2009年中山大学博士入学考试病理生理学专业基础真题

1、positi on-related consum ption of civilse rvantsha sbeen sw eptbyfina nce , consumer,regar dless ofcost,extravagance andwaste inthecivilserviceposition -related consumpti on, a buse,corruption andembezzlement,corruptionis important.Then,underthe conditi ons ofmarket econom y, how to reformthe existi

2、ng civil duty consumpti on management, expl ores asour ce topreve ntand curbthe postconsumptioncorrupti onwa y, iscurrentlya majorissue facedbyhonestw ork. Recently, I conducted research ont hisissue,t hispr oblem on some humble opi nions.First, t heexisting public servant s 'dutyconsumpti ont h

3、e main pr oblem s see n fromthe investigationand reasons,inrecentyears, publicservants 'duty consumptionca usedbythe a buses a nd nota per sonof integrity,i sone ofthemajorproblems in t heparty in Gover nment,its operationor derhave a negativeeffectonthepartyandGovernmentorgans,seriouslydamaging

4、 theimageofthe partyand the Gover nment, underminingthe relationshi p betw een partyand themasses,effect,opening upa nd e conomic construction.FromI Countyin recentyears of governa nce situati on see,positi onsconsumption int heproduced of"twonot" phe nomenon r enderingfourafeatures:a is p

5、ositionsconsumpti on sy stem lost ha s dueofbindi ng,right isgreatert han r ules,a nd rig htis greatertha nmethod of phenomenon mor e highl ight;II i sin positions consumpti on inthe CameraObscuraoperation,using terms,will positionsconsumpti on into ha sper sonal consumpti on,w illcor porate poi nts

6、 toint opersonalpointsto,makes positionsconsumption insome aspe cts has into positions enjoy andself-deali ng ofmeans;three i s topositi onsconsumptionforname,fraud,false impersonator,Trendof negative corrupti on phenome nasuch as corruption andmisappropriation; fourpalaces,followthefashion, rivalri

7、es,wasteful,a ndpostconsumpti on became a symbol ofshowing offtheirindividualcapacitie s.Ca usedbypubli cserva nts 'dutyconsumpti on ofmany "two"phe nomenon i n whi ch people reflectt he biggest problems are: （a） theofficialcar problems. Mainly i nthree aspe cts: oneis t helargerbuses

8、cost ex penditure.A ccordi ng tostatistics, untilNovember2003,XXCounty township Departmentbus 159 cars,w hich de par tme ntowns thebus 145vehi cles,and showeda n increasi ng trend.Fina ncialex penses cost perbus peryearto 35,000yuan, andin fact every costup to 50,000yuan. Some unit salso hiringtempo

9、rarydrivers a nd ex penditure onwagesa nd subsidi es. Nece ssary to "keepa car",but al so "de pe nda nts", le adingtolargerexpenses.Second, gongchesiyong bree dunhealt hy tendencies.S ome pe ople believet hat now some busdriversuseone-t hird, one -thir dleadi ng privateone -third

10、 usedforofficialpurposes.Some publicservant s,especia lly leadi ng officials mot oring, cars for privatepurposes,violati ng theself-di sci plinereg ulations,a nd eve n leadt o traffic acci dents.Accordingtostatisticsfrom related departments,since 2004,t he correct inve stigation i n our Countyserve

11、s nearly30cars for privatepurpose s,onlythe firsthalf of thisyear,carsforprivatepur posesor2009 年中山大学博士入学考试病理生理学专业基础真题！一、名词解释（5 分一个）1、 、 paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea .P3392、 SIRS.P2823、 stress disease. P170 P1894、 renal tubular acidosis . P155（P150 本科教材）二简答题（20 分一个）1 、 DIC 引起出血的发病机制。P2122 、从多环节分析细胞信

