Section ThreeLegal English

1、Section ThreeLegal English Instructor: Lijuan WangnQuestion 1. What is legal educational system? 2. What parts is the Law concerned with? nFirst degrees in law, which may be studied at either undergraduate or graduate level depending on the country.nVocational courses, which prospective lawyers are

2、required to pass in some countries before they may enter practice.nHigher academic degrees.nIn addition to the qualifications required to become a practicing lawyer, legal education also encompasses higher degrees such as doctorates, for more advanced academic study.nLegal education in the U.S. norm

3、ally proceeds along the following route:nUndergraduate education ( usually 4 years)nLaw school (usually 3 years)nAdmission to the bar ( usually by taking a states bar exam)nLegal practicenThe professional degree granted by U.S. Law schools the Juris Doctor or Doctor of Jurisprudence (J. D. ). And he

4、 or she is re usually required to pass a state bar examination in order to be licensed to practice as an attorney at law.In the United States Law is a graduate degree, which students embark upon only after completing an undergraduate degree in some other field, (usually a bachelors degree), and is c

5、onsidered to be a graduate or professional school program. The bachelor degree can be in any field, though most American lawyers hold bachelors degrees in the humanities and social sciences. American law schools usually an autonomous entity within a larger university.nPhrases translationn法学教育legal e

6、ducationn职业课程 vocational coursesn执业律师 practicing lawyer 司法考试 bar examn学士学位 bachelors degree 法学博士 Doctor of Jurisprudence (J.D.)n法学硕士Master of Laws (LL.M) / Master of Jurisprudence(M.J.) nTo article 律师事务所实习nJurisdiction 司法管辖权nClerkship 法院书记员nDiploma privilege 学位特权nAttorney at law 代理律师The law is subcl

7、assified into:nConstitutionnCivil procedurenDue process of lawnCriminal LawnTort law nContract Law nProperty Law nIntellectual Property Law nCommercial law nSecurities Law nInternational Law Part 2 ConstitutionWhat is a Constitution?nA constitution is a system for governance, often codified as a wri

8、tten document, that establishes the rules and principles of an autonomous political entity.nCodified constitutionnUncodified constitutionnEntrenchmentnDistribution of sovereignty - Federal（联邦的）： - Unitary(归一的)： - Confederal（联盟的）： nPhrase translationn成文宪法 codified constitution n权利法案 Bill of Rightsn非成

9、文宪法 uncodified constitution n权利分离 separation of powersn议会主权parliamentary sovereignty n联邦宪法 federal constitutionnCanon law 教会法规nconstitutional court宪法法院nSupremacy clause宪法至上条款nNational Archives and Records Administration 国家文件与档案局nPart 3 Civil Procedure Civil procedure is the body of law that sets out

10、 the process that courts will follow when hearing cases of a civil nature ( a civil nature, as opposed to a criminal action). n Criminal and civil procedures are different. Although some systems including the English, allow the private citizen to bring a criminal prosecution against another citizen.

11、nCriminal actions are nearly always started by the state. Civil actions, on the other hand, are usually started by individuals.nPhrase translationnService of process 送达 nStatement of case 案情陈述书nInherent jurisdiction固有管辖权nAlternative dispute resolution (ADR) 非诉讼纠纷解决机制nCivil Procedure Rules 1998 1998年

12、民事诉讼规则n首席检察官 attorney generaln美国律师协会American Bar Associationn刑事诉讼程序 criminal proceduren最高法院 （英）High Court of JusticenPart 4 Due Process of LawnDue process of law is the principle that the government must respect all of a persons legal rights, instead of just some or most of those legal rights, when

13、the government deprives a person of life, liberty, or property.Text in the United States Constitution# The Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution reads: No person shall be. Deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of las.“# The fourteenth Amendment to the United States

14、Constitution reads: No State shall deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process, of law.nPhrase translationn正当程序条款due process clause n自然公正natural justicen程序正义process justice n社团法人corporate personhoodn实体性正当程序substantive due processnPart 5 Criminal LawnThe term criminal law, s

