilation. 英国文艺复兴初期只是一个学习模仿与同化的阶段。7. The goals of humanistie poetry are: skillful handling of eonventions, foree of language, and, above all, the development of a rhetorieal plan in whieh meter, rhyme, seheme, imagery and argument

5、should all be eombined to frame the emoti onal theme and throw it into high relief.人文主义诗歌的主要目标是对传 统习俗的熟练运用，语言的力度与气概，而最重要的是发展了修辞模式，即 将格律，韵脚（式），组织结构，意象（比喻，描述）与议论都结合起来勾画 出情感主题，并将其极为鲜明生动的表现出来。8. The most famous dramatists in the Renaissanee England are Christopher Marlowe, William Shakespeare, and Ben J

6、on so文艺复兴时期英国最著名的戏剧家有克 利斯朵夫 .马洛，威廉 .莎士比亚与本 .约翰逊。9. Franeis Bacon （1561-1626）, the first important English essayist#兰西斯.培根是 英国历史上最重要的散文家。（I）Edmu nd Spe nse埃德蒙.斯宾塞10. the theme of Rederosse is no“tArms and the man,”but something moreromantic- Fierce wars and faithful loves”仙后的主题并非“男人与武器” ， 而是更富浪漫色彩的“残

7、酷战争与忠贞爱情” 。11.It is Spenser?s idealism, his love of beauty, and his exquisite melody that make him known as the poets?poet”正是斯宾塞的理想主义，对美的热爱以及精美优雅的诗文韵律是他成为“诗人中的诗人”o(II) Christopher Marlowe 克利斯朵夫 .马洛12. As the most gifted of the “University Wits, ”Marlowe composed six plays within his short lifetime.

8、Among them the most important are: Tamburlaine, Parts I & II, Dr.Faustus, The Jew of Malta and Edward I马洛是当时“大学才子”中最富才 华的人，在他短暂的一生中， 他完成了六部剧本的创作。 其中最负盛名的是： 帖木尔，浮士德博士的悲剧 ，马耳他岛的犹太人 以及爱德华二世。13. Marlowe?s greatest achievement lies in that he perfected the blank verse and made it the prin cipal mediu

9、m of En glish drama.马洛的艺术成就在于他完善了无韵体 诗，并使之成为英国戏剧中最重要的文体形式。14. Marlowe?s second achievement is his creation of the Renaissance hero for English drama马洛的第二项贡献是他创造了文艺复兴时期的英雄形象。15. His brilliant achievement as a whole raised him to an eminence as the pioneer of En glish drama他对戏剧发展的贡献是不可磨灭的，为此，它被后世尊为英国

10、戏剧的先驱。16. The passi on ate shepherd to his lov激情的牧人致心爱的姑娘This short poem is considered to be one of the most beautiful lyrics in English literature.这首短诗是英国文学诗中最优美的抒情诗。(III) William Shakespeare 威廉.莎士比亚17. The first period of his dramatic career, he wrote five history plays: Henry VI, PartsI, II, and

11、III, Richard III, and Titus Andronicus; and four comedies: The Comedy of Errors, The Two Gentlemen of Verona, The Taming of the Shrew, and Lov?se Labour处Lost.在他戏剧创作生涯的第一个阶段，他创作了五部历史剧：亨利六世，理查三世，泰托斯 .安东尼以及四部喜剧： 错误的戏剧，维 洛那二绅士，驯悍记和爱的徒劳 。18.In the second period, he wrote five histories: Richard II, King

12、John, Henry IV, Parts I and II, and Henry V; six comedies: A Midsummer Nigh?ts Dream, The Merchant of Venice, Much Ado About Nothing, As You Like It, Twelfth Night, and The Merry Wives of Windsor; and two tragedies: Romeo and Juliet and Julius Caesar在第二阶段，他写了五部历史剧：理查三世，约翰王，亨利四世，亨利五世 以及六部喜剧 仲夏夜之梦，威尼斯

