英语词汇学串讲上中下

1、英语词汇学串讲<上> 第一讲：1.考试题形式分为：.选择题(30分)：完全是考书中的例子，理论与例子的结合,也就是 Theory和 Example 的结合。.填空（10分）：考特例,不是考简单的ExamplesTheory而是考Exceptions .（10分） 考试内容：.Types of meaning changes: 词意变化的种类.Types of meaning : 词义的种类，如：概念意义，联想意义，情感意义等。.Languages branches :语系与语族, 语系如：印欧语系；语族如：一个大的语系下分为那几个小的语族，如：日尔曼语族，斯堪的纳维亚语族等。. F

2、eathers of idioms: 习语的特点.(10分) 考试内容：.Types of Bound Morphemes: 粘着词素的种类.Types of Word Formations: 构词法的种类.Types of Meaning: 词义的种类.Types of Meaning of Idioms:习语涵义的种类. 名词解释 (10分)：. 简答题 (12分)：.比较题：两种理论/概念之间的区别就叫比较题，比如说概念意义与联想意义有何区别，粘着词素与派生词根有何区别，两种事物与两种理论之间的区别等。.名词解释扩展题：难的名词解释派生的简答题， 如:Affected Meaning 名

3、词解释起来太长了，放在简答题里，就成为： What is Affected Meaning, briefly exemplify it.Optional: 可考可不考的题，往往是给出名词让你举例子.分析题(18分)：给出例子，让你用理论加以分析。二. 串讲内容：Introduction 部分：Lexicology 这门课算哪一种学科的分支: Lexicology is a branch of linguistics. Lexicology和那些重要的学科建立了联系:1)Morphology 2) Semantics 3) Stylistics 4) Etymology 5) Lexicogra

4、phy研究lexicology 的两大方法:1) Diachronic approach : 历时语言学2) Synchronic approach : 共时语言学e.g. wife 纵观历时语言学的方法论，woman 词义的变化算是词义变化的哪一种模式？Woman 的词义的变化算Narrowing or specialization 第一章部分：What is word ?词具有哪些特点？词的特点也就是对词的名词解释。1) A word is a minimal free form of a language;2) A sound unity or a given sound ;3) a u

5、nit of meaning;4) a form that can function alone in a sentence. 以上词的四个特点也就是词的名词解释词的分类（classification of a word） 词根据发音可以分为哪两种词？或者说词根据拼写可以分为哪两类词？1) simple words 2) complex words 单音节词例子：e.g. Man and fine are simple多音节词例子： e.g. Management, misfortune, blackmail management 可以次划分为manage 和 -ment misfortune

6、 可以次划分为mis- 和 fortune blackmail 次划分为black 和 mail What is the relationship between sound and meaning?1)There is no logical relationship between the sound and actual thing.e.g. dog. cat2)The relationship between them is conventional.3) In different languages the same concept can be represented by diff

7、erent sounds.What is relationship between sound and form?1)The written form of a natural language is the written record of the oral form. Naturally the written form should agree with the oral form, such as English language.2)This is fairly true of English in its earliest stage i.e. Old English 3)Wit

8、h the development of the language, more and more differences occur between the two. What are the great changes that causes illogical relationship or irregularity between sound and form?1) The internal reason for this is that the English alphabet was adopted from the Romans, which does not have a sep

9、arate letter to represent each sound in the language so that some letters must do double duty or work together in combination.2) Another reason is that the pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years, and in some cases the two have drawn far apart. 3) A third reason is that s

10、ome of the differences were created by the early scribes.4) Finally comes the borrowing, which is an important channel of enriching the English vocabulary.要记住以上四句话中的关键词： 1) influenced by Romans 2) Pronunciation changed 3) early scribes4) borrowing 你能不能举出外来语对英语发音,拼写造成不一致的例子有哪些？e.g. stimulus (L) ,fies

11、ta (Sp) ,eureka (Gr), kimono (Jap)外来语对英语造成的最大的影响就是sound and form 不一致。What is vocabulary?Vocabulary refers to the total number of the words in a language, but it can stand for all the words used in a particular historical period.Vocabulary also refers to all the words of a given dialect, given book,

12、a given discipline and the words possessed by an individual person. Classification of Words (本课的一个重点, 年年考试都考)What is the classification of words? How to classify words in linguistics?Three criteria : 1) By use of frequency2) By notion 3) By origin By use of frequency 可划分为：1) The basic word stock2) N

13、onbasic word vocabularyBy notion 可划分为：1) Content word2) Functional word Content words are also known as notional words . (Content words 的别称)Functional words are also known as empty words, or form words. ( Functional words 的别称)Functional words possesses a characteristic of basic word stock, i.e. stab

