【县公开课课件】高考英语阅读理解之主旨大意题公开课

1、1.了解教学背景：高考阅读题分析；了解教学背景：高考阅读题分析；2.主旨题型分类：主旨题型分类：1）文章主旨；）文章主旨；2）文章标题；）文章标题； 3）段落主旨；）段落主旨；3.通过做练习，了解各种解题技巧；通过做练习，了解各种解题技巧；4. 在做阅读练习题中能灵活运用各技巧。在做阅读练习题中能灵活运用各技巧。 这几年这几年高考中所有的试题都是在语篇高考中所有的试题都是在语篇中考查，听力，阅读，写作，完型填中考查，听力，阅读，写作，完型填空，语法填空，无一例外全都突出语空，语法填空，无一例外全都突出语篇的重要性，所以在备考中必须高度篇的重要性，所以在备考中必须高度重视重视语篇能力语篇能力得阅

2、读者得英语！得阅读者得英语！III.语篇能力语篇能力How to grasp the main idea of a passage1主旨大意题型特点与命题方式 题型特点 主旨大意题主要是测试考生对一篇文章或一段文字的深层理解程度以及在速读中准确把握文章主旨大意的能力。一般针对某一语段或某一语篇的主题标题或目的设题。这类题目考查的范围是基本论点、文章标题、主题或段落大意等。它要求考生在理解全文的基础上能较好地运用概括、判断、归纳、推理等逻辑思维方法，对文章进行高度概括或总结，属于高层次题。阅读中主旨大意题的题型分类阅读中主旨大意题的题型分类主旨题主旨题标题类标题类文章主旨文章主旨段落主旨段落主旨

3、1. 标题类试题常见的题干形式标题类试题常见的题干形式 (1) The best title for this passage is . (2) The suitable headline for this passage may be (3) The title that best expresses the idea of the passage is . (4) Which of the following can be the best title of this passage?(体现概括性体现概括性, 避免远离主题避免远离主题)2. 文章主旨类试题常见的题干形式文章主旨类试题常见的

4、题干形式 (1) What is the passage mainly about? (2) The passage talks about . (3) The passage tells us that . (4) This passage mainly deals with . (5) Whats the main idea / topic of the passage?(体现全面性体现全面性, 避免以偏概全避免以偏概全)3. 段落主旨类试题常见的题干形式段落主旨类试题常见的题干形式 (1) The main idea of the second paragraph probably is

5、 that . (2) What is the last paragraph chiefly concerned with? (3) Which of the following can best summarize Paragraph one? (4) Whats the main idea discussed in the first paragraph?(体现针对性体现针对性, 避免张冠李戴避免张冠李戴)2分类解读下面结合试题，谈谈标题类和大意类主旨大意题的解题技巧。(1)标题类标题是段落中心思想最精炼的表达形式。 文章标题可以是单词、短语，也可以是句子。它的特点是：短小精悍，多为一短语

6、；涵盖性强，一般要求能覆盖全文，其确定的范围要恰当，既不能太大，也不能太小；精确性强，不能随意改变语言表意的程度及色彩。练习1 In the animal kingdom，weakness can bring about aggression in other animal. This sometimes happens with humans also. But I have found that my weakness brings out the kindness in people. I see it every day when people hold doors for me，po

7、ur cream into my coffee，or help me to put on my coat. And I have discovered that it makes them happy. From my wheelchair experience，I see the best in people，but sometimes I feel sad because those who appear independent miss the kindness I see daily. Last month，when I was driving home on a busy highw

8、ay，I began to feel unwell and drove more slowly than usual. People behind me began to get impatient I put on the car flashlights and drove on at a really low speed. No more angry shouts and no more horns! When I put on my flashlights，.But instead of getting impatient and angry，they waited，knowing th

9、e driver in front of them was in some way weak. Sometimes situations call for us to act strong and brave even when we dont feel that way. But those are few and far between. More often，it would be better if we dont pretend we feel strong when we feel weak or pretend that we are brave when we are scar

10、ed.(2011广东卷) 30Which of the following is the best title for the passage? AA Wheelchair Experience BWeakness and Kindness CWeakness and Strength DA Driving Experience【解析】B由第一段中的But I have found that my weakness brings out the kindness in people可知正确答案为B 归纳总结：文章标题的选择或拟定：第一，要在阅读原文的基础上，仔细考虑这句话或短语与文章主题是否有

11、密切的联系；第二，再看它对文章的概括性或覆盖面如何；第三，要注意题目是过大还是过小；第四，要避免下列三种错误：一是概括不够(多表现为部分代替整体，从而导致范围太小)；二是过度概括(多表现为人为扩大范围)；三是以事实、细节替代抽象概括的大意。 2)主旨大意类做此类题目时，首先要搞清是问某一段还是全做此类题目时，首先要搞清是问某一段还是全文的大意，可利用文中主要信息来把握文脉，文的大意，可利用文中主要信息来把握文脉，进行综合归纳，概括文章的主题。如有标题，进行综合归纳，概括文章的主题。如有标题，标题中的蕴含的信息往往是关键信息。另外，标题中的蕴含的信息往往是关键信息。另外，任何一篇文章都是围绕某个