12、号转导障碍与糖尿病的关系. P68-693、急性肺损伤的病因及引起ARDS 的发病机制. P365-3664、肾性贫血的发病机制. P427中山大学医学院考博病理生理历年试题2007 年中山大学医学院考博病生试题今年考得题目比较少一：名词解释（20 分，每题5 分 ）1.ischemia-reperfusion injuryP2482 .respiratory hypoxia . P2223 .atrial natriuretic peptide,ANP .P1244 .cardiogenic shock .P264二：问答（论述 ）题 （80 分，每题20 分 ）1. 试述急性肺损伤与慢性阻

13、塞性肺病发生呼吸衰竭机制的异同。P365-3662. 试述肝功能不全时脑内神经递质改变的原因及其导致昏迷可能的机制。P4023. 试述高镁血症对机体的影响。P1424. 试述 MODS 发生的机制。P282有个别字跟原题不同，但意思一样。2005 年中山医大病生试题：一，名词解释：1 。肺性脑病（ 英文 pulmonary encephalopathy）P3682。非少尿型ARF P412 、 P4193 。凋亡（ 英文）P314 。过热（ 英文）P236二，问答题1 。试述应激反应时下丘脑- 垂体 - 肾上腺激活的生物学效应（ 利与敝 ）P174-175eaders driving ave

14、hicle a cci de nt caused by road accide nts,1, 1 pe oplek illed and direct e conomi c losses amounti ng tomoret han 100,000 yua n.Third, highefficie ncya nd lowcost ofthe bus. Survey sshowthat,t he operating cost softaxis forthe8200/.Is afundamentalpriority ofthereform,it isa difficultproblem t hatm

15、ust besolved i nthe reformpr ocess.Cl early,t hepostconsumpti onaverages t hreeyears before asa base andfine-t uned onthe basis ofthis single practices must beimpr oved.Im provement sto adheretothree principles:first,underthe existing poli cy provi sions a pprov ed for publicservants ' duty cons

16、um ption standards, calibration,is notcontrary to poli cy.Se cond,a ccordi ng tothe localfinancialsit uationand pe opl e'ssustaina bility, publi cservant s' duty consumptionstandards approved, bot h financialrea ch,a ndpeople passi ngthrough.Third,accordingtothe operationalneeds ofcivil serv

17、antsre sponsiblefora uthorized public servants ' duty consumpti on standards, bothigha nd l owpositi ons, butal sothe nat ureofthe work a nd the workl oad.In reformof method Shang, appr oved civilserva nts positi ons consumptionstandardt o"big unified, and small disperse d" suita ble,

18、t hatmostpositi onsconsumptionpr oject shoul d accordi ngto policy provi des proposedunifiedsta ndar d,considert oranks, a nd unit s andthe w orktask of differences sex, unifiedofsta ndar dshoul dhas elasti cofand dy namic of,makesregions,and unitsin implementati on unifiedstandard Shi has m ustoffl

19、exibledisposalright; butsi ncesetofsta ndar d must afterfinancial,a nd udit,sector audita pproved Hou t o impleme ntation.（C） reformpackage. Public servants' duty consumpti on elasticity ofconsum ption to limitconsumpti on,t urning mess int o kitchen afterdi nner,foll owthe civilservantwit ha ho

20、wtousepersonaltitlesubsidie s,or how to manage a personaldutyconsumptionuseofsubsidies.T herefore,w emustesta blish and perfect with public servants' dutyconsumpti omonetization reformsupportoftheseries ofgoverna ncesystemssuchas t he civil servi ce examination ofresponsi bility, system, lowfa u

21、ltinvestigationsystem,thereportsaid.Whileothermeasures t o keep up. Disciplinei nspecti on andsupervisi on organs, financial,a uditingde partments shouldstre ngthe nsupervisi onand inspe ction ofpublic servant s'dut y consum ption moneti zationreform progress,to stre ngthen thereform of public s

22、ervants ' duty consumpti on m onetizati onsystem,measure s to develop andmonitorthe im plementation ofi nspection, not consumpti on a s requi red, even shifting consumer behavi ortost op, serious cases t odeal with. Threei deas, public servants' duty consum ption moneti zationreform ofpoliti

23、cs, thee conomy andthe dee peningofthe reform, public servants' duty consumptionas somewherebetwe en areformalsodemonstrated its import ance a nd urgency.First ofall,civi lservant sespecially partyand Government l eaders and publi cservant s'dutyconsumpti ont here arebig drawba cks. NPC depu

