第三讲 威廉征服.

1、第三讲 威廉征服 The Norman Conquest (1066)诺曼征服（公元诺曼征服（公元1066年）年）o 1Reasons for Williams invasion of England o after Edwards death. o It was said that king Edward had promised the English throne to William, but the Witan chose Harold as king. So William led his army to invade England. In October 1066, durin

2、g the important battle of Hastings, William defeated Harold and killed him. On Christmas Day, William was crowned king of England, thus beginning the Norman Conquest of England.o 据说，爱德华国王曾答应把英格兰王位传给诺曼底公爵威廉，但是贤人会议挑选了哈罗德为国王。公元1066年10月，在哈斯丁斯附近的激烈交锋中，威廉打败了哈罗德军队，同时哈罗德也在此战争中战死。2The Norman Conquest and its

3、 consequences诺曼征服及其产生的影响。oThe Norman Conquest of 1066 is perhaps the best-known event in English history. William the Conqueror confiscated(没收) almost all the land and gave it to his Norman followers. He replaced the weak Saxon rule with a strong Norman government. He replaced the weak Saxon rule wi

4、th a strong Norman government. So the feudal system was completely established in England. Relations with the Continent were opened, and the civilization and commerce were extended. Norman-French culture, language, manners and architecture were introduced. The Church was brought into closer connecti

5、on with Rome, and the church courts were separated from the civil courts.o 1066年的诺曼征服也许是英国历史上的最著名事件。征服者威廉几乎没收了所有土地，将其分发给他的诺曼追随者。他用强有力的诺曼政府代替了软弱的萨克逊政府。于是，封建制度在英国完全建立。开放了与欧洲大陆的关系，文明和商业得到发展，引进了诺曼法国文化、语言、举止和建筑。教会与罗马的联系更为密切，教会法庭与世俗法庭分离 3。The English Languageo English is a member of the Indo-European fami

6、ly of languages (印欧语系). English is in the Germanic group of this family.o The development of the English language can be divided into 3 three periods: Old English, Middle English, and Modern English.Chapter 3：The Shaping of the Nation (1066-1381) 英国的形成（公元英国的形成（公元1066-1381）o 1. Williams Rule （1066-10

7、87）o 威廉一世的统治（公元1066-1087）o Englands feudalism under the rule of William the Conqueroro 在威廉统治下的英国封建制度oUnder William, the feudal system in England was completely established. oAccording to this system, the King owned all the land personally. oWilliam gave his barons large estates in England in return

8、for a promise of military service and a proportion of the lands produce. oThese estates were scattered far and wide over the country, so that those who held them could not easily combine to rebel the king. oThe barons, who had become Williams tenants-in-chief, parceled out land to the lesser nobles,

9、 knights and freemen, also in return for goods and services. oAt the bottom of the feudal scale were the serfs. oOne peculiar feature of the feudal system of England was that all landowners must take the oath of allegiance，not only to their immediate lord, but also to the king.o 在威廉统治下，英国的封建制度得到完全确立

10、。o 根据此制度，国王拥有全国所有土地。o 威廉把英国的大片土地分给贵族，条件是换取对方服役和收租。o 这些地产分散于各处，这样土地拥有者就不易联合起来反叛国王。o 已成为国王土地承租人的贵族又把土地分配给小贵族、骑士和自由民，同样换取货物和服役。在封建等级底层的是农奴。o 英国封建制独有的特色就是，无论是土地承租人还是佃户，都必须要宣誓效忠于直接领主，而且要效忠于国王。 2. King Henry II and his reformsoThe ways King Henry II consolidate the monarchy.o亨利二世巩固君主制的途径。o1) Henry II took

11、 some measures to consolidate the monarchy. He forced the Flemish mercenaries(雇佣军) to leave England; recalled grants of Royal lands made by his previous king Stephen; demolished many castles built in Stephens time; strengthened and widened the powers of his sheriffs and relied for armed support upon

12、 a militia composed of English freemen.2)The ways Henry II reform the courts and the law.亨利二世对法院及法律进行改革的方式。oKing Henry II greatly strengthened the Court and extended its judicial work. He divided the whole country into six circuits and appointed justices to each. Cases were therefore heard before th

13、e intermittent justices who applied the law impartially. During his reign, a common law was gradually established in place of the previous laws of the local barons. He also introduced a new jury system to replace the old ordeal-based trial system. Besides, he shifted the trial of clergymen charged w

14、ith criminal offenses from the Bishops court to the Kings court.o亨利二世 Henry II（英格兰国王11541189年） o英格兰金雀花王朝（也称安茹王朝）第一任国王，在英国乃至欧洲久负盛名的“法律之父”。他原为法国安茹公爵，后以武力胁迫其表舅、英格兰国王斯蒂芬立他为继承人，开创了英格兰金雀花王朝（也称安茹王朝）。他在位期间尽管与教会的纠纷不断，而且治家无方，几个儿子都起来反叛他，但仍不妨碍他以一个伟大的立法者的身份成为最受敬仰的王者。他在法律体系方面的改革有一下几点：1、建立完备而固定的司法系统，由王座法庭、普通诉讼法庭、财

15、政署和各地的巡回法庭组成；2、发展令状制度，以国王颁发令状的方式，进行了地产、债务等方面的立法；3、确立了刑事审判程序，建立陪审团制度，取消了“神裁法”，代之以重视证据的司法精神。 o 亨利二世是英国宪政的奠基人之一，在世界法制史上的地位也很突出。由于英国法律体系来自于习惯法，而不是成文法，因而自成一体（与深受罗马法影响的欧洲其他地区相比），并随着英国对外扩张深刻影响了世界各国。之所以没有把亨利二世列入张正榜之中，主要是因为英国千年民主宪政之路毕竟是一个漫长的历程，亨利二世虽然开了个头，但真正的质变发生在他的后代。 IIContents and the significance of the

16、Great Charter大宪章大宪章的内容及意义的内容及意义oGreat Charter was signed by King John in 1215 under the press of the barons. It consists of sixty-three clauses. Its important provisions are as follows: o(1) no tax should be made without the approval of the Grand Council; o(2) no freemen should be arrested, imprison

17、ed or deprived of their property; o(3) the Church should possess all its rights, together with freedom of elections; o(4) London and other towns should retain their traditional rights and privileges, ando (5) there should be the same weights and measures throughout the country. o Although The Great

18、Charter has long been popularly regarded as the foundation of English liberties, it was a statement of the feudal and legal relationships between the Crown and the barons, a guarantee of the freedom of the Church and a limitation of the powers of the king. The spirit of the Great Charter was the lim

19、itation of the powers of the king, keeping them within the bounds of the feudal law of the land. o大宪章是约翰国王1215年在封建贵族压力下签定的。大宪章总共63条，其中最重要的内容是：o(1) 未经大议会同意，不得征税；o(2) 只有根据国家有关法律才能逮捕、监禁自由人以及剥夺他们的财产；o(3)教会应享受其所有权利且有选举自由；o（4） 伦敦和其它城镇应保留其古时的权力和特权；o(5) 全国要使用统一的重量和长度度量衡。o尽管人们普遍认为大宪章为英国的自由奠定了基础，但该宪章只是规定国王和贵族之间封建关系和法