14、ilityAccording to Stuart Robertson ,et al (1957),* (年年考试必考) the nine functional words , namely ,and , be , have , it , of , the , to , will ,youWhat are the characteristics of basic word stock?1) All national character 2) Stability 3) Productivity 4) Polysemy 5) Collocability 要把握住All national charac

15、ter的词,就是和我们日常生活息息相关的，最普通的词稳定性是基本词的一个很大特点，请你举例说明？e.g. man, woman , fire, water e.g. machine, video, telephone e.g. bow, chariot , knight Stability is relative, not absolute.根据词的use frequency 划分出的基本词之外，还有一类词叫作None basic vocabulary, 非基本词有几大特点？或者是几大分类？1) Terminology e.g. sonata, algebra 2) Jargon e.g. B

16、ottom line ( Jargon ) 3) Slang e.g. smoky, bear ( Slang ) 4) Argot e.g. persuader 5) Dialectal words e.g. station ( AusE = ranch ) bluid ( ScotE= blood)6) Archaisms e.g. wilt (will) 7) Neologisms e.g. email ( Neologisms ) beaver 是girl 的slang 表达方式，但是二者之间存在着Stylistic differenceWhich constitutes the la

17、rger number among English vocabulary, content words or functional words ?Answer : Content words What is native words? Answer : (1) By origin, English words can be classified into native words and borrowed words.(2) Native words are words brought to Britain in the fifth century by the German tribes:

18、the Angles, the Saxons, and the Jutes, thus know as Anglo-Saxon words.(3) Words of Anglo-Saxon origin are small in number ,amounting to roughly 50,000 to 60,000, but they form the mainstream of the basic word stock and stand at the core of the language什么叫borrowed words? Answer: (1) words taken over

19、from foreign languages are know as borrowed words or loan words or borrowings in simple terms.(2) It is estimated that English borrowings constitute 80 percent of the modern English vocabulary(3) The English language has vast debts .In any dictionary some 80% of the entries are borrowed.什么叫Denizens?

20、Denizens are words borrowed early in the past and now are well assimilated into the English language. In other words they have come to conform to the English way of pronunciation and spelling, such as port from portus (L).Denizens的例子都要记：Port from portus (L), cup from cuppa (L), shift from skipta (ON

21、), shirt from skyrta (ON), change from changier (F), pork from porc (F).什么叫Translation-loans ?Translation-loans are words and expressions formed form the existing material in the English language but modeled on the patterns taken from another language, such as long time no see from haojiumeijian (Ch

22、)什么叫Semantic-loans ?words of this category are not borrowed with reference to the form ,But their meaning are borrowed , in other words, English has borrowed a new meaning for an existing word in the language ,such as the word dream ,which originally meant joy and music , and its modern meaning was

23、borrowed later from the Norse. 第二章：The development of the English vocabularyThe Indo-European Language Family It is assumed that the world has approximately 3,000(some put it 5,000)languages ,which can be grouped into roughly 300 language families on the basis of similarities in their basic word sto

24、ck and grammar . (重点：语系划分的标准）What is the criteria to divide language families ?The answer : 1. the basis of similarities in their basic word stock 2. grammar(重点)The Balto-Slavic comprises such modern languages as(选择题内容：) Prussian, Lithuanian , Polish ,Czech, Bulgarian ,Slovenian and Russian. Indo-Eu

25、ropean 两大分支：1.Eastern set2.Western set Eastern set: Balto-Slavic, Indo-Iranian, Armenian and Albanian Western set : Celtic, Italic , Hellenic, Germanic.In the western Set, Greek is the modern language derived from Hellenic.Celtic ：Scottish, Irish, Welsh, BretonThe five Romance languages, namely ,Por

26、tuguese, Spanish, French, Italian , Roumanian all belong to the Italic.The Germanic family consists of the four Northern European Languages: Norwegian ,Icelandic, Danish and Swedish ,which are generally known as Scandinavian languages. Then there is German, Dutch ,Flemish and English.With Vikings in

27、vasion, many Scandinavian words came into the English language. It is estimated that at least 900 words of Scandinavian origin have survived in modern English. Old English has a vocabulary of about 50,000 to 60,000 words. It was a highly inflected language just like modern German. 重点句: Modern Englis

28、h began with the establishment of printing in England 古英语最大的模糊性的概念来自于 (scripts ) 古英语正因为出现印刷术才打破了 ( early scripts) Sound and form 真正达到统一是在什么时期？.Sound and form reached their concord in ( Modern English period ) 如果从词汇变化的角度而言，Modern English 又可以细划分为 early period , modern period. *现代英语早期阶段属于哪一种文化现象的发展时期 （

