lecture4outliningandsummarizing大纲和总结

1、Underlining Outlining Summarizing- From “input” to “output”Underlining OutliningUnit 13, Book IIUnderlining and OutliningUnderlining, listing, selective underlining, highlighting, outlining Selective Underlining is the skill of being able to identify the main idea and supporting details of a passage

2、. This is a critical comprehension skill that can significantly impact recall ability. While reading, mark out the important facts and ideas in the passage with a pen, pencil or highlighter pen. It helps you a great deal to reread, recall, and remember what you read.How to underline effectively?nTry

3、 to underline important portions of the topic sentence and major supporting detailsnUse a system for underlining. For example, you may use single underlining for important details and double underlining for the main idea. nIf there are any questions that need answering, use them to guide you in your

4、 underlining. (“Questions” could also include your predicting.) n George Washington Carver is a famous American because he invented so many new things. He developed new ways to grow more crops on an acre of land. Many people planted the same crop on the same land year after year. Carver found that r

5、otating crops helped the land to stay fertile. He started a school to teach farmers who couldnt read how to grow crops using these new methods. Farmers would visit his school and Carver would show them how to grow more and better crops.n Peanut butter is also one of Carvers inventions. He produced o

6、ver 200 products from peanuts. These are just some of the reasons that George Washington Carver is considered one of our greatest scientists. UnderliningListingnMain pointsnGeorge Washington Carver is a famous American because he invented so many new thingsnExplanationsnnew ways to grow more crops,

7、e.g. rotating crops (1)Peanut butterOutliningMain Idea: George Washington Carver is a famous American because he invented so many new thingsSupporting Details:nnew ways to grow more crops (e.g. rotating crops)(1)Peanut butterUnderlining vs. Listing / OutliningnWhile underlining requires you to mark

8、the main points of a selection while reading, outlining requires you to reorganize the main idea and the major details that support it after reading. You may use the original wording or your own rephrasing so long as they catch the points.nThe outline should identify the major ideas and show the rel

9、ation of supporting details in logical, sequential order.n Sally Ride is considered a pioneer in the United States space program. She was the first woman astronaut to go into space. She had to overcome a lot of negative thinking about women in space in order to become an astronaut. She was also the

10、youngest person to orbit the Earth in a spacecraft. She was only 32 years old when she first went into space. n Finally, she was the first astronaut to operate the fifty-foot long robotic arm on the space shuttle. This arm allows the astronauts to retrieve objects, like satellites, and bring them ba

11、ck into the space shuttle. All of these things make it easy to understand why Sally Ride is considered an important person in the space program.n n Sally Ride is considered a pioneer in the United States space program. She was the first woman astronaut to go into space. She had to overcome a lot of

12、negative thinking about women in space in order to become an astronaut. She was also the youngest person to orbit the Earth in a spacecraft. She was only 32 years old when she first went into space. n Finally, she was the first astronaut to operate the fifty-foot long robotic arm on the space shuttl

13、e. This arm allows the astronauts to retrieve objects, like satellites, and bring them back into the space shuttle. All of these things make it easy to understand why Sally Ride is considered an important person in the space program.UnderliningListingnMain pointsnSally Ride is considered a pioneer i

14、n the United States space program.nExplanationsnthe first woman astronaut to go into space.nalso the youngest person to orbit the Earth in a spacecraft.1.the first astronaut to operate the fifty-foot long robotic arm on the space shuttle.Main Idea: Sally Ride is considered a pioneer in the United St

15、ates space program.Supporting Details:n(She was) the first woman astronaut to go into space.n(She was) also the youngest person to orbit the Earth in a spacecraft.n(She was) the first astronaut to operate the fifty-foot long robotic arm on the space shuttle.OutliningSummarizingP245, Book IIWhat is s

16、ummarizing?nHow do you answer my questions, such as What was the story about?, or What did I talk about in the last lecture?” nObviously, I do not want you to provide every detail. You are only required to select the important details and summarize them as the answer. What is summarizing?A summary i