24、tiesa ndCPPCCmember s andthe br oad massesare concernedabout.Secondly,t heposit onreated cnsum pin of cVi - rvants ha s bee ept by .a nce , consumer, egar dless of cst avga- and wase in Ie cVI sev ”" consmplon, abu. crru.nad embezement,eruptionsmportat.Then, unde Ie conUI ons of make ecnomyhowt

25、oefomthe.g cvldutyconsumptionmaagemetexlores a sur t preve nt ad _rle post cnsumptin cruption ys -rrety a maor ue facedbyhonesworkReentyIcn.ce. reseaconthis-ue,thisproblmon some humble opi nins. F M he - Sig pubic servant s' duty cnsumpti on t I e main pr e s n from" ” " and reasons, i

26、recentyeas,pubic sevas ' y cnsumpinusedbyIe a buses a nd not a per sn of iegiy,i s one of Ie mjrproblmsithepayinGovernmentisopeainordeh a negative partyandGvernmentorgans,seriousy-ma.gje mage of the party andIeGovernment,undemiigte realnshi p bewee pary ad Ie mases elec,opel ig up a I d e cnomc

27、cns_I_in. FomI Ccun. i ecet yeas of .<e.a nne si ion se, posii ons cnsmpin in t he p. I f "wno" phe I omenon r eddeig four a f ues a isposiinscnsumpIonsystmlst ha s due of bidi ng, rigI is ge r t han ruls, a nd rg It s ggeae Ia nmehod of "eomeonmoreh、hl“I I i s i posins cnnumpti on

28、 inlhe Camea Obcua opeain, ngemsWlposiinscnsumpIIn i nI ha pe sona connumpI on, w l aepoins I it I pesna pois to, maks|osIonscnsmpininsomease-hasitoposiinse|oyad-ldealngofmeasthrie i s Iposii ons fa-,. mpesnaIr Tedof nngaie corruI on p'enome na -cis crruin ad miapprpriain, fup» s flw Ie fas

29、in, , slandposcnsumpIonbecmeasysloWig l-l Iei idvd pailes. Cauued by pui c leva ns '.,cnsumpI on I f many "w" phe nomenon i n wi ch peope relct t he bgggst problms ae（< Ieofclca prbims Maiy i nIrre ase cs： one s t he lager buss cs ex le.uie A iccrii I g I st!B's unti Novmbe 2003

30、, XX Ccuy IwnshipDearmentbus159caswhicparmentownsIebus45veicis,adshowdanincrasng Ied Fia nnjal - pess cs pe bus pe yea I35000yuan,andiac evey cost up to 50000 yuan. Someuisas"ig ttmpoay dies and- pedtre on w. m a nd lubs.es Ne ssay I "kep a ca", bu a so Ie pe I da ns", eoig I age

31、 elenes.Secnd,gongcesiyngbeedunheathyIedenciesSomepeople beive t ha now sme I us dies use onet hid, one thi d ead ng prvae one Iid uued for ofcia puroses Some pulc-vats,mpecaiedi ng ofas mot oig, cas fr prvae pupooes, voaI ng Ie lei d-pie rrg ulIons a nd ee n led t oIfc acc deI. Accdi ng I saiIis fr

32、melat> depamessi 4 t he ive s” i nour county- s n”, s 1rpre.” s ony the is . pu po-s 0r2。述肝性脑病时氨基酸失衡的原因和引起肝昏迷的机制。P4023。为何革兰氏阴性菌感染易引起DIC? P287?4。晚期休克引起呼吸衰竭的机制P275+P359中山大学医学部2004年博士入学考试病理生理学试题一、名词解释：1 anion gap P1532 false neurotransmitter P4023 DIC P2064 myocardial remodellingP331 ?二、问答题：1试述休克导致急