12、主题展开的，因此，任何一篇文章都是围绕某个主题展开的，因此，许多文章中最明显的特点之一是有一个反复出许多文章中最明显的特点之一是有一个反复出现的中心词，即高频词，也叫做主题词。抓住现的中心词，即高频词，也叫做主题词。抓住了它，便容易抓住文章的中心。了它，便容易抓住文章的中心。 解题解题技巧技巧技巧一：寻找主题句，确技巧一：寻找主题句，确定文章主题定文章主题技巧二技巧二: 抓住文章段落大抓住文章段落大意，概括中心思想意，概括中心思想技巧三技巧三: 找高频词找高频词技巧一：寻找主题句，确定文章主题技巧一：寻找主题句，确定文章主题新闻报道新闻报道导语提携全文导语提携全文议论文议论文 总总-分分-总总

13、（论点论据结论）（论点论据结论）说明文说明文主题句主题句（首中尾）（首中尾）记叙文记叙文记叙文六要素记叙文六要素识别文体 通常情况下主题句在文中的位置：说明文议论文记叙文在开头在结尾在中间中心贯穿全文(较常见)(较少见)(较常见) 如何寻找主题句如何寻找主题句Sample 1 People have different tastes in food. Some feel that they havent eaten a meal unless they have had steak or other red meat. Some prefer chicken or fish and eat o

14、ne or the other at every meal. Others prefer vegetables and fruits or grains and would enjoy a meal of spaghetti, eggplant, and fresh fruit. Others could live on what were called fast-foods: a hamburger or hot dog, French fries and a soft drink. （1）主题句在段首）主题句在段首 一个主题句常常是一个段落的开头，其后的句子则是论证性细节。在论说文，科技文

15、献和新闻报道中多采用这种格式。 Sample 2Some students prefer a strict teacher who tells them exactly what to do. Others prefer to be left to work on their own. Still others like a democratic discussion type of class. No one teaching method can be devised to satisfy all students at the same time. （2 2）主题句也会出现在段尾主题句也

16、会出现在段尾。作者先摆出事实依据作者先摆出事实依据, , 层层推理论证层层推理论证, , 最后自然得出结论最后自然得出结论, , 即段落的主题。本即段落的主题。本段的中心思想在结尾句得到体现段的中心思想在结尾句得到体现, ,它是此段内容的结论。它是此段内容的结论。 Sample 3 Nothing is as useful as a flashlight on a dark night if a tire goes flat. Few inventions are so helpful to a child who is afraid of the dark. In fact, the mod

17、ern flashlight brings light to many dark situations. Finding something in the back of a closet is easy with a flashlight in hand . A camper also needs one after the light of the campfire has been out.（3 3）在短文中间在短文中间当主题句被安排在段中间时, 通常前面只提出问题， 文中的主题由随之陈述的细节或合乎逻辑的引申在文中导出, 而后又作进一步的解释, 支撑或发展.练习2Smoking cig

18、arettes is harmful to your health. Experiments show that cigarette smoking can cause cancer. Besides the most serious and terrible disease(illness), cancer, cigarette smoking also can cause other health problems. For example, it can give one a “smokers cough”. Finally, studies have shown it is easy

19、for cigarette smokers to catch colds. Whether you get an unimportant cold or terrible killer, cancer, smoking is harmful. Is it worth it?议论文议论文总总-分分-总总55What is the main idea ?A. cigarette smoking can cause cancerB. smoking can cause the most serious and terrible disease (illness) C. smoking also ca

20、n cause other health problemsD. smoking is harmful. D4）无主题句，即主题句隐含在全文中，没有明确的主题句，必须根据文中所提供的事实细节进行全面考虑、综合分析，然后找出共同的东西，归纳成一般概念。必须注意的是，既不能以偏概全，也不能在概括时过于宽泛，要恰如其分。练习3 Tom studied four years at the University of Paris and decided to leave before his graduation. He transferred to the University of Berlin an

21、d graduated with honors. Harvard Law School and, later, Boston College provided him with an excellent legal background. He is presently a corporation lawyer in Miami, Florida.The main idea of this paragraph is that _.A. Tom, who had studied at Paris Universities for four years, moved to another univ

22、ersity.B. Tom became a lawyer since his graduation from Harvard Law School and later from Boston College.C. Tom was an excellent student when he studied at Berlin university.D. Tom received an excellent education.detaildetaildetail技巧二技巧二: 从段落中从段落中归纳要点归纳要点抓大意，理清线索抓大意，理清线索. 寻找整篇文章的中心思想是建立在寻找具体段落中寻找整篇文

23、章的中心思想是建立在寻找具体段落中心的基础上的。各段落中心句的整体归纳便是文章心的基础上的。各段落中心句的整体归纳便是文章的中心思想。的中心思想。 练习4 There are three separate sources of danger in supplying energy by nuclear power. First, the radioactive material must travel from its place of production to the power station. Although the power stations themselves are str