17、s a shorter version of a longer piece of writing. To summarize means to say the same thing in fewer words. The goal of writing a summary of an article, a single chapter or a whole book is to offer as accurately as possible the full sense of the original, but in a more condensed form. A summary resta

18、tes the authors main point, purpose, intent and supporting details in your own words. Writing a summary forces you to go beyond separate facts and ideas and consider what they mean as a whole. In addition to this, the knowledge you gained by summarizing makes it possible for you to analyze and criti

19、que the original text. “input” “output”nacademic vs. practical (instructional)nliterature vs. science (experimental report)nfactual texts (narrative, descriptive) vs. conceptual texts (argumentative, theoretical)nE.g. In academic writing, summarizing exercises are often set to test your understandin

20、g of the original, and your ability to re-state its main purpose.nE.g. In business writing, you might need to summarize to provide easily-digestible information for customers or clients.Identify the most important information the writer offers to support or explain his or her main point. Organize yo

21、ur summary through the acronym TMD. This stands for topic, or what the passage is about; the main idea, or why the subject is important; and the details that support the main idea. The latter should answer the who, where and when. (the 5 Wh-questions)Include any definitions of key terms or important

22、 new principles, theories or procedures that are introduced. Indicate the authors attitude and approach. (writing style, tone, attitude, organization patterns, etc.)Keep your summary objective and factual. Summary is a brief report that reflects the writers ideas, not your evaluation of them.Decide

23、your purpose to write the summary for your future record.Consider using a computer to state and record your summaries.How to summarize?As you review your work, make sure that your summary is:nComprehensive: You have included in your summary all of the authors major ideas, assertions and findingsnAcc

24、urate: in your choice of words and paraphrasing you did not misrepresent the authors ideasnNeutral: you tried to be objective and fair and did not include your own evaluation or commentsnIndependent: a person who has not read the source text can understand what you have writtenSummary of Number and

25、OmensnUnderline the main idea and major details while nreading the passagendealing with wordsnunderstanding sentencesnrecognizing organization patterns (looking for the logical relationship between main idea and details)nSummarize the passageSummary of Numbers and OmensIn this passage, the author po

26、ints out that numbers play an important role in Chinese culture, and that the use of numbers can be found in almost every aspect of peoples lives. He describes the numbers from 1 through to 9 respectively and provides many examples about how these auspicious or ominous numbers may influence peoples

27、choice or decision at weddings, at funerals, in business, ect. nthe narrator points that and that main idean from 1 through to 9 major detailsnHe illustrates by examples approach / methodn There are roughly three New Yorks. There is, first, the New York of the man or woman who was born here, who tak

28、es the city for granted and accepts its size and its turbulence as natural and inevitable. Second, there is the New York of the commuter the city that is devoured by locusts each day and spat out each night. Third, there is the New York of the person who was born somewhere else and came to New York

29、in quest of something. Of these three trembling cities the greatest is the last the city of destination, the city that is a goal. It is the third city that accounts for New Yorks high-strung disposition, its poetical deportment, its dedication to the arts, and its incomparable achievements. Commuter

30、s give the city its tidal restlessness, natives give it solidity and continuity, but the settlers give it passion. And whether it is a farmer arriving from Italy to set up a small grocery store in a slum, or a young girl arriving from a small town in Mississippi to escape the indignity of being obse

31、rved by her neighbors, or a boy arriving from the Corn Belt with a manuscript in his suitcase and a pain in her heart, it makes no difference: each embraces New York with the fresh eyes of an adventurer, each generates beat and light to dwarf the Consolidated Edison Company. P245, Book II (Underlini

32、ng)ListingnMain pointsnThere are three New Yorks.nThe greatest is the lastnExplanationsnthat of the natives;nthat of the commuter;nthat of the newcomer;1.It is the third city that accounts for New Yorks high-strung disposition, its poetical deportment, its dedication to the arts, and its incomparable achievements.Main Point (a): There are three New Yorks.Details: 1. that of the natives; 2. that of the commuter; 3. that of the newcomer;Main Point (b): the greatest is the last, which accounts for New Yorks high-strung disposition, its poetical deportment, its dedication to the a