15、ometimes called penal law, refers to any of various bodies of rules in different jurisdictions whose common characteristic is the potential for unique and often severe impositions as punishment for failure to comply.nFive objectives are widely accepted for enforcement of the criminal law by punishme

16、nts: retribution, deterrence, incapacitation, rehabilitation and restitution.nJurisdictions differ on the value to be placed on each.n# Retribution （报应）- Criminals ought to suffer in some way.n# Deterrence（威慑） - Individual deterrence is aimed toward the specific offender. The aim is to impose a suff

17、icient penalty to discourage the offender from criminal behavior.n# Incapacitation （剥夺）- Designed simply to keep criminals away from society so that the public is protected from their misconduct.n# Rehabilitation （改造）- Aims at transforming an offender into a valuable member of society.n# Restitution

18、（赔偿） - This is victim-oriented theory of punishment. The goal is to repair, through state authority, any hurt inflicted on the victim by the offender.nPhrase TranslationnCriminal sanctions 刑事制裁 ncross examination交叉询问nCapital punishment 死刑 ncivil infraction 民事侵害nHouse arrest监视居住（软禁）nThe Law of the Tw

19、elve Tables十二铜表法nBabylonian law巴比伦法 nCode of Ur-Nammu 乌尔纳姆法典nCode of Hammurabi法莫拉比法典 Phrase Translation corporal punishment肉刑，体罚 indictment控告 incarcerate 监禁 confinement 禁闭 execution死刑 parole 假释 probation缓刑 breach 违背，破坏 prosecuting attorney 检察官 Court of Appeal上诉法院nPart 6 Tort Law Tort law is the name

20、 given to a body of law that creates, and provides remedies for, civil wrongs that do not arise out of contractual duties.nPhrase translationnStrict liability 严格责任 n fiduciary duty信托责任nLaw of obligations 债权法 n false imprisonment 非法监禁nTort liability 侵权责任 nreal property 不动产nMovable property动产 n puniti

21、ve damages惩罚性损害赔偿nCriminal detention 刑事拘留 nanalogy in criminal law刑事类推nPart 7 Contract LawnA contract is an exchange of promises between two or more parties to do or refrain from doing an act which is enforceable in a court of law.nPhrase translationnCulpa in contrahendo 缔约过失责任 nunjust enrichment不当得

22、利nEquitable doctrine 衡平法则 n unilateral contract 单方合同nBreach of contract 违约 ncollateral contract附属合同nInvitation to treat邀请投标人做交易 n Statute of frauds禁止欺诈法nPart 8 Property Law 财产法财产法nPhrase translationnpersonal property 个人财产 nontological 存在论的、本体论的nLand tenure土地租佃制度 nquasi-property 准物权nContractual right

23、s 合同权利 ncontributory negligence共同过失nTransfer of property 财产转让n right of publicity公开权nBill of review上诉状 nclaim club权利要求俱乐部nUnited States Department of the Interior 美国内政部nPart 9 Intellectual Property Law 知识产权法知识产权法nIntellectual property (IP) is a legal field that refers to creations of the mind such a

24、s musical, literary, and artistic works; inventions; and symbols, names, images, and designs used in commerce, including copyrights, trademarks, patents, and related rights.nPhrase translationn巡回法庭 circuit court n工业设计industrial designn无形资产intangible assets n商业秘密 trade secretn边际成本marginal cost n保护贸易立

25、法 protectionist legislationn自由文化运动free culture movement n专有权 exclusive rightsn包罗甚广的话（法律） catch-all n专利持有方 patent holder nPart 10 Commercial Law 商法商法 nCommercial law (business law) is the body of law which governs business and commercial transactions.nPhrase translationnBill of exchange 汇票 ncivil code民法典nSafety laws 安全法 n commercial transaction 交易 nAccident insurance 事故保险nOccupational Safety and Health Act 职业安全与健康法nPart 11 Securities Law 证券法证券法Phrase translationnSecurities regulation 证券法规 nNational Association of Se