13、商人，无事生非，皆 大欢喜，第十二夜，温莎的风流娘儿们 ，还有两部悲剧： 罗密欧与朱 丽叶和裘利斯 .凯撒。19.Shakespeare?s third period includes his greatest tragedies and his so-called dark comedies. The tragedies of this period are Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, Macbeth, Antony and Cleopatra, Troilus and Cressida, and Coriolanus. The two comedies are

14、All处 Well That En ds and Measure for Measures 三阶段诞生了莎翁最伟大 的悲剧和他自称的黑色喜剧(或悲喜剧) ，悲剧有：哈姆雷特，奥赛罗，李尔王麦克白安东尼与克利奥佩特拉 特罗伊勒斯与克利西达及 克里奥拉那斯。两部喜剧是终成眷属和一报还一报 。20. The last period of Shakespear?es work includes his principle romantic tragicomedies: Pericles, Cymbeline, The Winte?rs Tale and The Tempest; and his two

15、 plays: He nry VIII and The Two Noble Kin sme n.最后一个时期的作品主要 有浪漫悲喜剧：伯里克利辛白林冬天的故事与暴风雨 。他最后 两部剧是亨利八世与鲁克里斯受辱记 。21. ShakespearSS sonnets are the only direct expression of the po?t own feelings这 些十四行诗都是莎翁直抒胸臆的成果。22.Shakespeare?s history plays are mainly written under the principle that national unity un d

16、er a mighty and just sovereig n is a n ecessit 莎翁的历史居 U都有这样一 个主题：在一个强大英明的君主统领下的国家，统一是非常必要的。23.In his romantic comedies, Shakespeare takes an optimistic attitude toward love and youth, and the roma ntic eleme nts are brought into full play在 他的浪漫喜居 U 中，莎士比亚以乐观的态度对待爱情与青春，并将浪漫色彩渲染到极致。24.The successful r

17、omantic tragedy is Romeo and Juliet, which eulogizes the faithfu In ess of love and the spirit of pursu ing happ in ess莎 翁在其成功的浪漫主 义悲居罗密欧与朱丽叶 ，颂扬了对爱的忠贞及对幸福的追求。25.Shakespeare?s greatest tragedies are: Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, and Macbeth. They have some characteristics in com mon. Each portrays so

18、me n oble he莎士 比亚的四大悲居是：哈姆雷特奥赛罗李尔王麦克白26. “The King?s government must be carried o”n but carried on for the good of the nation, not for the pleasure of the king“. 国王的统治一定要万古不变” 但是 这种流传百世万古不变的统治是有利于国家利益的，而不是只为国王自己服 务。27. Thus, he finds no way to solve the social problems. In the end, the only thing he

19、 can do as a huma nist is to escape from the reality to seek comfort in his drea正. 因如此，他才无力寻求到医治各种社会痼疾的灵丹妙药，最后，他作为人文 主义所能做的唯一事情便是逃避现实，从梦幻中找安慰。28. He holds that literature should be a combination of beauty, kindness and truth, and should reflect n ature and reality他认为文学应该是真善美的结合，应该反映天 性与现实。29. Shakes

20、peare is above all writers in the past and in the present tir古往今来，没 有一个作家能与莎士比亚媲美， 他对后世文学家的潜移默化也是无可估量的。30. Almost all English writers after him have been influenced by him either in artistic point of view, i n literary form or in Ian guage.在他之后几乎所有的英国文学家都 在艺术观点，文学形式及语言技巧方面受到他的影响。31. Sonnet 18 is one

21、 of the most beautiful sonnets written by Shakespea十四行诗第十八首诗莎翁最出色的十四行诗。(IV) Francis Bacon 弗兰西斯 .培根32. The most import works of his first group include The Advancement of Learning, Written in English; Novum Organum , an enlarged Latin version of The Adva nceme nt of Learni ng培根的作品可分为三类：第一类中最重要的作品有 学术

