高中英语语法专题复习--构词法ppt课件

1、1. 构词法的三种构成方式。构词法的三种构成方式。2. 派生、转化及合成词的灵敏运用。派生、转化及合成词的灵敏运用。 英语构词法主要有三种：合成、转化英语构词法主要有三种：合成、转化和派生。和派生。 一、合成一、合成 合成是指将两个意思不同的单词结合合成是指将两个意思不同的单词结合成一个新词。合成方式主要有以下几种：成一个新词。合成方式主要有以下几种： 1. 合成名词合成名词 名词名词+名词：名词：postman, girlfriend, flowerbed, notebook 描画词描画词+名词：名词：blackboard, supermarket, greenhouse 名词名词+动词：动

2、词：daybreak, sunrise, breastfeed 动词动词-ing方式方式+名词：名词：reading room, washing machine 名词名词+动词动词-ing方式：方式：handwriting, papermaking 动词动词+名词：名词：pickpocket, workroom 动词动词+副词：副词：breakup, get-together 其它方式：其它方式：go-between, passer-by 2. 合成描画词合成描画词 描画词描画词 / 数词数词+名词名词+ed：warm-hearted, five-storeyed 名词名词+过去分词：过去分词

3、：home-made, hand-made 名词名词+描画词：描画词：world-famous, ice-cool 描画词描画词/数词数词+名词：名词：full-time, second-hand 描画词描画词+过去分词：过去分词：newborn, short-sighted 副词副词+过去分词：过去分词：well-known, newly-built 其它方式：其它方式：face-to-face, evergreen 3. 合成代词合成代词 代词宾格代词宾格/物主代词物主代词+ self/selves：herself, ourselves 某些不定代词某些不定代词some, any, eve

4、ry, no等等+ body/one/thing：anyone, nothing 4. 合成介词合成介词 介词介词+介词：介词：throughout, within 5. 合成副词合成副词 副词副词+名词：名词：indoors, overhead, upstairs 介词介词+名词：名词：alongside, beforehand 名词名词+描画词：描画词：sky-high 副词副词+介词：介词：nearby 其它方式：其它方式：meanwhile, headfirst 6. 合成动词合成动词 副词副词+动词：动词：overhear, overwork, underline 名词名词+动词：动

5、词：moonwalk, sunbathe 描画词描画词+动词：动词：whitewash, safeguard 二、转化二、转化 转化是指一个单词的词形不经过任何变转化是指一个单词的词形不经过任何变化而由一种词性转化为另一种或几种词性。化而由一种词性转化为另一种或几种词性。 1. 动词转化为名词动词转化为名词 有些词在转化过程中词义变化不大，如有些词在转化过程中词义变化不大，如try, swim, shout, cry, kiss, wash, guess等。有等。有些动词转化为名词时意义有一定的变化，如些动词转化为名词时意义有一定的变化，如feedv. 喂养喂养n. 饲料，饲料，drawv.

6、画画，画画，抽，拉抽，拉n. 平局等。平局等。 2. 描画词转化为动词、名词或副词描画词转化为动词、名词或副词 有些描画词可以转化为动词。如：有些描画词可以转化为动词。如：quietadj. 安静的安静的 v. 使安静。使安静。 有些描画词可以转化为名词。如：有些描画词可以转化为名词。如：quiet (adj. 安静的，沉寂的安静的，沉寂的 n. 安静，沉安静，沉寂寂); calm (adj. 镇静的镇静的 n. 泰然自假设泰然自假设)。 有些描画词可以转化为副词。如：有些描画词可以转化为副词。如：dear, high, low, cheap, full, near, close, long等

7、。等。3. 一些其它情况的转化。如：一些其它情况的转化。如： They forwarded his mail to his new address. (adv. v.) The people are walking north. (n. adv.) 三、派生三、派生 派生是指经过给一个单词加前缀或后缀派生是指经过给一个单词加前缀或后缀构成另一个词。前缀普通改动词义而不改动构成另一个词。前缀普通改动词义而不改动词性词性, 后缀普通改动词性而不改动词义。后缀普通改动词性而不改动词义。1. 常见前缀：常见前缀：1in-, il-, im-, ir-, un-, non- (表否认表否认): inco

8、mplete, illegal, impossible, irregular, unwise, non-smoker2dis-, un- (表反向或反义表反向或反义): disconnect, untie 3mis- (表贬义表贬义): misunderstand, mislead4over-, super-, under- (表程度表程度): overweight, supermarket, undercharge5fore-, trans-, inter- (表位置表位置): forehead, transplant, international6re-, post-, pre- (表次序

9、、时间表次序、时间): rebuild, post-war, pre-school7bi-, tri-, multi-, semi- (表数量表数量): bicycle, tricycle, multi-racial, semicircle8a-, en- (转化词类转化词类): asleep, endanger2. 常见后缀：常见后缀：1名词后辍名词后辍 -ery, -ry (表性质、场所表性质、场所): bravery, nursery -hood (表身份、性质表身份、性质): motherhood, brotherhood 描画词后面加描画词后面加-ism (表主义、行为表主义、行为)