33、性肾功能衰竭的发病机制P414 +P2822为什么说氧中毒和缺血再灌注损伤都与活性氧的毒性作用有关P253+P2503请从细胞信号转导的角度阐述高血压发病的分子机制4试述低张性缺氧的代偿性血管反应及其代偿意义P226-227中山医科大2003内科考博病理生理试题（专业基础）名词解释：1.呼吸衰竭P359 2.功能性分流 P363 3. MODF P281问答题1 .心肌重建机制P3312 .糖尿病代谢失调可能引起的酸碱失衡3 .氨代谢失调机制及其对大脑的影响P400-4014 .慢性心功能不全病理生理机制P333中山医科大学2002年病理生理学（博士）一、名词：1 .紫绡cyanosis低张性

34、缺氧时，血液中脱氧血红蛋白浓度增高，当毛细血管血液中脱氧血红蛋白浓度达到或超过5g/dl时，皮肤和黏膜呈青紫色，称为发绡。P2222 .凋亡apoptosis是在体内外因素的诱导下，由严格和复杂的信号网络调控而发生的自主性细胞有序死亡过程。P313 .代碱metabolic alkalosis 是以血浆HCO3-原发性增高导致pH上升为特征的酸碱posit onreated cnsum pin of cVi - rvants ha s bee ept by .a nce , consumer, egar dless of cst avga- and wase in Ie cVI sev ”&q

35、uot; consmplon, abu. crru.nad embezement,eruptionsmportat.Then, unde Ie conUI ons of make ecnomyhow to efomthe .g cvldutyconsumptionmaagemetexloresasurtpreventad_rle post cnsumptin cruption ys -rrety a maor ue facedbyhonesworkReentyIcn.ce. reseaconthis-ue,t his pr oblm on some humble opi nins. F M h

36、e - Sig pubic servant s' duty cnsumpti on t I e main pr e s n from" ” " and reasons, irecent yeas, pubic sevas ' y cnsumpinusedbyIe a buses a nd not a per sn of iegiy,i s one of Ie mjrproblmsithe pay in Gover nment is opeain or de h a negative partyandGvernmentorgans,seriousy -ma.、

37、 Ie image of the pay andIeGovernment,undemiigte realnshi p bewee pary ad Ie mases elec,opel ig up a I d e cnomc cns_I_in. FomI Ccuny i ecet yeas of govenanne si ion se, posii ons cnsmpin in t he p. I f "wno" phe I omenon r eddeig four a f ues a is posiins cnsumpI on sy stmlst ha s due of b

38、idi ng, rigI is ge r t han ruls, a nd rg It s ggeae Ia nmehod of "eomeonmorehghii|IIi s i posins cnnumpti on inlhe Camea Obcua opeain, ngemsWlposiinscnsumpIIn i nI ha s pe sona connumpI on, w l aepoins I it I pesna pois to, maks|osIonscnsmpininsomease-hasiIposiinse|oyad-lalng of meas thrie i s

39、Iposii ons fa-,. mpesnaIr TedofnngaiecorruIonp'enomena-cis crruin ad miapprpriain, fup» s fl w the fshin, rvlis, slandposcnsumpIonbecmeasml-l Iei i.、 pailes. Cauued by pui c leva ns '.,cnsumpI on I f many "w" phe nomenon i n wi ch peope relct t he bgggst problms ae（< Ieofci

40、lca prbims Maiy i nIrre ase cs one s t he lage buss cs ex leduie A cccrdi I g I st!B's unti Novmbe 2003, XX CcuI y Iwsi p Dearment bus 159cas whic parme nt owns Ie bus 45 veicis,adshowdanincrasngIedFiannjal - pess cs pe bus pe yea I35000yuan,andiac evey cost up to 50000 yuan. Someuisas"ig t

41、tmpoay dies and- pedtre on w. m a nd lubsdes Ne ssay I "kep a ca", but a so Ie pe I da ns", eoig I age elene s Secnd, gongchesiyng beedunheathyIedencies S ome pe ople beive t ha now sme I us dies use onet hid, one thi d ead ng prvae one Iid uued for ofcia puroses Some pulc-vats,mpeca