22、的进展(用英文著述)新工具(是学术的进展 的拉丁文增补版)33.One is the knowledge obtained from the Divine Revelation, the other is the kno wledge from the work ings of huma n mi nd.他将知识分为两种：一种是通过 神的启示获得的知识，另一种是通过人类用脑思考而获得的知识。34. According to Bacon, man?s understanding consists of three parts: history to ma?ns memory, poetry to

23、 man?s imagination and creation, and philosophy to ma?ns reaso n培根认为，人类的认识与学问分为三部分：基于人类回忆的历史学， 基于人类想象力创造力的诗歌与基于人类理性的哲学。35. Bacon, as a humanist intellect, shows the new empirical attitudes toward truth about n ature and bravely challe nges the medieval scholastici作 为人文主义者 的培根展示了自己对于自然界真理的实验主义态度，并向中世

24、纪的经院哲学 家们提出挑战。36. Bacon% essays are famous for their brevity, compactness and powerfulne培根 的散文以简洁，紧凑，有力度而著名。37. The essays are well-arranged and enriched by biblical allusions, metaphors and cade nee这些散文不仅结构巧妙还大量使用了圣经的典故，隐喻和基调。38.Of Studies 论学习Read ing maketh a full man, conference a ready man, and

25、writi ng an exact maft. 书使人充实，讨论使人机智。(V) John Donne 约翰.邓恩39. The imagery is drawn from the actual life诗中的意象都是从现实生活中提取 的。40. His poems give a more inherently theatrical impression by exhibiting a seemingly unfocused diversity of experiences and attitudes, and a free range of feelings and moods他的诗歌给人一

26、种固有的戏剧性，展示了看上去零散多样的经历与观 念，以及漫无边际的情感与心境。41. The Sons and Sonnets, by which Donne is probably best known, contains most of his early lyrics.歌与短歌是邓恩最有名的诗集，囊括了他早期大多数爱情 诗作。42. In his gloomy poem Farewell to love,” we can see his disillusionmen在忧伤的 诗作告别爱情中，我们就可以感受到他对爱情幻想的破灭。43. With the brief, simple lang

27、uage, the argument is continuous throughout the poem. 议论依附于一种简洁平白的语言，并贯穿于整首诗作。(VI) John Milton 约翰 .弥尔顿44. he was entirely occupied with the thoughts of fighting for human freedom他头月脑 中充满了为人类自由而战的思想。45. Milton ?s literary achievements can be divided into three groups: the early poetic works, the midd

28、le prose pamphlets and the great poem. 尔顿的文学作品可分为 三类：早期诗作，中期的散文小册子和后期的伟大诗作。46. Milton wrote his three major poetical works: Paradise Lost, Paradise Regained, and Samson Agoniste他的三部伟大诗作：失乐园复乐园和力士参孙。47. The theme of Paradise Lost is the“Fall of Man”.In the fall of man Adam discovered his full humanit

29、y失乐园的主题是人类的沉沦。 在沉沦之中，亚当发 现了自己身上的人性。48. Milt on held that God created all thi ngs out of Himself, i ncludi ng evil.他认为上帝 是按照他自己的样子造出的世界，其中也包括罪恶。49.It opens the way for the voluntary sacrifice of Christ which showed the mercy of God in bringing good out of evil.为基督自愿献身开辟了道路， 这也显示出上帝 欲将人类从罪恶与苦难中拯救出来的同情

30、心。50.In Samson Agonistes, the whole poem strongly suggests Milto?ns passionate longing that he too could bring destruction down upon the enemy at the cost of his own life.在力士参孙中，整首诗都强烈暗示着弥尔顿渴望他自己也能像参孙一 样，以生命为代价，与敌人同归于尽。51.In his life, Milton shows himself a real revolutionary, a master poet and a gr