24、ongly built, the containers used for the transport of the materials are not. Normally, only two methods of transport are in use, namely road or rail. Unfortunately, both of these may have an effect on the general public, since they are sure to pass near, or even through, heavily populated areas. Sec

25、ond, there is the problem of waste. All nuclear power stations produce wastes that in most cases will remain radioactive for thousands of years. It is impossible to make these wastes nonradioactive, and so they must be stored in one of the inconvenient ways that scientists have invented. For example

26、, they may be buried under the ground, or dropped into deserted mines, or sunk in the sea. However, these methods do not solve the problem, since an earthquake could easily break the containers. Third, there may occur the danger of a leak (泄漏) or an explosion at the power station. As with the other

27、two dangers, this is not very likely, so it does not provide a serious objection to the nuclear program. However, it can happen. Separately, these three types of dangers are not a great cause for worry. Taken together, though, the probability of disaster is extremely high. ()What is the passage abou

28、t? AUses of nuclear power. BDangers from nuclear power. CPublic anger at nuclear power. DAccidents caused by nuclear power.B第一段“There are three separate sources of danger in supplying energy by nuclear power.”为文章的主题句。接着从三个方面论述主题：First.，Second.，Third.，段首第一句分别为各段的主题句，层次分明，结构清晰，最后一段进一步归纳全文大意：Dangers fr

29、om nuclear power。故答案为B。 注意：在这个过程中，考生不能只依据只言片语或光看文章的某些段落，而应观察全文的结构安排；理解文章浓墨重笔写的“重心”；考虑文章的组织材料及支持性细节是服务于什么的；分析故事的发展结局都是围绕什么内容来表达的；最后用简明扼要的文字将文章的中心思想表达出来。 技巧三技巧三: 从段落中从段落中寻找高频率词寻找高频率词 任何一篇文章都是围绕某个主题展开的，因此，任何一篇文章都是围绕某个主题展开的，因此，许多文章中最明显的特点之一是有一个反复出许多文章中最明显的特点之一是有一个反复出现的中心词，即现的中心词，即高频词高频词，也叫做，也叫做主题词主题词 练习

30、5A new eight-kilometer road is under construction that links the port area with motorway system. It is expected to carry 20,000 trucks and cars a day, which greatly reduces the overcrowded traffic in the center of the city.As part of the project, two four-kilometer road tunnels are being built below

31、 the central area of the city, one for traffic to the north and the other for the traffic to the south. The two tunnels are about 20 meters below the surface and are 12 meters wide, providing for two lanes of traffic in each direction. In the upper part of the tunnel two air-conditioning pipes remov

32、e the waste gas of trucks and cars and keep the quality of air inside the tunnel. The lighting is at the top of the tunnel, practically at its highest point. There will also be electric signs at frequent intervals. They show traffic conditions ahead and can be seen clearly by drivers. The wall is ma

33、de up of four main elements, which include a waterproofing covering and, on the inside of the tunnel, a concrete lining. Each tunnel is roughly round and the lower part of the tunnel is somewhat flat. The surface of the road lies on the base, which is made of concrete and steel. The drainage system,

34、 just below the road surface on one side, removes any extra liquid, particularly water. In the event of fire, the fire main, which is made of steel, pipes water to many fire hydrant stations at regular intervals along the length of the tunnel. The fire main is at the side of the tunnel and at the le

35、vel of the road surface. Other systems in the tunnel will include emergency phones. 75. The passage is mainly about _. A. the construction of a road B. the design of a road C. the construction of two tunnels D. the design of two tunnels 遵循遵循 四字原则四字原则:用精炼的语言概括出文章的中心思想用精炼的语言概括出文章的中心思想要注意文章的内涵和外延要注意文章的

36、内涵和外延, 把作者的观点准确地把作者的观点准确地表达出来表达出来. 要排除掉那些片面的选项要排除掉那些片面的选项, 选取包含文章的主要选取包含文章的主要内容及作者观点的选项内容及作者观点的选项, 范围不宜过大或过小范围不宜过大或过小.所选择的标题要新颖所选择的标题要新颖,对读者有吸引力对读者有吸引力, 能激发读能激发读者的阅读兴趣者的阅读兴趣.1.Do some reading exercises2.完成对应的练习完成对应的练习Good luck &Successs ahead!Your criticism will be appreciated! 练习练习6 “Have a nic

37、e day！” may be a pleasant gesture or a meaningless expression. When my friend Maxie says have a nice day with a smile，I know she sincerely cares about what happens to me. Although the use of the expression is an insincere，meaningless social custom at times，there is nothing wrong with the sentence ex

38、cept that its a little uninteresting. The salesgirl，the waitress，the teacher，and all the countless others who speak it without thinking may not really care about my day. But in a strange and comfortable way. Its nice to know they care enough to pretend they care when their really dont care all that much. While the expression may no