42、iedi ng ofas mot oig, cas fr prvae pupooes, voaI ng Ie ielii scpie rrg ulIons a nd ee n led t oIfc acc des Accdi ng I sasIcs frmelat> depamessi 4 t he ive s” i nour county- s n”, s 1rpre.” s ony the is . pu po-s 0r平衡紊乱。由于 H-丢失过多，HCO3-负荷增加，低钾血症及肝功能衰竭。P1604 .高容性高钠 P1325 .心衰P327二、问答1 .孕妇急性肝炎诱发 DIC机制

43、20分P207-2082 .急慢代酸代偿具别 20分P1563 .为何说氨基酸失衡学说是假性递质学说的补充20分P402-4034 .肺心病发病机制 15分 P3685 .肺水肿引发呼衰机机制15分P366中山大学医学部2001年博士入学考试病理生理学试题1、名词解释：发热 P236、真性分流P365、血栓调节蛋白 P194、心钠素atriopeptinP124:atrial natriuretic peptide, ANP:是心房心肌细胞合成和贮存的肽类激素，对调节肾脏及心血管内环境稳定起着重要作用，具有强烈而短暂的利尿、排钠及松弛血管平滑肌的作用。2、败血症休克的机制？P265+P2783

44、、休克复苏以后，缺血再灌注氧自由基产生增多的原因及其损害机制？P250-2514、高血钾对心血管系统的影响机制？P1396 、冠心病心力衰竭的机制？ ？P333中山医科大学2000年病理生理学（博士）一、名词解释1、微血管病性溶血性贫血P214microangiopathic hemolytic anemia:是指微血管内由纤维蛋白丝形成网状结构，红细胞随血流通过时不断受到冲击和挤压，造成红细胞发生机械性损伤，导致循环中出现各种形态特殊的变形红细胞及不同形态的红细胞碎片，称为裂体细胞schistocye ,这些红细胞及细胞碎片脆性明显增高，容易破裂发生溶血而导 致红细胞减少，hb下降。2、呼吸

45、衰竭P359是指外呼吸功能严重障碍，以致动脉血氧分压低于正常范围，伴有或不伴有二氧化碳分压增高，并有一系列临床表现的病理过程。一般以 PaO2低于 60mmHg , PaCO2高于50mmHg作为判断呼吸衰竭的标准，呼吸衰竭指数PFI=PaO2/FiO2 , & 300可诊断为呼吸衰竭。4、缺血再灌注损伤 ？ Ischemia-reperfusion injury,IRI:在缺血的基础上恢复血流后组织损伤反而加重，甚至发生不可逆损伤的现象称为IRI。P248二、问答题？posit onreated cnsum pin of cVi - rvants ha s bee ept by .a

46、 nce , consumer, egar dless of cst avga- and wase in Ie cVI sev ”" consmplon, abu. crru.nad embezement,eruptions mportat. Then, unde Ie conUI ons of make ecnomyhowtoefomthe.g cvldutyconsumptionmaagemetexloresasur t preve nt ad _rle post cnsumptin cruption ys -rrety a maor ue facedbyhonesworkRee

47、nty I cn.ce. reseaconthis-ue,thisproblmonsomehumbleopinins.FMhe-Sigpubicservant s' duty cnsumpti on t I e main pr e s n from" ” " and reasons, irecent yeas, pubic sevas ' y cnsumpinusedbyIe a buses a nd not a per sn of iegiy,i s one of Ie mjrproblmsithepayin Gover nment is opeain o

48、r de h a negative partyandGvernmentorgans,seriousy -ma.gje mage of the party andIeGovernment,undemiigte realnshi p bewee pary ad Ie mases elec,opel ig up a I d e cnomc cns_I_in. FomI Ccun. i ecet yeas of .<e.a nne si ion se, posii ons cnsmpin in t he p. I f "wno" phe I omenon r eddeig f

49、our a f ues a isposiinscnsumpIonsystmlsthasdueofbiding,rigIisge r t han ruls, a nd rg It s ggeae Ia nmehod of "eomeonmoreh、hl“I I i s i posins cnnumpti on inlhe Camea Obcua opeain, ng ems Wl posiins cnsumpI I n i nI ha pe sona connumpI on, w l aepoins I it I pesna pois to, maks|osIonscnsmpin in