31、eat prose writer弥尔顿毕生都展现了真正的革命精神和非凡的诗歌才华。52. Paradise Lost人类由于理性不强，意志薄弱，经不起考验，暗示英国自产主 义革命失败的原因。Chapter2 The Neoclassical Period(1660-1798新古典主义1. In short, it was an age full of con flicts and diverge nee of values 总之，这一时期 是矛盾与价值观分歧的时期。2. The eighteenth-century England is also known as the Age of Enl

32、ightenment or the Age of Reaso n英国的十八世纪也同时是启蒙主义时代，或曰理性时代。3. Its purpose was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modern philosophical a nd artistic ideas运动的主旨便是用当代哲学与艺术思想的晨光 启迪整个世界。4. Enlighteners held that rationality or reason should be the only, the final cause of any human thought and

33、activities. They called for a reference to order, reason and rules启蒙者主张理性是任何人思想与行动的唯一缘由。他们大力提倡秩序， 理性及法律。5. As a matter of fact, literature at the time, heavily didactic and moralizing, became a very popular mea ns of public education其实，当时的文学作品种充满了说教 与道德理念，就已经成为大众教育的良好工具。6. Famous among the great enl

34、ighteners in England were those great writers like John Dryden, Alexander Pope, Joseph Addison and Sir Richard Steele, the two pioneers of familiar essays, Jonathan Swift, Daniel Defoe, Richard Brinsley Sherida n, Henry Fieldi ng and Samuel Joh nso英国著名的启蒙主义文学家有约 翰 .德莱顿，亚历山大 .蒲柏，约瑟夫 .艾迪森与理查 .斯蒂尔（这两位是

35、现代散 文的先驱），乔纳森.斯威夫特，丹尼尔.迪福，理查.B.谢立丹，亨利.费尔丁和 塞缪尔 .约翰逊。7. In the field of literature, the Enlightenment Movement brought about a revival of interest in the old classical works在文学领域，启蒙主义运动还使人们重新对古 典时代的著作产生兴趣。8. They believed that the artistic ideals should be order, logic, restrained emotion and accurac

36、y, and that literature should be judged in terms of its service to humanity. 他们认为理想的艺术应基于秩序，逻辑，确切及情感控制的基础上，而文学 作品的价值评判标准应该看它是否为人文主义服务。9. Thus a polite, urbane, witty, and intellectual art developec由此一种温文尔雅，充 满灵性的知识分子文学艺术发展起来。10. Neoclassicists had some fixed laws and rules for almost every genre of

37、literature. 在几乎所有的文学形式中，新古典主义者们都设定了创作的规矩与条框。11. Drama should be written in the heroic Couplets （iambic pentameter rhymed in two lines）; the three unities of time, space and action should be strictly observed; regularity in construction should be adhered to, and type characters rather thanin dividual

38、s should be represe nted戏剧必须用英雄体偶剧（抑扬五音步的押韵 双行诗）写就；时间，地点，事件三要素必须要遵循；写作的规矩必须要遵 守，而作品中的人物要代表一类人，而不是个性化。12. But it had a lasting wholesome influence upon English literature. 套（ 话 ）但新古典 主义对英国文学史产生过持久的全面的影响。13. The poetic techniques and certain classical graces such as order, good form, unified structure

39、, clarity and conciseness of language developed in this period have become a perma nent heritages这一时期出现的诗歌技巧与古典气质，女口 秩序，优美的格式，统一的结构，简明的语言都成为永恒的文学传统。14. The mid-century was, however, predominated by a newly rising literaryform-the modern English novel, which, contrary to the traditional romance of ar

40、istocrats, gives a realistic prese ntati on of life of the com mon En glish people. 八世纪中叶，还兴起一种崭新的文学形式 英国现代小说，这种文学与传统贵族的骑士文学相反，着重描写英国普通百姓的生活。15. Among the pioneers were Daniel Defoe, Samuel Richardson, Henry Fielding,Laure nee Sterne, Tobias George Smollett, and Oliver Goldsmith. 国现代小说的 先驱有丹尼尔 .迪福，塞