10、: socialism, criticism 名词后加名词后加-ship (表形状、身份表形状、身份): friendship, membership 动词或者名词后加动词或者名词后加-ess (表女性表女性): waitress 动词后加动词后加-ee (表动作接受者表动作接受者): employee 动词后加动词后加-er或或-or (表施事者表施事者): employer, actor -ist (表主义者、从事某种职业表主义者、从事某种职业): socialist, violinist -al (表行为、结果表行为、结果): refusal, arrival 动词后去不发音的动词后去不

11、发音的-e加加-tion或直接加或直接加-tion(表表 过程、形状过程、形状): translation, election 动词后加动词后加ment (表表的行为的行为): arrangement, movement -ity, -ness (描画词转名词描画词转名词): diversity, happiness2描画词后缀描画词后缀-ed (动词后加动词后加ed表具有表具有): excited, amazed-ful (名词后加名词后加ful表充溢表充溢): hopeful, thankful-ish (表类似表类似): childish-less (名词后面加名词后面加less, 表没

12、有表没有的的): careless, useless-like (表表“像像): childlike-ly (表特征、表特征、“每每): motherly, daily-y (表具有表具有特征特征): sandy-able, -ive (动词转描画词动词转描画词): changeable, attractive-al, -ial, -ical (名词后加名词后加, 表具有表具有特点，特点，与与有关有关): accidental, professorial, psychological3副词后缀副词后缀 描画词或名词后加描画词或名词后加-ly: calmly, carefully 表示地点或方位

13、的词后加表示地点或方位的词后加-ward(s)变为副词。变为副词。如：如：southward(s), backward(s), outward(s)等。等。4动词后缀动词后缀-en, -ify, -ize: widen, simplify, beautify, symbolizeI. 阅读下面资料，在空白处填入适当的内容阅读下面资料，在空白处填入适当的内容不多于不多于3个单词或括号内单词的正确个单词或括号内单词的正确方式。方式。1. While there are 68. _ (amaze) stories of instant transformation, for most of us t

14、he changes are gradual and require a lot of effort and work, like cleaning up a polluted river. Just be 70. _ (patience). (2021年新课标全国卷年新课标全国卷I第三部分第三部分)patientamazing2. There were many people waiting at the bus stop, and some of them looked very anxious and 43. _ (disappoint). (2021年新课标全国卷年新课标全国卷II第第

15、二部分二部分)disappointed 3. Jonny: Bend your knees slightly and reach out your arms like tree branches, naturally and 62. _ (soft). Try to keep your body straight. Move slowly, then be sure to keep your balance and dont let your body shake. Peter: I cannot control my body well. My legs become 63. _ (pain

16、). (2021年辽宁卷第三部分年辽宁卷第三部分)painful softly4. In addition to their simple beauty, what makes the adobe dwellings admirable is their 63 (able) to “air condition a house . 2021新课标全国卷新课标全国卷II第三部分第三部分ability 5. Chengdu has dozens of new millionaires, Asias biggest building, and fancy new hotels. But for tou

17、rists like me, pandas are its top 61. _ (attract). 2021 新课新课 标全国卷标全国卷I6. Then, handle the most important tasks first so youll feel a real sense of 42. _ (achieve). 2021 新课标新课标 全国卷全国卷IIattraction achievementII. 根据以下各句句意和空白之后的汉语提示根据以下各句句意和空白之后的汉语提示 词，写出对应单词的正确、完好方式，每词，写出对应单词的正确、完好方式，每 空只写一词。空只写一词。1. I

18、m happy that my 80-year-old grandma has learned how to _ (下载下载) from the Internet. (2021年陕西卷单词拼写年陕西卷单词拼写)2. They failed to reach a settlement, because they _ (不赞同不赞同) too much with each other. (2021年陕西卷单词拼写年陕西卷单词拼写)disagreeddownload 根据括号内的提示写出所缺单词的正确方式。根据括号内的提示写出所缺单词的正确方式。A1. I dont think well go do

19、wn to the beach today. Its too _ (cloud).2. It took us quite a long time to get to the Art Gallery. It was a(n) _ (三小时的三小时的) journey.3. We decided to take the flat because it was quite large and the rent was very _ (reason).cloudythree-hourreasonable4. This bike is _ ( 二手的二手的) but its still in good

20、condition.5. Drug _ (addict) is a problem causing great concern.6. My brother is really _ (辛辛 勤任务的勤任务的). He often works in his office far into the night.7. After losing her job she was _ (employ) for a month.8. Im not sure at all. I really cant say with _ (certain).second-handaddictionhard-workingun

21、employedcertaintyBEve: I think it necessary to have some cultural 1. _ (communicate) between children in different countries.Ben: I couldnt agree more. It is 2. _ (mean). Not only can it broaden our 3. _ (多种文化的多种文化的) knowledge and enrich our lives, it can also enable us to develop unlimited love and 4. _ (friend) with others from various social 5. _ (背景背景).communicationmeaningfulmulticulturalfriendshipbackgroundsC Although my sister and I have a(n) 1. _ (differ) mother, we are 2. _ (certain) alike. Thi