29、重要的选择或填空内容）Early modern English appeared in the Renaissance Modern English period 有什么样的外来语的进入？The Latin words swarmed into English in early modern English period 现代英语时期，英语词汇大量丰富还有另外一个原因是 (colonization) The richness of Modern English in vocabulary also arises from (Colonization ) The English language

30、 has evolved from a synthetic language to the present analytic language ( 重要选择或填空内容)Growth of Present-day English Vocabulary Three main sources of new words : 1)The rapid development of modern science and technology 2)Social, economic and political changes;3)The influence of other cultures and langu

31、age2.4 Modes of Vocabulary Development 1)creation 2) semantic change 3) borrowing 2)Semantic change （还包括外来词的Semantic loans ）Elevation, degradation, extension, narrowing, transfer外来词可以被称作borrowed words , 因此又可以被称作 .重点句：borrowed words are also known as loaned words .恢复古英语的用词是美国英语的一大特色Reviving archaic o

32、r obsolete words also contributes to the growth of English vocabulary though quite insignificant. This is especially true of American English. 英语从synthetic language 发展到present analytical language 是在英语的哪一个阶段完成的？答案：Modern English period 文艺复兴时期，恰逢英语发展的哪个阶段?答案：Early Modern English period 在英语发展过程 在哪个阶段出现

33、三语鼎立的现象？French, Latin, English in Middle English period easel, port, freight, 出现于英语发展的哪个阶段，属于哪一种外来词的引入？答案：Middle English , Dutch 在英语发展的某一个阶段，有一种语言进入英语，它一共带来了2500 个词汇，这种语言是什么？答案：Dutch (前年考题)据现代语言学家的统计，英语中目前所占本族词的数量有多少?答案：50,000 to 60,000他们的来源是(Anglo_Saxon tongue ) 第二次世界大战以后，大量外来词进入英语中，如：Mao jackets ,

34、 black belt , kongfu, 这些词属于英语词汇发展的Present - day English Vocabulary 注意：第二章出大题的内容无非就是请简述印欧语系的发展与组成。Old English 和 Middle English 最大的striking distinction 存在于哪一个方面?答案：Old English was a language of full endings, Middle English was one of leveled endings.文艺复兴时期，哪两种文化得到了复兴，这对英语词汇的丰富具有什么样的影响?答案：Greek , Roman

35、 culture 某些希腊词被引入到了英语是在什么阶段?答案：Modern English十六世纪，有一种新工业出现对词汇的发展产生重要的影响，这是哪一种industry?答案：Printing 这导致sound and form 出现concord , 出现standardization.第三章复习:The smallest unit in the English language refers to (morphemes)The minimal free form in the English language refers to (word)In the plural form chan

36、ging, some of the words will take internal vowel change , this internal vowel change is called (allomorphs) Deer 复数没有变,还是deer, sheep 复数没有变,还是sheep, 因此,这种变化被称作(zero derivation) 名词解释:Morphemes : The minimal meaningful units in a language are known as morphemes.In other words, the morphemes is the smal

37、lest functioning unit in composition of words Allomorphs : The alternative morphs are known as allomorphs, e.g.the morpheme of plurality -s has a number of allomorphs in different sound context, e.g. in cats in bags, matchesIt can be realized by the change of an internal vowel as in foot-feet, man-m

38、en, goose-geese or by zero morphs as in deer-deer, fish-fish简答题： what are the types of morphemes ? ( 答简答题时,名词解释)答案：Free morphemes and bound morphemes Free morphemes : 1) Free morphemes are independent of other morphemes and are considered to be free. 2) These morphemes have complete meanings in them

39、selves and can be used as free grammatical units in sentences. 3) They are identical with root words, as each of them consists of a single free root words ,as each of them consists of a single free root .4) free morphemes are free roots.bound morphemes: 1) Morphemes which cannot occur as separate wo

40、rds are bound.2) They are bound to other morphemes to form words. 3) Bound morphemes include two types: bound root and affix affix 分为两类: inflectional and derivational affixes.Inflectional affixes : Affixes attached to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships are inflectional, thus know

41、n as inflectional morphemes. Derivational affixes: 1)derivational affixes are affixes added to other morphemes to create now words. 2) Derivational affixes can be further divided into prefixes and suffixes. root : 1) a root is the basic form of a word which cannot be further analyzed without total l