41、缪尔 .理查德，亨利 .费尔丁，劳伦斯 .斯泰思，托比亚 斯 .斯摩莱特以及奥立弗 .哥尔斯密。16. From the middle part to the end of the eentury there was also an apparent shift of interest from the elassie literary tradition to originality and imagination, from soeiety to individual, and from the didaetie to the eonfessional, inspirational and

42、 prophetie. 从十八世纪中叶至十八世纪末， 还出现了古典文学传统向独创性与 丰富联想性的转移，社会描写向个性描写的转移，说教向忏悔，鼓励及预示 的转移。17. Gothic novels-mostly stories of mystery and horror哥特式小说-主要讲述恐 怖神秘的故事。18. Jonathan Swift?s A Modest Proposal being generally regarded as the best model of satire, not only of the period but also in the whole English

43、literary history乔纟内森. 斯威夫特的一个小小的建议被公认为英国文学史上讽刺作品的经典。(I) John Bu nyan 约翰.班扬19. As a stout Puritan, he had made a conscientious study of the Bible and firmly believed in salvatio n through spiritual struggle 作为一个坚定的清教徒，他认真 学习圣经，并深信人一定能通过精神上的奋斗得到拯救。20. he made it possible for the reader of the least ed

44、ucation to share the pleasure of read ing his no vel and to relive the experie nee of his characters.的语言具体生 动，情节鲜明真实，连没受过教育的人也能享受到阅读他的作品的乐趣。21. Bunyan?s other works include Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinners, The Life and Death of Mr.Badma n. The Holy War and The Pilgrims Progress, Part I班扬 其他的

45、作品还有 罪人头目的赦免，拜得门先生生死录，圣战以及天 路历程第二部22. The Vanity Fair名利场(节选天路历程第一部)The Pilgrim?s Progress is the most successful religious allegory in the English language. Its purpose is to urge people to abide by Christian doctrines and seek salvation through constant struggles with their own weaknesses and all k

46、inds of social evils.天路历程是英文作品中最成功的宗教寓言。它的主旨是让人 们遵循基督教教义，并通过不断战胜自身弱点与身外的邪恶来获得拯救。(II) Alexander Pope 亚历山大 .蒲伯23. Pope, a very sensitive man, would strike back hard, and in the constant verbal battles he developed a style of bit ing satire蒲伯本身是个很敏感的人，自然要 用笔墨来反击，在此期间，他发展了犀利的讽刺文体。24. For him the supreme

47、 value was order-cosmic order, political order, social order,aesthetic order, and this emphasis on order found expressi on in all of his wor对. 他来说秩序有着至高无上的价值 宇宙秩序，政治秩序，社会秩序，美学秩序。这种对秩序与理性的强调深入到了他各部作品中。25. Pope made his name as a great poet with the publication of An Essay on Criticism in 1711. The ne

48、xt year, he published The Rape of the Lock, a finest mock epic.1711 年，他出版了散文论批评 ，从此奠定了他在诗坛的地位。次年， 他又出版了夺发记 ，一部极妙的讽刺史诗。26. Pope was the greatest poet of his time. He strongly advocated neoclassicism, emphasizing that literary works should be judged by classical rules of order, reas on, I ogic, restra

49、 ined emoti on, good taste and decorum蒲伯是当时最伟大的 诗人，他大力提倡新古典主义，强调文学作品的优劣应由古典的秩序尺度， 理性，逻辑，情感的克制，高雅的品位以及是否体面，正派来衡量。27. He worked painstakingIy on his poems, deveIoped a satiric, concise, smooth, graceful a nd well-bala need style他致力于诗歌创作，发展了讽刺，简练，通顺， 优雅，平衡的风格。(III) Daniel Defoe 丹尼尔 .笛福28. His quick min