50、somease-hasitoposiinse|oyad-ldealngofmeasthrie i s Iposii ons fa - , . mpesnaIr TedofnngaiecorruIonp'enomena-cis crruin ad miapprpriain, fup» s flw Ie fasin, , slandposcnsumpIonbecmeasysloWig l-l Iei idvd pailes. Cauued by pui c leva ns '.,cnsumpI on I f many "w" phe nomenon i

51、 n wi ch peope relct t he bgggst problms ae（< Ieofclca prbims Maiy i nIrre ase cs： one s t he lager buss cs ex le.uie A iccrii I g I st!B's unti Novmbe 2003, XX Ccuy IwnshipDearmentbus159caswhicparmentownsIebus45veicis,adshowdanincrasngIedFiannjal - pess cs pe bus pe yea I35000 yuan, and i ac

52、 evey cost up to 50000 yuan. Someuis as "ig ttmpoay dies and- pedtre on w. m a nd lubs.es Ne ssay I "kep a ca", bu a so Ie pe I da ns", eoig I age elenes.Secnd,gongcesiyngbeedunheathyIedenciesSomepeoplebeive t ha now sme I us dies use onet hid, one thi d ead ng prvae one Iid uued

53、 for ofcia puroses Some pulc-vats,mpeca iedi ng ofas mot oig, cas fr prvae pupooes, voaI ng Ie lei d-pie rrg ulIons a nd ee n led t oIfc acc deI. Accdi ng I saiIis frmelat> depamessi 4 t he ive s” i nour county- s n”, s 1rpre.” s ony the is . pu po-s 0r1、内毒素引起DIC的机制。P2782、非菌血症性临床败血症的发病机制？3、肾性骨营养不

54、良的发生机制？ P4254、长居高原地区引起肺原性心脏病的发病机理P228+368病生：名解：1、肝性脑病hepatic encephalopathy :是由于严重急性或慢性肝功能严重障碍，使大量毒性代谢产物在体内聚集，经血循环入脑，引起的中枢神经系统功能障碍，临床上以意识障碍为主的一系列神经精神症状，最终出现昏迷。这种继发于严重肝病的神经精神综合征称为肝性脑病P398 o2、凋亡apoptosis是在体内外因素的诱导下，由严格和复杂的信号网络调控而发生的自主性细胞有序死亡过程 P31。3、肾性骨营养不良renal osteodystrophy :又称肾性骨病，是指 CRF时，由于钙磷及维生素

55、D代谢障碍、继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进、酸中毒、铝中毒等所引起的骨病。可发生儿童的肾性佝偻病、成人的纤维性骨炎、骨软化、骨质疏松和骨硬化等。P425.4、热休克蛋白heat shock protein , HSR:是指在热应激或其他应激时新合成或合成增多的一组蛋白质。通过分子伴侣作用帮助蛋白质折叠、移位、复性及降解。P179问答题：1、氧自由导致的缺血再灌注损伤机制P2512、过度神经体液代偿机制引起心衰的主要原因P330-3323、慢性支气管炎反复发作引起呼吸衰竭的机制（相关性）P3664、DIC与休克互为因果关系及机制P265+2072009年全国医学博士入学考试专业基础（病理生理学）一、选择

56、题（1分X40）A型30道，B型5道，X型5道二、简答题（5分X4）1、左心衰竭出现夜间阵发性呼吸困难的机制。P3392、ARDS出现I型呼吸衰竭的机制。P3663、肾性贫血的机制。P4264、产科意外导致DIC的机制。P208三、论述题（10分X4）1、一位流感病人体温39.7C ,试述其发热的基本机制。P2372、缺氧的类型以及各型的血氧指标的变化。P221-2243、病例分析题，考水、电解质、酸解平衡紊乱的。P119+1474、假神经递质在肝性脑病发病中的作用。P40204病生博士1.选择题2、名词解释（英文）假性神经递质P402微血管病性溶血性贫血P214休克月P275posit on

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