42、oss of identity.2) the root, whether free or bound, generally carries the main component of meaning in a word3) a root is that part of a wordform that remains when all inflectional and derivational affixes have been removedstem : 1) a stem may consist of a single root morpheme as in iron or of two r

43、oot morphemes as in a compound like handcuff. 2) It can be a root morpheme plus one or more affixational morphemes as in mouthful, underestimate.3) Therefore, a stem can be defined as a form to which affixes of any kind can be added. 问题：Stem 和 root 有一个最大的区别在哪里? ( 连着两年没有考过)答案： a stem can be defined a

44、s a form to which affixes of any kind can be added. 问题：请加以区别下面两个词的特征: nation , dict 请加以理论的分析?Both nation and dict belong to roots, nation is free root, which can function alone in a sentence, Nation as a free root, has complete meaning, when both prefixes and suffixes attached to it are removed, nat

45、ion as a free root, still remains Dict is a bound root, which can not function alone grammatically , dict carries the fundamental meaning of words, dict has to combine with the other morphemes to create new words , for example , dictionary , contradiction .问题：分析下面一句话: He is much more cleverer than a

46、ny other one in the village, too heads are better than one. 请从构词角度分析以上的例子, cleverer , better cleverer (-er : inflectional affixes ) better ( good , well 的特殊变化) It is allomorph of good and well.第四章: 问题：在英语中,主要的构词法分为哪几种?答案：有七种:1) Affixation 2) Compounding 3) conversion 4) shortening5) clipping 6) acro

47、nymy 7) blending 有三种最常用: affixation , compounding and conversion 问题：由专有名词变为普通名词是词义变化的哪一种?答案：Extension问题：由普通名词变为专有名词是词义变化的哪一种模式?答案：Narrowing 问题：Affixation 又被称为什么? 它分为哪两类？答案：Affixation is also known as derivation Affixation falls into two subclasses : prefixation and suffixation要点: 有哪些前缀属于什么样的类别: a-,

48、non, ir : negative prefixes de- , dis- ( 既属于negative , 也属于reversative prefixes )mal-, pseudo-, mis- : pejorative prefixes super , sur-, extra ： prefixes of degree or sizeanti-, contra-, counter-, pro- : prefixes of orientation and attitudetrans-, fore- tele- : locative prefixes fore-, post- : prefix

49、es of time and order bi-, uni-, semi- : number prefixes pan-, vice - : miscellaneous prefixes suffixation :1. Noun suffixes 1) Denominal nouns 2) Deverbal nouns 3) De-adjective nouns: ity, -ness,4) Noun and adjective suffixes 注意Compounding, acoronymy , blending , conversion , clipping 的名词解释.要点: 复合词分

50、为哪三类: 1)solid 2) hyphenated 3) open 简答题: what are the characteristics of compounds ? What are the difference between compounds and free phrases ?答案：1) phonetic features 2) Semantic features 3) Grammatical features 最常见的三种词性 : 1) Noun compound 2) Adjective compounds 3) verb compounds 问题：在名词性复合词中有哪几种有多

51、产性, 哪两种不具有多产性?在形容性复合词当中, 哪三类有多产性?动词性复合词是靠哪两种方法复合在一起的? *名词解释:Conversion ( 重点，还没考过) Conversion is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class. Functional shift = conversion Zero-derivation ( 选择或填空要点)Adjective to noun : (1) full conversion (2) partial conversion 问题：形容词转

52、为动词分为哪两类？答案：由Adjective to verbs : (1) Transitive (2) Intransitive 简答题: 形容词变动词的三种类别( 没考过)问题：请你举出由conjunction 变为noun 的一个例子?答案： Ifs and buts blending are also called blends or portmanteau words ( 选择或填空要点)问题：blending 分为哪四类合成词？1. head + tail 2. head + head 3. head + word 4. word + tail 问题: 绝大多数blending 都

53、是什么词性?答案：nouns The overwhelming majority of blends are nouns;very few are verbs and adjectives are even fewer. 问题：截短法clipping 分为哪四类？答案：There are four common types of clipping :1) Front clipping2) Back clipping 3) Front and back clipping 4) Phrase clipping 要注意clipping 的例子有一个特殊变化：fridge ( refrigerator

54、 截短之后在i, g 中间加一个d ) , 还有拼写发生变化，比如说：coke ( coca cola) 问题：什么是acronymy？Acronymy is the process of forming new words by joining the initial letters of neames of social and political organizations or special noun phrases and technical termsAcronymy 包含两类:1) initialisms (不发音) e.g. BBC, VOA, TB2) acronyms (形成新的发音)e.g.