50、d, abundant energy and never-failing enthusiasm always brought him back on his feet after a fall他过人的才智，充沛的精力，旺盛而持久的热 情总是使他在失败后能重新站起。29. Robinson Crusoe, an adventure story very much in the spirit of the time, is universally considered his masterpiece. 鲁宾逊漂流记是一部体现时代精神 的游记历险小说，是笛福的代表作。30.In most of hi

51、s works, he gave his praise to the hard-working, study middle class and showed his sympathy for the dow ntrodde n, unfortun ate poc在 他大部分作品 中，他都表达了对勤劳，坚强的中产阶级的赞誉，以及对破落不幸的穷苦人 的同情。31. Defoe was a very good story-teller笛福很会讲故事。32. His sentences are sometimes short, crisp and plain, and sometimes long a

52、nd rambli ng, which leave on the reader an impressi on of casual n arratio他 的语句 时而短小干脆，朴素直白，时而又气势磅礴，泼墨如水，为读者留下了叙述 自由悠闲的印象。33. His Ianguage is smooth, easy, colloquial and mostly vernacula他的措辞简朴易 懂又口语化，有时甚至是俗语方言。34. There is no thi ng artificial in his Ian guage: it is com mon En glish at its beat他 的

53、语 言毫无造作，完全是大众英语。35. Robinson Crusoe: The novel consists actually of three parts. 鲁宾逊漂流记： 整部小说分为三个部分The realistic account of the successful struggle of Robinson single-handedly against the hostile nature forms the best part of the novel. Robinson is here a real hero: a typical eighteenth-century Engl

54、ish middle-class man., the pioneer colonist.其中对鲁宾逊徒手与恶劣的大自然作斗争的描述是小说最精彩的部分在此，鲁宾逊是真正的英雄：一个典型的英国十八世纪中产阶级人士。(IV) Jonathan Swift 乔纳森 .斯威夫特36.In 1704 he published two powerful satires on corruption in religion and learning, A Tale of a Tub and The Battle of the Books, which established his name as a sati

55、rist.1704 年，他针对宗教和学术界的腐败出版了两篇犀利的讽刺小品，一 为桶的故事，一为书籍的战斗 。这两篇作品奠定了他在讽刺作品中的 地位。37. Even today Swift is still respected as a national hero in Ireland#至今日，斯威夫 特还被尊为爱尔兰的民族英雄。38.In his opinion, human nature is seriously and permanently flawed. To better human life, en lighte nment is needec他认为人性永远有着严重的瑕疵，为了使

56、 人的生活更美好，人们需要启蒙。39.In his writings, although he intends not to condemn but to reform and improve huma n n ature and huma n in stituti ons在他的作品中，他提倡的不是谴责，而是 采取行为改良人性与人为的机构。40. His A Modest Proposal” is gen erally take n as a perfect mode他的一个温和的 建议被认为是一篇完善的典范。41. Swift is one of the greatest masters o

57、f English pros斯威夫特是一名优秀的散文 作家。42. He defined a good style as“proper words in proper places”. Clear, simple, concrete diction, uncomplicated sentence structure, economy and conciseness of Ian guage mark all his writings-essays, poems and no ve 他仓 S立了一种良好的 文风，即“在恰当的地方用恰当的词” 。无论是散文， 诗歌，还是小说， 简洁， 具体，精确，

58、没有复杂的句式永远是他的写作风格。43.Swift?s chief works are: A Tale of a Tub and The Battle of the Books, The Drapier?s Letters(note:Drapier=Swift, alias), Gulliver?s Travels and A Modest Proposal斯威夫特的作品主要有桶的故事，书籍的战斗，德拉皮尔的 信，格列佛游记和一个温和的建议 。44. Gulliver?s Travels: Jonathan?s best fictional work, the book contains four parts. Its social significance is great and its exploration into human nature profound. 格列 佛游记：是斯威夫特最精彩的一部小说， 全书分为四卷， 它具有重大的社会 意义，同时对人性的探索与揭示也是深刻的。(V) Henry Fielding 亨利.费尔丁4